Estudo de adobes melhorados com cimento e adição de resíduos de concreto

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

Levantamento e análise dos padrões de qualidade nacionais e internacionais estabelicidos para reuso de efluentes e aproveitamento de água de chuva para fins não potáveis em áreas urbanas

The objective of this work is present and analyze the standards and guidelines associated with the protection of health of the user of waters less noble, for purposes other than drinking, and more specifically, the criteria descriptors of quality of these waters and the assessment of microbiological risk associated to its use aiming to establish, with bases and scientific criteria, the tolerable risk and the definition of standards for the microbiological quality. To this end, the author makes use of investigative exploratory method based on bibliographic survey and acquisition and posterior analysis, presentation and discussion about the topics discussed. The final text may inform and subsidise decisions regarding the definition of new values (preparation of new standards) and in the definition of appropriate technology

Feasibility of solar heating systems composed of recyclable packaging for low-income rural communities

Solar heaters are an appropriate technology in tropical and sub-tropical climates to heat bath water by solar energy. Low-cost solar heaters meet the demand of low-income rural communities which currently do not have access to this technology. Current research analyzes the economic viability of solar heaters, built with recyclable materials, to reduce electric energy bill. A solar heating system was built consisting of recyclable materials in accordance with the manuals provided by the Secretariat of Environment of the state of Paraná (SEMA). Duration of use of electric showers by families of rural properties was determined to calculate expenses and billing of electricity. Simulation and material costs showed that the system was feasible. Commercial solar heaters could be replaced at a cost of R$ 22.61 per month during 13 months.

Absorção de micronutrientes em plantas de pimentão submetidas a diferentes lâminas de irrigação

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Suitability comparison of rainwater harvesting and piped water systems in the Dominican Republic

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has a long history and has been supported as an appropriate technology and relatively cheap source of domestic water supply. This study compares the suitability of RWH and piped water systems in three rural Dominican communities seeking to improve their water systems. Ethnographic methods considering the views of residents and feasibility and cost analysis of the options were used to conclude that RWH is not a feasible or cost-effective solution for domestic water needs of all households in the communities studied. RWH investment is best left to individual households that can implement informal RWH with incremental increases in storage volume. Piped water distribution (PWD) systems perceived as too large or expensive to implement have much lower capital costs and are more supported by residents as a solution because they provide large quantities of water needed to maintain water services beyond mere survival levels.

BIOMASS FUEL-BRIQUETTES AND IMPROVED STOVES IN DINSHO, ETHIOPIA

This report is a study of the development and implementation of a biomass fuel briquette and improved stove project in the highlands of Ethiopia. The primary goal of the project was to determine if the introduction of an improved stove would affect the acceptability of fuel briquettes. The secondary goal was to establish briquette and improved stove manufacturing associations in Dinsho and Rira towns. Two problems encountered during the project were cultural differences in material valuation, and difficulty working with local administrative frameworks and multi-organization communication difficulties. Both briquettes and improved stoves received positive feedback from respondents. Survey data indicated that a price of 0.75 Ethiopian birr per briquette would make them a competitive fuel source against fuelwood. Recommendations for feedstock sourcing and supply, capital investment, labor reduction, estimating cost effectiveness, appropriate technology design, development work setbacks, and valuation paradigms for fuel briquette, improved stove, and development work projects.

Sanitation in developing countries: A review through a gender lens

Sanitation has evolved from a purely technical discipline to one that includes social, environmental, economic and, increasingly, gender considerations. However, blurry notions of gender are frequently offered in the sanitation literature. Although it has been recognized that gender-responsive sanitation does not mean ‘toilets for women’, substantial alternatives are rarely debated. We structure our review of sanitation in developing countries along three lines: we start by fine-tuning the concept of gender both from the academic and the practitioner's perspective, analyse relevant developments in gender-specific policies and programming, and finally review the most appropriate toilet room and menstrual hygiene technologies. We argue that strategies to make technologies gender-responsive need to be based upon a thorough analysis of the social arrangements of the intimate, and how these are negotiated and institutionalized in a specific context. A lack of robust gender-segregated data on sanitation policies and technologies, along with reductionist framings of gender are to blame for limited progress in verifying the need for, and impact of, gender-responsive sanitation. Technology and policy development and implementation would benefit from gender-considerate interpretations of shame, dignity, safety and status. Further progress could be achieved by improving the translation process between different academic framings of the sanitation crisis. Keywords: appropriate technology; development; gender; menstrual hygiene management (MHM); sanitation

A Tele-Health Communication and Information System for Underserved Children in Rural Areas of Nicaragua

Millennium Development Goals point out the necessity of actively promoting maternal-child health care status, especially in underserved areas. This article details the development actions carried out between 2008 and 2011 in some rural communities of Nicaragua with the aim to provide a low-cost tele-health communication service. The service is managed by the health care center of Cusmapa, which leads the program and maintains a communication link between its health staff and the health brigades of 26 distant communities. Local agents can use the system to report urgent maternal-child health care episodes to be assessed through WiMAX-WiFi voice and data communications attended by two physicians and six nurses located at the health care center. The health and nutritional status of the maternal-child population can be monitored to prevent diseases, subnutrition, and deaths. The action approach assumes the fundamentals of appropriate technology and looks for community- based, sustainable, replicable, and scalable solutions to ensure future deployments according to the strategies of the United Nations.

Reporting experiments to satisfy professionals information needs

Although the aim of empirical software engineering is to provide evidence for selecting the appropriate technology, it appears that there is a lack of recognition of this work in industry. Results from empirical research only rarely seem to find their way to company decision makers. If information relevant for software managers is provided in reports on experiments, such reports can be considered as a source of information for them when they are faced with making decisions about the selection of software engineering technologies. To bridge this communication gap between researchers and professionals, we propose characterizing the information needs of software managers in order to show empirical software engineering researchers which information is relevant for decision-making and thus enable them to make this information available. We empirically investigated decision makers? information needs to identify which information they need to judge the appropriateness and impact of a software technology. We empirically developed a model that characterizes these needs. To ensure that researchers provide relevant information when reporting results from experiments, we extended existing reporting guidelines accordingly.We performed an experiment to evaluate our model with regard to its effectiveness. Software managers who read an experiment report according to the proposed model judged the technology?s appropriateness significantly better than those reading a report about the same experiment that did not explicitly address their information needs. Our research shows that information regarding a technology, the context in which it is supposed to work, and most importantly, the impact of this technology on development costs and schedule as well as on product quality is crucial for decision makers.

Urban agriculture in the new framework of green cities.

Urban Agriculture was a common practice in the old times. However after a period of low interest by urban population there is a movement of renaissance of urban agriculture especially in the new megalopolis. It is important to understand the role of UA in the new framework, and the interface of urban and rural agricultures, with their comparative advantages. Thus, we describe the impact of UA in several scenarios: political, socioeconomic and environmental. As a consequence several actions should be developed for improving the situation, with the stimulus to UA: urban planning, food value chain, appropriate technology, education and extension services, entertainment and leisure, selection of botanic varieties and agrochemical inputs, design and landscape and good farming practices. As a complement, there is an analysis of the Urban Greening Value Organization in our society. In the paper there is a description of the situation of urban agriculture in Spain (located mainly in roofs, walls, indoor and ground places) the existence of local regulations, barriers and opportunities in the new situation. Due to the social dimension of urban agriculture there are some comments about the role of the more significant stakeholders, and the goals and the structure of the neighbor communities.

Planta de trigeneración para industria papelera

El alcance de este proyecto es dimensionar un sistema de trigeneración para una industria papelera. El proyecto se realizará en base a la propuesta de la nueva reforma de la ley energética, por la cual no se podrá vender la energía eléctrica generada a la red sino que toda la energía generada ha de ser utilizada de forma exclusiva para autoconsumo. En primer lugar se desarrolla un proceso de selección de los equipos y tecnologías para la cogeneración, que posteriormente servirá para el dimensionamiento de la planta, en el cual se elegirá la tecnología oportuna para la generación de energía eléctrica y energía térmica, tanto en forma de frío como de calor. Con este estudio se podrá calcular el ahorro conseguido por el nuevo sistema propuesto, comparado con los costes de la generación por sistemas convencionales y desde ese ahorro, analizar la rentabilidad y viabilidad del proyecto en función de la inversión inicial que supone dicho proyecto. Abstract The scope of this project is to measure a trigeneration system for paper industry. The project will be based on the proposal of the new reform of the energy law, by which the electricity generated to the network may not be sold but that all the generated energy has to be used exclusively for self-consumption. First of all the study develops a process of selection of the equipment and technologies for cogeneration, which subsequently will be used for the dimensioning of the plant, the result will be an election of the appropriate technology for the generation of electric power and heat energy, both in the form of cold and heat. With this study the savings achieved by the new proposed system will be estimated, compared with costs of conventional generation and from these savings, analized for profitability and viability of the project on the basis of the initial investment involved in this project.

Reporting experiments to satisfy professionals’information needs

Although the aim of empirical software engineering is to provide evidence for selecting the appropriate technology, it appears that there is a lack of recognition of this work in industry. Results from empirical research only rarely seem to find their way to company decision makers. If information relevant for software managers is provided in reports on experiments, such reports can be considered as a source of information for them when they are faced with making decisions about the selection of software engineering technologies. To bridge this communication gap between researchers and professionals, we propose characterizing the information needs of software managers in order to show empirical software engineering researchers which information is relevant for decision-making and thus enable them to make this information available. We empirically investigated decision makers? information needs to identify which information they need to judge the appropriateness and impact of a software technology. We empirically developed a model that characterizes these needs. To ensure that researchers provide relevant information when reporting results from experiments, we extended existing reporting guidelines accordingly. We performed an experiment to evaluate our model with regard to its effectiveness. Software managers who read an experiment report according to the proposed model judged the technology?s appropriateness significantly better than those reading a report about the same experiment that did not explicitly address their information needs. Our research shows that information regarding a technology, the context in which it is supposed to work, and most importantly, the impact of this technology on development costs and schedule as well as on product quality is crucial for decision makers.

Application of PZT and FBG impedance sensors for structural health monitoring of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with FRP composite materials

Esta Tesis tiene como objetivo principal el desarrollo de métodos de identificación del daño que sean robustos y fiables, enfocados a sistemas estructurales experimentales, fundamentalmente a las estructuras de hormigón armado reforzadas externamente con bandas fibras de polímeros reforzados (FRP). El modo de fallo de este tipo de sistema estructural es crítico, pues generalmente es debido a un despegue repentino y frágil de la banda del refuerzo FRP originado en grietas intermedias causadas por la flexión. La detección de este despegue en su fase inicial es fundamental para prevenir fallos futuros, que pueden ser catastróficos. Inicialmente, se lleva a cabo una revisión del método de la Impedancia Electro-Mecánica (EMI), de cara a exponer sus capacidades para la detección de daño. Una vez la tecnología apropiada es seleccionada, lo que incluye un analizador de impedancias así como novedosos sensores PZT para monitorización inteligente, se ha diseñado un procedimiento automático basado en los registros de impedancias de distintas estructuras de laboratorio. Basándonos en el hecho de que las mediciones de impedancias son posibles gracias a una colocación adecuada de una red de sensores PZT, la estimación de la presencia de daño se realiza analizando los resultados de distintos indicadores de daño obtenidos de la literatura. Para que este proceso sea automático y que no sean necesarios conocimientos previos sobre el método EMI para realizar un experimento, se ha diseñado e implementado un Interfaz Gráfico de Usuario, transformando la medición de impedancias en un proceso fácil e intuitivo. Se evalúa entonces el daño a través de los correspondientes índices de daño, intentando estimar no sólo su severidad, sino también su localización aproximada. El desarrollo de estos experimentos en cualquier estructura genera grandes cantidades de datos que han de ser procesados, y algunas veces los índices de daño no son suficientes para una evaluación completa de la integridad de una estructura. En la mayoría de los casos se pueden encontrar patrones de daño en los datos, pero no se tiene información a priori del estado de la estructura. En este punto, se ha hecho una importante investigación en técnicas de reconocimiento de patrones particularmente en aprendizaje no supervisado, encontrando aplicaciones interesantes en el campo de la medicina. De ahí surge una idea creativa e innovadora: detectar y seguir la evolución del daño en distintas estructuras como si se tratase de un cáncer propagándose por el cuerpo humano. En ese sentido, las lecturas de impedancias se emplean como información intrínseca de la salud de la propia estructura, de forma que se pueden aplicar las mismas técnicas que las empleadas en la investigación del cáncer. En este caso, se ha aplicado un algoritmo de clasificación jerárquica dado que ilustra además la clasificación de los datos de forma gráfica, incluyendo información cualitativa y cuantitativa sobre el daño. Se ha investigado la efectividad de este procedimiento a través de tres estructuras de laboratorio, como son una viga de aluminio, una unión atornillada de aluminio y un bloque de hormigón reforzado con FRP. La primera ayuda a mostrar la efectividad del método en sencillos escenarios de daño simple y múltiple, de forma que las conclusiones extraídas se aplican sobre los otros dos, diseñados para simular condiciones de despegue en distintas estructuras. Demostrada la efectividad del método de clasificación jerárquica de lecturas de impedancias, se aplica el procedimiento sobre las estructuras de hormigón armado reforzadas con bandas de FRP objeto de esta tesis, detectando y clasificando cada estado de daño. Finalmente, y como alternativa al anterior procedimiento, se propone un método para la monitorización continua de la interfase FRP-Hormigón, a través de una red de sensores FBG permanentemente instalados en dicha interfase. De esta forma, se obtienen medidas de deformación de la interfase en condiciones de carga continua, para ser implementadas en un modelo de optimización multiobjetivo, cuya solución se haya por medio de una expansión multiobjetivo del método Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). La fiabilidad de este último método de detección se investiga a través de sendos ejemplos tanto numéricos como experimentales. ABSTRACT This thesis aims to develop robust and reliable damage identification methods focused on experimental structural systems, in particular Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures externally strengthened with Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) strips. The failure mode of this type of structural system is critical, since it is usually due to sudden and brittle debonding of the FRP reinforcement originating from intermediate flexural cracks. Detection of the debonding in its initial stage is essential thus to prevent future failure, which might be catastrophic. Initially, a revision of the Electro-Mechanical Impedance (EMI) method is carried out, in order to expose its capabilities for local damage detection. Once the appropriate technology is selected, which includes impedance analyzer as well as novel PZT sensors for smart monitoring, an automated procedure has been design based on the impedance signatures of several lab-scale structures. On the basis that capturing impedance measurements is possible thanks to an adequately deployed PZT sensor network, the estimation of damage presence is done by analyzing the results of different damage indices obtained from the literature. In order to make this process automatic so that it is not necessary a priori knowledge of the EMI method to carry out an experimental test, a Graphical User Interface has been designed, turning the impedance measurements into an easy and intuitive procedure. Damage is then assessed through the analysis of the corresponding damage indices, trying to estimate not only the damage severity, but also its approximate location. The development of these tests on any kind of structure generates large amounts of data to be processed, and sometimes the information provided by damage indices is not enough to achieve a complete analysis of the structural health condition. In most of the cases, some damage patterns can be found in the data, but none a priori knowledge of the health condition is given for any structure. At this point, an important research on pattern recognition techniques has been carried out, particularly on unsupervised learning techniques, finding interesting applications in the medicine field. From this investigation, a creative and innovative idea arose: to detect and track the evolution of damage in different structures, as if it were a cancer propagating through a human body. In that sense, the impedance signatures are used to give intrinsic information of the health condition of the structure, so that the same clustering algorithms applied in the cancer research can be applied to the problem addressed in this dissertation. Hierarchical clustering is then applied since it also provides a graphical display of the clustered data, including quantitative and qualitative information about damage. The performance of this approach is firstly investigated using three lab-scale structures, such as a simple aluminium beam, a bolt-jointed aluminium beam and an FRP-strengthened concrete specimen. The first one shows the performance of the method on simple single and multiple damage scenarios, so that the first conclusions can be extracted and applied to the other two experimental tests, which are designed to simulate a debonding condition on different structures. Once the performance of the impedance-based hierarchical clustering method is proven to be successful, it is then applied to the structural system studied in this dissertation, the RC structures externally strengthened with FRP strips, where the debonding failure in the interface between the FRP and the concrete is successfully detected and classified, proving thus the feasibility of this method. Finally, as an alternative to the previous approach, a continuous monitoring procedure of the FRP-Concrete interface is proposed, based on an FBGsensors Network permanently deployed within that interface. In this way, strain measurements can be obtained under controlled loading conditions, and then they are used in order to implement a multi-objective model updating method solved by a multi-objective expansion of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method. The feasibility of this last proposal is investigated and successfully proven on both numerical and experimental RC beams strengthened with FRP.

Caracterización de parámetros petrofísicos relacionados con la capacidad de almacenamiento de CO2 en el acuífero salino profundo de Hontomín (Burgos)

La conciencia de la crisis de la modernidad -que comienza ya a finales del siglo XIX- ha cobrado más experiencia debido al conocimiento de los límites del desarrollo económico, ya que como parecía razonable pensar, también los recursos naturales son finitos. En 1972, el Club de Roma analizó las distintas opciones disponibles para conseguir armonizar el desarrollo sostenible y las limitaciones medioambientales. Fue en 1987 cuando la Comisión Mundial para el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo de la ONU definía por primera vez el concepto de desarrollo sostenible. Definición que posteriormente fue incorporada en todos los programas de la ONU y sirvió de eje, por ejemplo, a la Cumbre de la Tierra celebrada en Río de Janeiro en 1992. Parece evidente que satisfacer la demanda energética, fundamentalmente desde la Revolución Industrial en el s XIX, trajo consigo un creciente uso de los combustibles fósiles, con la consiguiente emisión de los gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y el aumento de la temperatura global media terrestre. Esta temperatura se incrementó en los últimos cien años en una media de 0.74ºC. La mayor parte del incremento observado desde la mitad del siglo XX en esta temperatura media se debe, con una probabilidad de al menos el 90%, al aumento observado en los GEI antropogénicos, siendo uno de ellos el CO2 que proviene de la transformación del carbono de los combustibles fósiles durante su combustión. Ante el creciente uso de los combustibles fósiles, los proyectos CAC, proyectos de captura, transporte y almacenamiento, se presentan como una contribución al desarrollo sostenible ya que se trata de una tecnología que permite mitigar el cambio climático. Para valorar si la tecnología CAC es sostenible, habrá que comprobar si existe o no capacidad para almacenar el CO2 en una cantidad mayor a la de producción y durante el tiempo necesario que impone la evolución de la concentración de CO2 en la atmósfera para mantenerla por debajo de las 450ppmv (concentración de CO2 que propone el Panel Intergubernamental para el Cambio Climático). El desarrollo de los proyectos CAC completos pasa por la necesaria selección de adecuados almacenes de CO2 que sean capaces de soportar los efectos de las presiones de inyección, así como asegurar la capacidad de dichos almacenes y la estanqueidad del CO2 en los mismos. La caracterización geológica de un acuífero susceptible de ser almacén de CO2 debe conducir a determinar las propiedades que dicho almacén posee para asegurar un volumen adecuado de almacenamiento, una inyectabilidad del CO2 en el mismo a un ritmo adecuado y la estanqueidad del CO2 en dicho acuífero a largo plazo. El presente trabajo pretende estudiar los parámetros que tienen influencia en el cálculo de la capacidad del almacén, para lo que en primer lugar se ha desarrollado la tecnología necesaria para llevar a cabo la investigación mediante ensayos de laboratorio. Así, se ha desarrollado una patente, "ATAP, equipo para ensayos petrofísicos (P201231913)", con la que se ha llevado a cabo la parte experimental de este trabajo para la caracterización de los parámetros que tienen influencia en el cálculo de la capacidad del almacén. Una vez desarrollada la tecnología, se aborda el estudio de los distintos parámetros que tienen influencia en la capacidad del almacén realizando ensayos con ATAP. Estos ensayos definen el volumen del almacenamiento, llegándose a la conclusión de que en la determinación de este volumen, juegan un papel importante el alcance de los mecanismos trampa, físicos o químicos, del CO2 en el almacén. Ensayos que definen la capacidad del almacén de "aceptar" o "rechazar" el CO2 inyectado, la inyectabilidad, y por último, ensayos encaminados a determinar posibles fugas que se pueden dar a través de los pozos de inyección, definidos estos como caminos preferenciales de fugas en un almacén subterráneo de CO2. Queda de este modo caracterizada la estanqueidad del CO2 en el acuífero a largo plazo y su influencia obvia en la determinación de la capacidad del almacén. Unido al propósito de la estimación de la capacidad del almacén, se encuentra el propósito de asegurar la estanqueidad de dichos almacenes en el tiempo, y adelantarse a la evolución de la pluma de CO2 en el interior de dichos almacenes. Para cumplir este propósito, se ha desarrollado un modelo dinámico a escala de laboratorio, mediante el programa ECLIPSE 300, con el fin de establecer una metodología para el cálculo de la capacidad estimada del almacén, así como el estudio de la evolución de la pluma de CO2 dentro del acuífero a lo largo del tiempo, partiendo de los resultados obtenidos en los ensayos realizados en ATAP y con la modelización de la probeta de roca almacén empleada en dichos ensayos. Presentamos por tanto un trabajo que establece las bases metodológicas para el estudio de la influencia de distintos parámetros petrofísicos en el cálculo de la capacidad del almacén unidos al desarrollo tecnológico de ATAP y su utilización para la determinación de dichos parámetros aplicables a cada acuífero concreto de estudio. ABSTRACT The crisis of modernity –which begins at the end of 19th Century- has been more important due to the knowledge of the limits of economic development, since it appeared to be thought reasonable, the natural resources are finite. In 1972, The Club of Rome analyzed the different options available in order to harmonize the sustainability and the environment development. It was in 1987 when The Global Commission on The Environment and the Development of UN, defined for the first time the concept of Sustainable Development. This definition that was fully incorporated in all the UN programs and it was useful as an axis, for example, in La Cumbre de la Tierra summit in Río de Janeiro in 1992. It seems obvious to satisfy energetic demand, basically after The Industrial Revolution in 19th Century, which represented an increasing use of fossil fuels, therefore greenhouse gases emission and the increasing of global average temperature. This temperature increased in the last 100 years up to 0.74ºC. The major part of the temperature increase is due to the increase observed in Greenhouse gases with human origin, at least with 90% of probability. The most important gas is the CO2 because of its quantity. In the face of the increasing use of fossil fuels, the CCS projects, Carbon Capture and Storage projects, appear as a contribution of sustainable development since it is a technology for avoiding the climate change. In order to evaluate if CCS technology is sustainable, it will be necessary to prove if the capacity for CO2 storage is available or not in a quantity greater than the production one and during the time necessary to keep the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere lower than 450ppmv (concentration imposed by IPCC). The development of full CCS projects goes through the selection of good CO2 storages that are able to support the effects of pressure injection, and assure the capacity of such storages and the watertightness of CO2. The geological characterization of the aquifer that could be potential CO2 storage should lead to determine the properties that such storage has in order to assure the adequate storage volume, the CO2 injectivity in a good rate, and the watertightness of the CO2 in the long term. The present work aims to study the parameters that have influence on the calculation of storage capacity, and for that purpose the appropriate technology has been developed for carrying out the research by mean of laboratory tests. Thus, a patent has been developed, "ATAP, equipo para ensayos petrofísicos (P201231913)", that has been used for developing the experimental part of this work. Once the technology has been developed, the study of different parameters, that have influence on the capacity of the storage, has been addressed developing different tests in ATAP. These tests define the storage volume which is related to the scope of different CO2 trap mechanisms, physical or chemical, in the storage. Tests that define the capacity of the storage to “accept” or “reject” the injected CO2, the injectivity, and tests led to determine possible leakages through injection wells. In this way we could talk about the watertightness in the aquifer in the long term and its influence on the storage capacity estimation. Together with the purpose of the storage capacity estimation, is the purpose of assuring the watertightness of such storages in the long term and anticipating the evolution of CO2 plume inside such aquifers. In order to fulfill this purpose, a dynamic model has been developed with ECLIPSE 300, for stablishing the methodology for the calculation of storage capacity estimation and the evolution of the CO2 plume, starting out with the tests carried out in ATAP. We present this work that establishes the methodology bases for the study of the influence of different petrophysics parameters in the calculation of the capacity of the storage together with the technological development of ATAP and its utilization for the determination of such parameters applicable to each aquifer.

Soluciones de control para el Hogar Digital Accesible

En este proyecto, se pretende obtener la solución óptima para el control del hogar digital accesible. Para ello, comenzaremos explicando el funcionamiento básico de un sistema dómotico, enumeraremos los diversos dispositivos que se utilizan en este tipo de automatizaciones, y comentaremos las diferentes posibilidades con respecto a la arquitectura del sistema. Para elegir la opción más adecuada, se realizará un pequeño estudio a acerca de cada una de las tecnologías existentes, protocolos cerrados, y abiertos, así como tecnologías inalámbricas o de bus. Se realizará un estudio con mayor profundidad del estándar KNX, ya que será una de las tecnologías elegidas finalmente para la realización del proyecto. Una vez elegido el estándar, hemos de centrarnos en las necesidades del recinto, para así poder empezar a definir cada uno de los elementos que incluiremos en nuestra instalación, sensores, actuadores, elementos de intercomunicación, procesadores y dispositivos de control. El siguiente paso consistiría en la programación de la vivienda, para ello hemos de tener previamente estructurados y definidos tanto el número de circuitos eléctricos, como la función que estos desempeñan dentro del recinto inteligente, es decir, accionamiento, regulación etc, para así poder asignar cada circuito a la salida correspondiente de su propio actuador. La vivienda se programará a través de ETS, software asociado a la marca KNX. Mediante este protocolo controlaremos, iluminación, motores, climatización y seguridad. Debido a los recursos limitados que ofrece KNX con respecto a la programación lógica de eventos y secuencias de acciones, y la necesidad de visualizar la interfaz gráfica de la vivienda se ha integrado un procesador. Considerando el deseo de integrar el control de un televisor en la vivienda, futuras ampliaciones y otros aspectos, el procesador integrado será de Crestron Electronics, marca correspondiente a un protocolo cerrado de automatización de sistemas, que cuenta con grandes avances en el control multimedia. Por tanto, la segunda parte de la programación se realizará mediante otros dos softwares diferentes, pertenecientes a la marca, Simple Windows se encargará de la programación lógica del sistema, mientras que Vision Tools creará la visualización. Por último, obtendremos las conclusiones necesarias, adjuntaremos un diagrama de conexionado, presupuesto de la instalación, planos y un pequeño manual de usuario. ABSTRACT. The aim of this project is to optimize the environment control of the Accesible Digital Home unit located in ETSIST - UPM, through different essays, valuing the domestic possibilities and the current interfaces. The tests will be carried out comparing different protocols and the possibilities of optimization that they offer to a Digital Home. Aspects such as: ease the communications with other systems, reliability, costs, long term maintenance of the installation, etc. After conducting trials protocol or most appropriate technology for the automation of the enclosure shall be elected. One Chosen the standard, we have to focus on the needs of the enclosure, so, to begin defining each of the elements included in our installation, sensors, actuators, elements intercom, processors and control devices. The next step is the programing of housing, for that we have previously structured and defined both the number of electrical circuits, as the role they play in the intelligent enclosure, that is, switching, dimming etc., in order to assign each circuit to the corresponding output of its own actuator. The house will be scheduled through ETS, software associated with the brand KNX. Through this protocol we will control, lighting, motors, air conditioning and security. Due to the limited resources available in KNX with respect logic programming of events and sequences of actions, and the need to display the graphical interface housing has been integrated processor belonging to the closed protocol or Crestron electronics brand. Finally, when we get the necessary conclusions, enclose a diagram of wiring, installation budget, planes and a small manual.