Source apportionment and dynamic changes of carbonaceous aerosols during the haze bloom-decay process in China based on radiocarbon and organic molecular tracers

Fine carbonaceous aerosols (CAs) is the key factor influencing the currently filthy air in megacities in China, yet few studies simultaneously focus on the origins of different CAs species using specific and powerful source tracers. Here, we present a detailed source apportionment for various CAs fractions, including organic carbon (OC), water-soluble OC (WSOC), water-insoluble OC (WIOC), elemental carbon (EC) and secondary OC (SOC) in the largest cities of North (Beijing, BJ) and South China (Guangzhou, GZ), using the measurements of radiocarbon and anhydrosugars. Results show that non-fossil fuel sources such as biomass burning and biogenic emission make a significant contribution to the total CAs in Chinese megacities: 56±4 in BJ and 46±5% in GZ, respectively. The relative contributions of primary fossil carbon from coal and liquid petroleum combustions, primary non-fossil carbon and secondary organic carbon (SOC) to total carbon are 19, 28 and 54% in BJ, and 40, 15 and 46% in GZ, respectively. Non-fossil fuel sources account for 52 in BJ and 71% in GZ of SOC, respectively. These results suggest that biomass burning has a greater influence on regional particulate air pollution in North China than in South China. We observed an unabridged haze bloom-decay process in South China, which illustrates that both primary and secondary matter from fossil sources played a key role in the blooming phase of the pollution episode, while haze phase is predominantly driven by fossil-derived secondary organic matter and nitrate.

Agreement between the city of New York through the Board of Estimate and Apportionment and the Brooklyn Public Library.

Mode of access: Internet.

Minutes of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of the City of New York.

Description based on: Jan. 1 to Mar. 31, 1912.

The industrial education survey of the city of New York ... Report of the committee authorized by the Board of estimate and apportionment.

C.R. Richards, chairman.

Apportionment of the Michigan State Senate : the Scholle case.

Cover title.

Preliminary report of a special committee consisting of the Chief Engineer of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, the Commissioner of Docks, the Commissioner of Plant and Structures, and the Engineer of the Borough of Richmond, concerning the Brooklyn-Richmond freight and passenger tunnel.

At head of title: City of New York. Board of Estimate and Apportionment.

Apportionment district locator /

Mode of access: Internet.

Congressional-legislative-judicial apportionment maps and descriptions.

Description based on: 1972.

Remarks of Mr. Edward Everett, of Massachusetts : in the House of Representatives, May 17, 1832, on the Apportionment bill.

Caption title.

The first apportionment of federal representatives in the United States.

Reprint of the American academy of political and social science. Annals, v. 9, p. 1-41.

Patterns of apportionment.

Includes bibliography.

Statement of the computation and apportionment of the state levy of taxes for ... /

Description based on: 1890.

State Levy of Taxes. Computation and Apportionment

Title Varies: 1898-1905, Statement of the Computation and Apportionment of the State Levy of Taxes; ?-1897, Statement of the Expenses To Which the State of Oregon Will Be Subjected for the Year 18?-1897 and of the Items of Deficiencies More

Testing the niche apportionment hypothesis with parasite communities: is random assortment always the rule?

Niche apportionment models have only been applied once to parasite communities. Only the random assortment model (RA), which indicates that species abundances are independent from each other and that interspecific competition is unimportant, provided a good fit to 3 out of 6 parasite communities investigated. The generality of this result needs to be validated, however. In this study we apply 5 niche apportionment models to the parasite communities of 14 fish species from the Great Barrier Reef. We determined which model fitted the data when using either numerical abundance or biomass as an estimate of parasite abundance, and whether the fit of niche apportionment models depends on how the parasite community is defined (e.g. ecto, endoparasites or all parasites considered together). The RA model provided a good fit for the whole community of parasites in 7 fish species when using biovolume (as a surrogate of biomass) as a measure of species abundance. The RA model also fitted observed data when ecto- and endoparasites were considered separately, using abundance or biovolume, but less frequently. Variation in fish sizes among species was not associated with the probability of a model fitting the data. Total numerical abundance and biovolume of parasites were not related across host species, suggesting that they capture different aspects of abundance. Biovolume is not only a better measurement to use with niche-orientated models, it should also be the preferred descriptor to analyse parasite community structure in other contexts. Most of the biological assumptions behind the RA model, i.e. randomness in apportioning niche space, lack of interspecific competition, independence of abundance among different species, and species with variable niches in changeable environments, are in accordance with some previous findings on parasite communities. Thus, parasite communities may generally be unsaturated with species, with empty niches, and interspecific interactions may generally be unimportant in determining parasite community structure.

2D Apportionment Methods

Михаил Константинов, Костадин Янев, Галина Пелова, Юлиана Бонева - В работата се разглеждат двумерни пропорционални изборни системи, при които броят на партийните мандати се определя на национално ниво, а персонификацията на мандатите става чрез регионални партийни листи. При това, броят на мандатите във всеки район се определя пропорционално на населението. Предложени са нови подобрени методи за двумерно разпределение и са представени резултати от числени пресмятания с данните от парламентарните избори през 2009 г.