Raman scattering of non-planar graphite: arched edges, polyhedral crystals, whiskers and cones

Planar graphite has been extensively studied by Raman scattering for years. A comparative Raman study of several different and less common non-planar graphitic materials is given here. New kinds of graphite whiskers and tubular graphite cones (synthetic and natural) have been introduced. Raman spectroscopy has been applied to the characterization of natural graphite crystal edge planes, an individual graphite whisker graphite polyhedral crystals and tubular graphite cones. Almost all of the observed Raman modes were assigned according to the selection rules and the double-resonance Raman mechanism. The polarization properties related to the structural features, the line shape of the first-order dispersive mode and its combination modes, the frequency variation of some modes in different carbon materials and other unique Raman spectral features are discussed here in detail.

群组通信环境中的密钥管理协议

随着群组通信业务的普及，群组通信的相关安全研究也随之兴起。群组密码学的概念首先由 Desmedt 提出。与传统通信中的密码学方案相比，群组密码学具有很多优点，并已经成功地运用到视频点播和分布式系统等一些应用场景中。群签名，环签名，广播加密等密码学体制作为群组密码学的重要分支都得到了学术界的密切关注。本文的研究工作集中在群组密码学的一个重要组成部分：群组密钥管理，即多个（群组）用户在不安全的开放网络环境中通过一定的协议产生一个共享的会话密钥，为后面的通信提供各种安全性保护。 本文的研究工作主要包含两个方面，群组密钥分发协议和可证明安全的认证群组密钥协商协议。在对已有的群组密钥管理方案进行了大量的调查与分析后，我们在此基础上提出了一些有价值的研究成果。本文的主要成果包括： 1. 在第二章中，提出了一种高效的长期 self-healing 群组密钥分发方案。和已有方案相比，新方案的优势包括：（1）我们避免了使用指数运算, 而只是域上多项式的相关运算；（2）群组管理者广播消息次数比 Staddon 等人和Blundo 等人的方案少一次；（3）用户端存储私钥数目比 Staddon 等人的方案少将近一半；（4）新协议的安全性为无条件安全。 2. 在第三章中，构造了一个从一般群组密钥协商协议向基于口令认证的群组密钥协商协议转换的编译器。编译器的构造利用了对称加密体制，NM-CCA2 和 IK-CCA2 安全的公钥加密体制，以及 UF-CMA 安全的数字签名体制，从而使得编译器可以避免在线/离线字典攻击。 3. 在第四章中，提出了一个基于口令认证的群组密钥协商协议，使得网关在认证服务器的协助下和多个用户之间建立一个会话密钥，同时认证服务器不知道此会话密钥的任何信息（网关和认证服务器之间的信道是专用信道）。由于意识到口令的泄露往往是由于用户的不当使用造成的，所以，不同于已有的基于口令认证的门限密钥协商机制，我们的门限方案是在用户端实施。我们的门限方案要求把用户群组和认证服务器预先共享的口令（称之为群组口令）以秘密共享方式分散共享在群组用户之间，并且每个用户所存储口令的子秘密（share）值依然是一个易记忆的口令（称之为用户口令）。只有不少于 k 个用户一起才能恢复出群组口令。 4. 在第五章中，利用了Unified 模型（把用户长期私钥嵌入到密钥协商过程）构造了一个在 Strong Corruption 模型下可证明安全的强健的认证群组密钥协商协议。和已有类似方案相比，新方案所需要的签名数量明显减少，从而，计算复杂度和通信复杂度也随之降低。另外，新协议是在 Strong Corruption 模型下可证明安全，在此模型下的类似协议比较少。 5. 在第六章中，对 Desmedt 等人提出的 BD-II（树型）群组密钥协商协议做出改进。利用在树中各个节点上应用遮罩函数，我们把由于群组关系变化而对密钥更新所产生的影响限制在一个比较小的群组范围中，从而提高了协议在动态情况下运行的效率。新协议通过四个子算法：初始化，成员加入，成员撤销，子群组合并来分别应对群组密钥协商过程中所遇到的各种（动态）情况。

阔叶红松林碳循环及细根与凋落物生产、分解研究

森林凋落物、细根及红松阔叶林碳循环 摘要: 由于全球变化进程的加快使生态系统碳循环在科学研究中的重要性日益突出。森林生态系统作为陆地生态系统的一个重要组成部分，其碳循环过程和源、汇功能一直是人们研究的热点。本文以森林生态系统物质循环的两个关键过程－凋落物和细根的生产和分解过程为主要研究目标，探讨了两者的时空动态格局和主驱动因子；同时采用传统的森林调查与通量观测相结合的方法，系统的刻画了红松阔叶林生态系统的碳循环过程。 主要结论如下：（1）区域平均温度是决定东北地区不同气候区域森林凋落量发生变化的主要因素，优势树种生物学特性不同导致同一气候区域内森林类型之间凋落量呈现显著差异。（2）红松阔叶林不同凋落组分凋落量对气候因子的年际波动和林分生长的反应不同，红松生长使其落叶量和在凋落总量中所占的比重显著增加，这将导致林地的凋落物组成和物理化学性质发生根本改变。（3）6个不同气候区域内地带性树种凋落物分解率和养分元素释放率随纬度增加而降低，并且与区域年平均温度和降水量呈显著正相关关系，随着分解的进行凋落物分解率与温度和降水的相关性降低。凋落物初始化学指标与其分解率呈显著相关关系。回归模型的预测结果显示温度和降水的增加均可促进凋落物分解，并且其对分解的影响强度大于CO2浓度升高对凋落物分解间接影响。（4）3种原始群落——红松阔叶林，云冷杉林和岳桦林的细根生产量、周转率和养分元素归还量随着海拔的升高而降低，对于同一海拔带上的3种林型而言，红松阔叶林生长量最高而周转率和养分元素释放率最低，白桦纯林细根周转率和养分元素释放率最高，山杨林细根生长量最小，细根周转率和养分元素释放率介于前两者之间。（5）红松阔叶林生态系统碳储量为25962.17±2002.1 C g m-2，其中植物（乔、灌木和草本）、土壤和林地（凋落物和倒木）内的碳储量占总体的79%, 15% 和6%。生态系统碳的净交换(NEE)为366.8±110.6 C g m-2year-1, 林地和土壤的碳输入量为504.9±28.9 C g m-2year-1，输出量为405.9±28.7 C g m-2year-1。植物净固碳量为287±34.5 C g m-2year-1，乔木和灌木净固碳量分别占植物净固碳总量的98.6％和1.4％。 关键词：森林凋落物，凋落物分解，细根，碳储量，碳循环

微重力细胞生物学实验地面模拟技术研究

<正>微重力对细胞的影响是空间生命科学研究的重要环节,(哺乳动物)细胞感受重力变化的机制是其中的一个基本问题。由于空间实验机会稀少且成本昂贵,必须辅助以相关的地面微重力效应模拟方法。旋转培养器在微重力细胞生物学实验中一直是模拟微重力效应的主要手段,其前提假设是,旋转可以"迷惑"细胞对固定重力方向的感知,并且重力方向改变的速度快于细胞对重力方向感知的响应时间阈值。严格上说旋

~(40)Ar~(16+)入射金属表面的近红外光谱线发射

速度小于Bohr速度(vBhor=2.9×106m/s)的高电荷态离子40Ar16+(动能EK=150keV,速度v=8.5×105m/s)入射金属(Ni,Mo,Au和Al)表面,同时测量产生的Ar原子近红外光谱线和X射线谱.实验结果表明,低速高电荷态离子在金属表面俘获电子中性化,形成多激发态的Ar空心原子,空心原子退激辐射从近红外光谱线到X射线波段谱线,近红外光谱线辐射强度说明,低速高电荷态离子在金属表面中性化过程中,金属的功函数起着重要作用,进而验证了经典过垒模型.

A novel method for preparing PEMFC catalytic layers

A novel PEMFC catalytic layer was fabricated by a Nafion-pyrolyzed method, which demonstrated a high performance with a maximum power density of 0.82 W/cm(2) on an electrode prepared by this method. The effects of the heat-treatment temperature and Nation content in the catalyst layer on performance were studied.

Expressed sequence tags from the zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri): Discovery and annotation of host-defense genes

A high-quality cDNA library was constructed from whole body tissues of the zhikong scallop, Chlamys farreri, challenged by Listonella anguillarum. A total of 5720 clones were sequenced, yielding 5123 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Among the 3326 unique genes identified, 2289 (69%) genes had no significant (E-value < 1e-5) matches to known sequences in public databases and 194 (6%) matched proteins of unknown functions. The remaining 843 (25%) genes that exhibited homology with genes of known functions, showed broad involvement in metabolic processes (31%), cell structure and motility (20%), gene and protein expression (12%), cell signaling and cell communication (8%), cell division (4%), and notably, 25% of those genes were related to immune function. They included stress response genes, complement-like genes, proteinase and proteinase inhibitors, immune recognition receptors and immune effectors. The EST collection obtained in this study provides a useful resource for gene discovery and especially for the identification of host-defense genes and systems in scallops and other molluscs. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

4-(2-fluorobenzylideneamino)-3-(1,2,4-triazol-4-ylmethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione

In the title compound, C12H10FN7S, the dihedral angles made by the plane of the thione-substituted triazole ring with the planes of the other triazole ring and the benzene ring are 74.55 (2) and 11.50 (3)degrees, respectively. The structure shows a number of N - H center dot center dot center dot N intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions, and weak C - H center dot center dot center dot S intra- and intermolecular interactions.

铊的土壤污染及其环境影响

铊是典型的毒害金属元素。土壤铊主要有自然风化和人为排放两大来源。世界范围内，铊在土壤中的含量为0．2～1．0mg/kg。贵州黔西南滥木厂铊矿化区土壤中的铊十分富集。土壤中铊的生物有效性形态特征的研究表明，土壤中浓HNO3可提取铊的“环境不稳定相态”含量14～124mg/kg，占土壤中铊的环境总量(21～282mg/kg)的60％～70％，而NH4Ac提取的可交换相态含量较低，为0．6～4．8mg/kg，仅为“环境不稳定相态”含量的1％～4％，水溶相态含量则更低，为0．01～0．22mg/kg。土壤铊具有被植物体优先吸收富集的特性。铊在甘蓝卷心菜中的含量高达120～495mg/kg(DW)，其吸收富集系数为1～10．7。因而，铊是一个易从污染土壤迁移至食物链中不可忽视的有毒元素.

C 193 INST-D 2013. 374 Procesos de lavado, tinturado secado y escarmenado de lana virgen.

12 fotografías a color.

Textural properties of whey based edible films

The objective of this work was to study the textural properties of edible films made from sour (acid) whey for food wrapping application. Acid whey is often regarded as a waste product, obtained as a watery effluent in the manufacturing of cottage cheese. In general, owing to its high nutritional value, whey has gained importance as an additive in food manufacturing processes and in health drink formulations. In this work, fresh sour whey was used to make edible films. The proteins in the whey were concentrated by ultrafiltration to reduce the water content. Only natural ingredients such as acid whey and agar were used to form the film under controlled heating (650 W) in a microwave oven. The structural and surface characteristics of the films were tested by a texture analyser and scanning electron micrographs.

How Effective are Unemployment Benefit Sanctions? Looking Beyond Unemployment Exit

This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of benefit sanctions on post-unemployment outcomes such as post-unemployment employment stability and earnings. We use rich register data which allow us to distinguish between a warning that a benefit reduction may take place in the near future and the actual withdrawal of unemployment benefits. Adopting a multivariate mixed proportional hazard approach to address selectivity, we find that warnings do not affect subsequent employment stability but do reduce post-unemployment earnings. Actual benefit reductions lower the quality of post-unemployment jobs both in terms of job duration as well as in terms of earnings. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.