Mechanical properties of adobe bricks in ancient constructions

A study of the mechanical properties of adobe bricks collected from houses and land dividing walls in Aveiro district, Portugal, representative of existing traditional constructions, was conducted. Cylindrical adobe specimens were subjected to simple compression and splitting tests. From these tests it was possible to evaluate the strength capacity, stiffness and deformation evolution for increasing loading. Correlations between the evaluated properties were determined, and the results obtained for houses and land dividing walls were compared. This study contributes for the characterization of adobes traditionally used in Aveiro district, and provides reference values that can be considered in rehabilitation processes

Investigaciones realizadas en la Universidad de Aveiro sobre caracterización mecánica de las construcciones existentes en adobe en Portugal y propuestas de rehabilitación y refuerzo. Resultados alcanzados

En Portugal, sobre todo en la región de Aveiro, las estructuras de fábrica de adobe fueron el sistema constructivo predominante durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. En la actualidad es aún significativo el legado del patrimonio – cerca de 30% de las construcciones existentes – el cual está formado por un conjunto significativo de construcciones de elevado valor histórico y arquitectónico. En las últimas décadas se ha descuidado su rehabilitación, que ha redundado en el estado actual de daño en muchas de estas construcciones, con desfavorables condiciones de seguridad, y en algunos casos comprometiendo su uso. No obstante, en los últimos años, se observa un creciente interés, asociado a factores ambientales, económicos y de salvaguarda del patrimonio, tanto por parte de las administraciones locales como en el ámbito de los inversores privados, por la conservación y rehabilitación de estas construcciones. Ante esta nueva realidad, que pone de manifiesto la necesidad de desarrollar soluciones y técnicas de intervención que permitan, a través de la rehabilitación y/o refuerzo, prolongar la vida útil de estas estructuras, en la Universidad de Aveiro un grupo de investigadores viene desarrollando un trabajo multidisciplinar sobre las construcciones de adobe en Portugal. El objetivo principal del mismo se centra en la creación de una base de resultados experimentales que apoye las intervenciones de rehabilitación y/o refuerzo del patrimonio edificado, y el desarrollo de soluciones de mejora de su comportamiento estructural. Esta investigación se constituye como un guía que procura contribuir al conocimiento de estas fábricas, enfocado sobre todo a la rehabilitación de las mismas, aportando información que permita a los diferentes profesionales que trabajan en este ámbito actuar en la conservación de este patrimonio

Adobe's Mechanical Characterization in Ancient Constructions: The Case of Aveiro's Region

Adobe is commonly found in Aveiro's ancient constructions. Preservation and rehabilitation of those constructions, some of them with architectural and historical interest, has been forgotten for many years. As a result, in Aveiro region, the majority of existing constructions in adobe is structurally weak, and, in several cases, they are in the threshold of ruin. Rehabilitation and/or strengthening urge. Despite some efforts has been made, a great difficulty for technicians working on the rehabilitation of these constructions relies on the lack of knowledge on adobe's mechanical behaviour. In fact, in order to properly describe the structural behaviour of those constructions, there is a need to investigate the mechanical behaviour of adobe. Hence, this paper is based on a study intended to characterise the behaviour of adobe brick units. Specimens were prepared from selected representative constructions of the Aveiro region. The prepared specimens were tested in order to evaluate their mechanical behaviour in compression and tension

Soluciones abovedadas en la arquitectura rural de Tierra de Campos: los domos de adobe en Chozos y casetas

Tierra de Campos es la comarca española que mejor representa a las construcciones humildes del barro con bellos ejemplos como los palomares, las bodegas, los molinos, las casetas, los chozos, etc. En esta extensa zona, con una gran superficie cerealista y con poca densidad de población, la sociedad ha estado profundamente ligada a las actividades agropecuarias, especialmente a la agricultura. De esta manera ante sus necesidades laborales los antiguos labradores levantaron pequeñas edificaciones que ayudaban a mejorar su labor en el campo sirviendo de refugio del sol y de la noche, para cobijarse del calor o del frío, para guardar los aperos o, incluso, para meter a algún animal. En la mayoría de los casos estudiados en los recorridos efectuados por las cuatro provincias que son invadidas por esta región natural (León, Zamora, Valladolid y Palencia), las techumbres de estas pequeñas construcciones (llamadas chozos o casetas) se realizaban con sistemas abovedados con adobe. Se trata de una técnica constructiva ya en desuso y prácticamente olvidada y en cuyo análisis pretendemos recuperar su conocimiento arquitectónico. Abordaremos el estudio de los domos de barro desde diferentes perspectivas. En primer lugar razonaremos la causas que han llevado al “arquitecto popular” al empleo de este material y de este sistema abovedado desde el conocimiento geográfico. Por otro lado, indagaremos en las características constructivas que expliquen los tipos de sistemas empleados, el equilibrio estructural de la bóveda de tierra y las cualidades bioclimáticas de la figura cupuliforme. Finalmente se estudiarán los revestimientos de protección y los procesos patológicos que han llevado a la ruina de este bello elemento de la arquitectura humilde “terracampiña”. Concluiremos con las valoraciones y opciones sobre la intervención en la técnica abovedada con barro para comprender las posibilidades de recuperación este patrimonio arquitectónico vernáculo del interior de Castilla y León.

Soluciones abovedadas en la arquitectura rural de Tierra de Campos: los domos de adobe en Chozos y casetas

Tierra de Campos es la comarca española que mejor representa a las construcciones humildes del barro con bellos ejemplos como los palomares, las bodegas, los molinos, las casetas, los chozos, etc. En esta extensa zona, con una gran superficie cerealista y con poca densidad de población, la sociedad ha estado profundamente ligada a las actividades agropecuarias, especialmente a la agricultura. De esta manera ante sus necesidades laborales los antiguos labradores levantaron pequeñas edificaciones que ayudaban a mejorar su labor en el campo sirviendo de refugio del sol y de la noche, para cobijarse del calor o del frío, para guardar los aperos o, incluso, para meter a algún animal. En la mayoría de los casos estudiados en los recorridos efectuados por las cuatro provincias que son invadidas por esta región natural (León, Zamora, Valladolid y Palencia), las techumbres de estas pequeñas construcciones (llamadas chozos o casetas) se realizaban con sistemas abovedados con adobe. Se trata de una técnica constructiva ya en desuso y prácticamente olvidada y en cuyo análisis pretendemos recuperar su conocimiento arquitectónico. Abordaremos el estudio de los domos de barro desde diferentes perspectivas. En primer lugar razonaremos la causas que han llevado al “arquitecto popular” al empleo de este material y de este sistema abovedado desde el conocimiento geográfico. Por otro lado, indagaremos en las características constructivas que expliquen los tipos de sistemas empleados, el equilibrio estructural de la bóveda de tierra y las cualidades bioclimáticas de la figura cupuliforme. Finalmente se estudiarán los revestimientos de protección y los procesos patológicos que han llevado a la ruina de este bello elemento de la arquitectura humilde “terracampiña”. Concluiremos con las valoraciones y opciones sobre la intervención en la técnica abovedada con barro para comprender las posibilidades de recuperación este patrimonio arquitectónico vernáculo del interior de Castilla y León.

Estudio de las propiedades de las fábricas históricas de adobe como soporte a intervenciones de rehabilitación

El extenso legado edificado que constituyen las construcciones históricas de fábrica de adobe distribuidas por toda la península encuentra en la región de Aveiro (Portugal) su máxima expresión, tanto desde el punto de vista cuantitativo, un 30% de los edificios existentes en la región, como tipológico, compuesto por un amplio conjunto de diferentes construcciones (edificios residenciales, edificios militares, iglesias, escuelas, teatros, naves industriales, etc.), muchos de los cuales de reconocido valor histórico, arquitectónico y patrimonial. Tras la gradual desaparición del empleo de la fábrica de adobe como técnica constructiva, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX, la necesaria conservación y/o rehabilitación de los edificios remanentes no se ha tenido en cuenta. Como consecuencia de esta actitud generalizada de pasividad continuada, se verifica el estado actual de deterioro y de daño acusado que presentan una gran parte de estas construcciones, del cual ha resultado el panorama presente de abandono y ruina en el que se encuentran muchas de ellas. Por regla general, la solución adoptada para afrontar el estado actual de los edificios en estas condiciones suele ser la demolición. No obstante lo anterior, en los últimos años, se viene produciendo en el seno de los diferentes agentes que intervienen en la toma de decisiones sobre estos edificios un interés creciente en su preservación, promoviendo la rehabilitación de los mismos. Empieza de este modo a cobrar importancia la necesidad de desarrollar estrategias de intervención que posibiliten alargar la vida útil de estas estructuras, permitiendo, por un lado, establecer metodologías de análisis de sus condiciones de seguridad, que posibiliten determinar las medidas de actuación necesarias para el aseguramiento de las mismas frente a las acciones existentes y, en su caso, a la incorporación de nuevas solicitaciones debidas a cambios de uso o ampliaciones, así como, dando respuesta a los principales mecanismo de daño a los que se encuentran sujetas. Tratándose de estructuras que fueron construidas utilizando técnicas y materiales escasamente estudiados y entre tanto abandonados, se hace también necesario, y con carácter previo a lo anterior, acometer un estudio e investigación multidisciplinares que permitan su caracterización y comprensión, y la par establecer un diagnóstico sobre los principales agentes y procesos patológicos que promueven el deterioro de las mismas. En este contexto, el estudio llevado a cabo tuvo como objetivos ampliar el conocimiento e investigación acerca de las propiedades y parámetros resistentes de las fábricas históricas de adobe, así como, analizar los principales mecanismos de daño asociados a las mismas, a la luz del el estado actual de estas construcciones, y su repercusión en el comportamiento resistente de las fábricas –con especial énfasis para la influencia del agua–. De este modo, se pretendió construir una base de resultados que, por un lado, pueda servir de soporte a intervenciones de rehabilitación y/o consolidación de estas estructuras – permitiendo de forma ágil y a partir de datos y recursos de cálculo expeditos la evaluación de los niveles de seguridad en las fábricas–, y por otro, el estudio de soluciones de mejora o corrección de deficiencias en su comportamiento estructural. The vast edified legacy composed of the historical adobe load-bearing walls which can be found spread all over the Iberian peninsula has, in the region of Aveiro (Portugal), its maximum expression, both from a quantitative point of view (around 30% of the local construction) and a typological point of view, including a considerable number of different types of constructions (residential buildings, military buildings, churches, industrial buildings, etc.), most of which have a recognized high historical, architectural and patrimonial value. The conservation and/or rehabilitation of many of these edifications has been neglected, since its gradual abandonment as constructive technique during the second half of the 20th century. As a consequence of this posture of general passivity, it is nowadays visible the state of pronounced damage manifested by great part of these constructions, which has been leading to their abandonment and state of ruin. In most cases, the option for demolition has been the solution found to face the actual state of these constructions. However, in recent years, a growing interest in the preservation and maintenance of the adobe constructions has become visible by the envolved parties, with the obvious consequence of rehabilitation. By so, it becomes mandatory to develop strategies of intervention that, through rehabilitation, are able to extend the useful life of the existing structures, allowing on one hand, to establish methodologies to analyze their safety state and determine the actions needed to ensure their protection against existing pressures and, when applicable, the occurrence of new demands due to changes of use or extensions, and on the other hand, to give response to the main damage mechanisms to which these structures are exposed. Because these structures were built using not very well know techniques and materials, which have been, in the meantime, abandoned, it is now crucial that these are object of a previous phase of study and multidisciplinary investigation, essential not only to their characterization and comprehension, but also to the diagnosis of the main pathological processes that affect them. In this context, the present study had as main goal to develop the analysis and knowledge regarding the properties and resistant parameters of the adobe masonry as well as bringing to the light of day the actual state of the existing adobe constructions, making evident the main damage mechanisms by which they are affected and analyzing, through their occurrence, the vulnerability of the mentioned properties and resistant parameters. By so, it was objective of the present study the development of a result database which on one hand, supports the execution of rehabilitation interventions and/or strengthening of these constructions and, on other hand, allows the development of improvement solutions in the mechanical characteristics of the adobe masonry which permit corrections of deficiencies in their structural behavior with a special emphasis on the influence of water. Thus, a database of results was developed. Its goal is, on one hand, to support the rehabilitation or consolidation interventions on these structures - allowing for a quick analysis of the safety state of the adobe walls from expedite data and calculus resources and, on the other hand, to study improvement or correction solutions of their structural behavior.

Adobe days; being the truthful narrative of the events in the life of a California girl on a sheep ranch and in El pueblo de Nuestra Señora de los Angeles while it was yet a small and humble town; together with an account of how three young men from Maine in eighteen hundred and fifty-three drove sheep and cattle across the plains, mountains and deserts from Illinois to the Pacific coast; and the strange prophecy of Admiral Thatcher about San Pedro harbor,

Mode of access: Internet.

Levantamento e caracterização do parque edificado em adobe na cidade de Aveiro

Até meados do século XX, o adobe foi um material de construção muito utilizado no distrito de Aveiro, em Portugal. Actualmente, nesta região, e em particular na cidade de Aveiro, permanecem ainda muitos exemplos de edifícios construídos em adobe, alguns de importante valor patrimonial e arquitectónico. No entanto, muitos destes edifícios têm sido votados ao abandono nas últimas décadas, especialmente pela escassez de conhecimento técnico para suporte à sua reabilitação e reforço. Reconhecendo-se esta necessidade de conhecimento, nos últimos anos começou a desenvolver-se trabalho de investigação nesse sentido. Neste artigo apresenta-se um trabalho de levantamento desenvolvido com o objectivo de caracterizar a distribuição e as características principais da edificação em adobe existente na cidade de Aveiro. Descreve-se, de forma sucinta, a metodologia adoptada, bem como os resultados obtidos. O conhecimento adquirido permitirá uma posterior selecção de edifícios representativos, para uma caracterização detalhada dos sistemas construtivos e das patologias mais comuns.Até meados do século XX, o adobe foi um material de construção muito utilizado no distrito de Aveiro, em Portugal. Actualmente, nesta região, e em particular na cidade de Aveiro, permanecem ainda muitos exemplos de edifícios construídos em adobe, alguns de importante valor patrimonial e arquitectónico. No entanto, muitos destes edifícios têm sido votados ao abandono nas últimas décadas, especialmente pela escassez de conhecimento técnico para suporte à sua reabilitação e reforço. Reconhecendo-se esta necessidade de conhecimento, nos últimos anos começou a desenvolver-se trabalho de investigação nesse sentido. Neste artigo apresenta-se um trabalho de levantamento desenvolvido com o objectivo de caracterizar a distribuição e as características principais da edificação em adobe existente na cidade de Aveiro. Descreve-se, de forma sucinta, a metodologia adoptada, bem como os resultados obtidos. O conhecimento adquirido permitirá uma posterior selecção de edifícios representativos, para uma caracterização detalhada dos sistemas construtivos e das patologias mais comuns.

Adobe's Acrobat -- providing the missing link?

Adobe's Acrobat software, released in June 1993, is based around a new Portable Document Format (PDF) which offers the possibility of being able to view and exchange electronic documents, independent of the originating software, across a wide variety of supported hardware platforms (PC, Macintosh, Sun UNIX etc.). The fact that the imageable objects are rendered with full use of Level 2 PostScript means that the most demanding requirements can be met in terms of high-quality typography, device-independent colour and full page fidelity with respect to the printed version. PDF possesses an internal structure which supports hypertextual features, and a range of file compression options. In a sense PDF establishes a low-level multiplatform machine code for imageable objects but its notion of hypertext buttons and links is similarly low-level , in that they are anchored to physical locations on xed pages. However, many other hypertext systems think of links as potentially spanning multiple files, which may in turn be located on various machines scattered across the Internet. The immediate challenge is to bridge the "abstraction gap" between high-level notions of a link and PDF's positionally-anchored low-level view. More specifically, how can Mosaic, WWW and Acrobat/PDF be configured so that the notions of "link ", in the various systems, work together harmoniously? This paper reviews progress so far on the CAJUN project (CD-ROM Acrobat Journals Using Networks) with particular reference to experiments that have already taken place in disseminating PDF via e-mail, Gopher and FTP. The prospects for integrating Acrobat seamlessly with WWW are then discussed.

Adobe's Acrobat -- the Electronic Journal Catalyst?

Adobe's Acrobat software, released in June 1993, is based around a new Portable Document Format (PDF) which offers the possibility of being able to view and exchange electronic documents, independent of the originating software, across a wide variety of supported hardware platforms (PC, Macintosh, Sun UNIX etc.). The principal features of Acrobat are reviewed and its importance for libraries discussed in the context of experience already gained from the CAJUN project (CD-ROM Acrobat Journals Using Networks). This two-year project, funded by two well-known journal publishers, is investigating the use of Acrobat software for the electronic dissemination of journals, on CD-ROM and over networks.

Reforço sísmico de estruturas em adobe

A construção em alvenaria de adobe tem um vasto património a nível mundial. É possível encontrar construção em terra no nosso território, sendo que a técnica particular do adobe foi amplamente utilizada na região de Aveiro durante o século XIX até meados do século XX. Devido à tradição e valor patrimonial da construção em alvenaria de adobe, diversos trabalhos têm vindo a ser desenvolvidos no departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade de Aveiro, perspetivando um aprofundar de conhecimentos acerca deste tipo de construção. A vulnerabilidade sísmica das construções em alvenaria de adobe fez com que surgissem vários estudos para caracterização sísmica das mesmas, sendo que, recentemente, foi levada a cabo a realização de um ensaio cíclico, simulando os efeitos de um sismo, num modelo de adobe à escala real, construído no laboratório do departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade de Aveiro. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo estudar formas de reparação e reforço sísmico de estruturas em adobe. Para isso foi reparado e reforçado o modelo previamente ensaiado, e novamente submetido a um ensaio cíclico, de modo a fazer-se uma análise comparativa com o ensaio prévio e assim retirar conclusões sobre a eficácia da solução de reforço aplicada.

Mechanical properties of adobe blocks used in building construction in Huambo Province - Angola

Despite significant advances in building technologies with the use of conventional construction materials (as concrete and steel), which significantly have driven the construction industry, earth construction have demonstrated its importance and relevance, as well as it has matched in an efficient and eco-friendly manner the social housing concerns. The diversity of earth construction techniques allowed this material to adapt to different climatic, cultural and social contexts until the present time. However, in Angola, the construction with earth is still associated with population fringes of weak economic resources, for which, given the impossibility of being able to acquire modern construction materials (steel, cement, brick, among others), they resort to the use of available natural materials. Furthermore, the lack of scientific and technical knowledge justifies the negative appreciation of traditional building techniques, and the derogatory way how are considered the earth constructions in Angolan territory. Given the country's current development status, and taking into account the environmental requirements and the real socio-economic sustainability of Angola, it is considered that one of the viable and adequate options, could be the recovering and upgrading of the ancestral techniques of earth construction. The purpose of this research is to develop the technical and scientific knowledge in order to improve and optimize these construction solutions, responding to the real problems of housing quality as well as to the current social, economic and environmental sustainability requirements. In this paper, a description of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the adobes typically used in the construction of traditional houses in some localities of Huambo, province in Angola, is carried out. The methodology was based on mechanical in-situ testing in adobe blocks manufactured with traditional procedures: i) tensile strength evaluated with the bending test and compressive strength test on earth blocks specimens; and, ii) durability and erodibility test by Geelong method adopting the New Zealand standard (NZS) procedures (4297: 1998; 4297: 1998 and 4297: 1999). The results allow the characterization of the materials used in the construction of raw earth in the Huambo region, contributing to the development of knowledge of these sustainable and traditional housing constructive solutions with a strong presence in Angola [1, 2]. This study is part of a larger project in the area of Earth Construction [3], which aims to produce knowledge which can stimulate the use of environmental friendly construction materials and contribute to develop constructive solutions with improved performance, durability, comfort, safety and sustainability.

Analysis Of The Fluorescence Of Body Fluids On Different Surfaces And Times.

The use of screening techniques, such as an alternative light source (ALS), is important for finding biological evidence at a crime scene. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether biological fluid (blood, semen, saliva, and urine) deposited on different surfaces changes as a function of the age of the sample. Stains were illuminated with a Megamaxx™ ALS System and photographed with a Canon EOS Utility™ camera. Adobe Photoshop™ was utilized to prepare photographs for analysis, and then ImageJ™ was used to record the brightness values of pixels in the images. Data were submitted to analysis of variance using a generalized linear mixed model with two fixed effects (surface and fluid). Time was treated as a random effect (through repeated measures) with a first-order autoregressive covariance structure. Means of significant effects were compared by the Tukey test. The fluorescence of the analyzed biological material varied depending on the age of the sample. Fluorescence was lower when the samples were moist. Fluorescence remained constant when the sample was dry, up to the maximum period analyzed (60 days), independent of the substrate on which the fluid was deposited, showing the novelty of this study. Therefore, the forensic expert can detect biological fluids at the crime scene using an ALS even several days after a crime has occurred.

Cation Transport Coupled to ATP Hydrolysis By the (Na, K)-ATPase AN INTEGRATED, ANIMATED MODEL

An Adobe (R) animation is presented for use in undergraduate Biochemistry courses, illustrating the mechanism of Na(+) and K(+) translocation coupled to ATP hydrolysis by the (Na, K)-ATPase, a P(2c)-type ATPase, or ATP-powered ion pump that actively translocates cations across plasma membranes. The enzyme is also known as an E(1)/E(2)-ATPase as it undergoes conformational changes between the E(1) and E(2) forms during the pumping cycle, altering the affinity and accessibility of the transmembrane ion-binding sites. The animation is based on Horisberger`s scheme that incorporates the most recent significant findings to have improved our understanding of the (Na, K)-ATPase structure function relationship. The movements of the various domains within the (Na, K)-ATPase alpha-subunit illustrate the conformational changes that occur during Na(+) and K(+) translocation across the membrane and emphasize involvement of the actuator, nucleotide, and phosphorylation domains, that is, the ""core engine"" of the pump, with respect to ATP binding, cation transport, and ADP and P(i) release.