Densidade básica da madeira de um ecossistema de "campina" em Roraima, Amazônia brasileira

Densidade básica (g.cm-3: peso seco / volume úmido) da madeira foi determinada para 13 das principais espécies arbóreo-arbustivas de um ecossistema de "campina" (caatinga amazônica) situado em Roraima, extremo norte da Amazônia brasileira. As amostras de madeira para o cálculo da densidade básica de cada espécie foram compostas por "discos amostrais" (casca, alburno e cerne) de diferentes classes diamétricas. No total, foram amostrados 98 indivíduos, perfazendo 150 peças de madeira (52 com diâmetro < 1,6cm; 63 entre 1,6-3,2cm, 27 entre 3,2-4,8cm e 8 > 4,8cm). A espécie de maior densidade média foi Matayba arborescens (Aubl.) Radlk. (0,68 g.cm-3), seguida de Humiria balsamifera (Aubl.) St. Hill. (0,67 g.cm-3) e Pera schomburgkiana Müel. Arg. (0,64 g.cm-3). As classes de menor diâmetro foram também as de menor valor absoluto: 0,59 ± 0,06 (DP) g.cm-3 (< 1,6cm), 0,64 ± 0,08 g.cm-3 (1,6-3,2cm), 0,67 ± 0,06 g.cm-3 (3,2-4,8cm) e 0,69 ± 0,10 g.cm-3 (> 4,8cm). A média ponderada pela biomassa do ecossistema foi de 0,64 ± 0,08 g.cm-3. Este resultado é 15,2% inferior ao comumente utilizado para transformação de volume de madeira em biomassa para ecossistemas de "campina" na Amazônia, influenciando diretamente nos cálculos de emissão de gases do efeito estufa.

The evolution of inbred social systems in spiders and other organisms: from short-term gains to long-term evolutionary dead-ends?

The question of why some social systems have evolved close inbreeding is particularly intriguing given expected short- and long-term negative effects of this breeding system. Using social spiders as a case study, we quantitatively show that the potential costs of avoiding inbreeding through dispersal and solitary living could have outweighed the costs of inbreeding depression in the origin of inbred spider sociality. We further review the evidence that despite being favored in the short term, inbred spider sociality may constitute in the long run an evolutionary dead end. We also review other cases, such as the naked mole rats and some bark and ambrosia beetles, mites, psocids, thrips, parasitic ants, and termites, in which inbreeding and sociality are associated and the evidence for and against this breeding system being, in general, an evolutionary dead end.

Características pós-colheita de frutos de genótipos de bananeira (Musa spp.)

O conhecimento das características pós-colheita de novos híbridos de bananeira é uma importante informação que auxilia o melhorista em sua tomada de decisão. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar genótipos de bananeira com relação às características de pós-colheita e resistência ao desprendimento do fruto. Foram utilizados frutos da segunda penca de 16 híbridos (Calipso, Bucaneiro, Ambrosia, YB42-21, PV42-53, PV42-68, PV42-81, PV42-85, PV42-129, PV42-142, PV42-143, ST12-31, ST42-08, PV03-44, FHIA-03 e SH 3640) e quatro cultivares (Pacovan, Prata Comum, Nam e Figue Pomme Naine), que foram avaliadas quanto ao peso, comprimento, circunferência, relação polpa/casca, resistência ao desprendimento, firmeza, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT), relação SST/ATT e tempo de amadurecimento. Empregou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições para todas as características, exceto para a firmeza do fruto em que se utilizaram dez repetições. A unidade experimental foi constituída de um único fruto. Os dados foram submetidos à analise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo Teste Scott & Knott, a 5% de probabilidade. A cultivar Nam apresentou a menor acidez titulável e a maior relação SST/ATT, enquanto a maior firmeza do fruto foi apresentada pelos híbridos PV42-81 e PV42-53. Os frutos mais pesados foram do híbrido SH 3640, e os mais compridos foram dos híbridos Bucaneiro e PV42-81. Os híbridos PV42-85 e ST42-08 apresentaram maior resistência ao desprendimento, não diferindo da 'Pacovan'. No entanto, superaram a 'Prata Comum', que obteve a menor resistência. Os genótipos 'Nam', PV42-143 e PV42-129 apresentaram maior tempo de maturação após a colheita quando comparados, principalmente, à 'Prata Comum'. A 'Nam' deve ser considerada como uma nova alternativa na produção de banana. O SH3640, híbrido da Prata Anã, pode ser recomendado como nova cultivar. Os híbridos da Prata São Tomé (ST42-08) e Pacovan (PV42-85, PV42-81, PV42-68, PV42-53, PV42-129 e PV42-143) podem substituir as cultivares Prata Comum e Pacovan nos sitemas produção.

Comportamento de variedades e híbridos de bananeira (Musa spp.), em dois ciclos de produção no sudoeste da Bahia

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e avaliar o comportamento de 13 genótipos (variedades e híbridos) de bananeira dos grupos genômicos AAA, AAAA, AAB e AAAB, em dois ciclos de produção, no sudoeste da Bahia, região de Guanambi, mediante o uso de descritores fenotípicos relevantes para a identificação e seleção de indivíduos superiores. Foram avaliadas as variedades Prata-Anã e Pacovan (AAB), Grande Naine e Nanicão (AAA), e os híbridos PA42-44, Preciosa, Japira, Pacovan Ken e ST12-31 (AAAB) e Ambrosia, Calipso, Bucaneiro e FHIA-02 (AAAA), selecionadas na Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 13 tratamentos, cinco repetições, parcelas constituídas por 20 plantas, seis úteis, e espaçamento de 3,00 m x 2,00 m. Foram considerados os caracteres: altura da planta, perímetro do pseudocaule, número de folhas vivas no florescimento e na colheita, número de dias do plantio ao florescimento e à colheita, peso do cacho e de pencas, número de frutos, peso, comprimento e diâmetro do fruto. A 'Grande Naine' e a 'Nanicão' destacaram-se nos caracteres peso do cacho e das pencas, número de frutos, peso e comprimento do fruto; o híbrido FHIA-02 apresentou o maior diâmetro do fruto nos dois ciclos de produção e a maior precocidade para florescimento e colheita no segundo ciclo; a 'Calipso' foi o mais tardia para colheita; o ST12-31 apresentou a maior altura; a variedade Prata-Anã destacou-se no caráter número de folhas vivas no florescimento e na colheita; os híbridos tipo prata, PA42-44, Pacovan Ken, Preciosa e Japira destacaram-se nos parâmetros relacionados à qualidade dos frutos quando comparados às suas genitoras 'Prata-Anã' e 'Pacovan', respectivamente; houve incremento nos parâmetros que refletem o desenvolvimento vegetativo e a produtividade do primeiro para o segundo ciclo de produção em todos os genótipos avaliados.

Avaliação de genótipos de bananeira à Colletotrichum musae em pós-colheita

Alguns hibridos tetraploides apresentam resistência à antracnose, porém são reduzidas as informações sobre os níveis de resistência desses genótipos e o comportamento dos mesmos no Brasil. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a incidência e a severidade de antracnose sobre o comportamento de diferentes genótipos de bananeiras resistentes a Sigatoka-Negra em função de diferentes concentrações de conídios de Colletotrichum musae em diferentes épocas de avaliação. Os frutos colhidos no estádio de maturação fisiológica dos genótipos, Thap Maeo, Caipira, Pacovan Ken, Ambrosia, PV 42-53, PA 42-44, FHIA 01, FHIA 18 e a cultivar Prata-Anã utilizada como testemunha. Buquês contendo três frutos foram atomizados com diferentes concentrações (0; 10²; 10³; 10(4); 10(5) e 10(6) conídios/mL) de C. musae. Os frutos foram incubados a 25 ºC. A incidência e severidade da antracnose foi avaliada aos 3; 6; 9 e 12 dias após a inoculação. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 9x6x4 (genótipos, concentrações de esporos e épocas de avaliação), com quatro repetições, contendo quatro buquês de três frutos. Aos doze dias de avaliação, todos os frutos de todos os genótipos estudados apresentaram incidência de C. musae quando inoculados com as diferentes concentrações de inóculo. A cultivar Thap Maeo apresentou a menor severidade (27,5%) de antracnose, enquanto os genótipos Ambrosia, PV 42-53, FHIA 18 e FHIA 01 foram as mais suscetíveis à antracnose com 64%, 64%, 61,33% e 58% de severidade, respectivamente.

Características vegetativas e seus efeitos sobre a produção de bananeira em três ciclos

A produtividade em bananeira é um caráter complexo que resulta da associação de diferentes fatores, influenciados pelo ambiente. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos diretos e indiretos de características vegetativas sobre a produção de bananeira em três ciclos. O trabalho foi conduzido no campo experimental da Embrapa Acre, em Rio Branco, Acre, entre os anos de 2003 e 2006. Foram avaliados 13 genótipos de bananeira (Preciosa, Japira, Pacovan-Ken, Pacovan, BRS Platina, Prata-Anã, ST12-31, Nanicão, Grande Naine, Calipso, Ambrosia, Bucaneiro e FHIA-02), no espaçamento de 3 m x 2 m, no esquema de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Determinaram-se a altura de plantas, diâmetro do pseudocaule, número de folhas na floração e na colheita, peso do cacho e número de pencas no cacho. Realizou-se a análise de variância para cada ciclo e estimaram-se os coeficientes de correlação fenotípicos e os coeficientes de trilha. Adotou-se como variável básica o peso do cacho, e as demais, como variáveis explicativas. O estudo dos efeitos diretos e indiretos evidenciou que o caráter produção é bastante influenciado pelo ambiente no primeiro ciclo, e, nos ciclos seguintes, a produção é muito influenciada pelas características vegetativas, principalmente número de folhas na colheita.

The political ecology of weeds : a scalar approach to landscape transformations

How do plants that move and spread across landscapes become branded as weeds and thereby objects of contention and control? We outline a political ecology approach that builds on a Lefebvrian understanding of the production of space, identifying three scalar moments that make plants into 'weeds' in different spatial contexts and landscapes. The three moments are: the operational scale, which relates to empirical phenomena in nature and society; the observational scale, which defines formal concepts of these phenomena and their implicit or explicit 'biopower' across institutional and spatial categories; and the interpretive scale, which is communicated through stories and actions expressing human feelings or concerns regarding the phenomena and processes of socio-spatial change. Together, these three scalar moments interact to produce a political ecology of landscape transformation, where biophysical and socio-cultural processes of daily life encounter formal categories and modes of control as well as emotive and normative expectations in shaping landscapes. Using three exemplar 'weeds' - acacia, lantana and ambrosia - our political ecology approach to landscape transformations shows that weeds do not act alone and that invasives are not inherently bad organisms. Humans and weeds go together; plants take advantage of spaces and opportunities that we create. Human desires for preserving certain social values in landscapes in contradiction to actual transformations is often at the heart of definitions of and conflicts over weeds or invasives.

Areas of high conservation value in Georgia: present and future threats by invasive alien plants

Georgia is known for its extraordinary rich biodiversity of plants, which may now be threatened due to the spread of invasive alien plants (IAP). We aimed to identify (i) the most prominent IAP out of 9 selected potentially invasive and harmful IAP IAP by predicting thetheir distribution of 9 selected IAP under current and future climate conditions in Georgia as well as in its 43 Protected Areas, as a proxy for areas of high conservation value and (ii) the Protected Areas most at risk due to these IAP. We used species distribution models based on 6 climate variables and then filtered the obtained distributions based on maps of soil and vegetation types, and on recorded occurrences, resulting into the predicted ecological distribution of the 9 IAP's at a resolution of 1km2. We foundOur habitat suitability analysis showed that Ambrosia artemisiifolia, (24% and 40%) Robinia pseudoacaia (14% and 19%) and Ailanthus altissima (9% and 11%) have the largest potential distribution are the most abundant (predicted % area covered)d) IAP, with Ailanthus altissima the potentially most increasing one over the next fifty years (from 9% to 13% and from 11% to 25%), for Georgia and the Protected Areas, respectively. Furthermore, our results show indicate two areas in Georgia that are under specifically high threat, i.e. the area around Tbilisi and an area in the western part of Georgia (Adjara), both at lower altitudes. Our procedure to identify areas of high conservation value most at risk by IAP has been applied for the first time. It will help national authorities in prioritizing their measures to protect Georgia's outstanding biodiversity from the negative impact of IAP.

Prevalence of ragweed allergy in rural Geneva - a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of ragweed allergy is increasing worldwide. Ragweed distribution and abundance is spreading in Europe in a wide area ranging from the Rhone valley in France to Hungary and Ukraine, where the rate of the prevalence can peak at as high as 12%. Low-grade ragweed colonisation was seen in Geneva and Ticino, less than two decades ago. There were fears that allergies to ragweed would increase Switzerland. The intent of this study was to assess the rate of prevalence of sensitisation and allergy to ragweed in the population living in the first rural Swiss setting where ragweed had been identified in 1996, and to evaluate indirectly the efficacy of elimination and containment strategies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 2009, 35 adults in a rural village in the Canton of Geneva were recruited. Data were collected by means of questionnaires and skin-prick tests were done on each participant. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee. RESULTS: Based on questionnaires, 48.6% had rhinitis (95% confidence interval [CI] 32.9-64.4; n = 17/35) and 17.1% asthma (95% CI 8.1-32.6; n = 6/35). Atopy was diagnosed in 26.4% (95% CI 12.9-44.4) of the sample (n = 9/34). Ragweed sensitisation was found in 2.9% (95% CI 0.7-19.7; n = 1/34), mugwort sensitisation in 2.9% (95% CI 0.1-14.9; n = 1/35), alder sensitisation in 17.1% (95% CI 6.6-33.6; n = 6/35), ash sensitisation in 12.5% (95% CI 3.5-29.0; n = 4/32) and grass sensitisation in 22.9% (95% CI 10.4-40.1; n = 8/35). Ragweed (95% CI 0.1-14.9; n = 1/34) and mugwort allergies (95% CI 0.1-14.9; n = 1/35) were both found in 2.9% of the population. CONCLUSION: This study showed a surprisingly low incidence of ragweed sensitisation and allergy, of 2.9% and 2.9%, respectively, 20 years after the first ragweed detection in Geneva. The feared rise in ragweed allergy seems not to have happened in Switzerland, compared with other ragweed colonised countries. These results strongly support early field strategies against ragweed.

Óleos voláteis de espécies de Myrcia nativas do Rio Grande do Sul

Essential oils from M. richardiana, M. arborescens, M. selloi, M. oligantha, M. rostrata, M. lajeana, M. obtecta, M. pubipetala and M. hatschbachii were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Sixty-seven compounds have been identified ranging from 90-99% of the oil contents. All analyzed species were rich in cyclic sesquiterpenes (66-99%), mainly those from the cadinane, caryophyllane and germacrane cyclization pathway, among them b-caryophyllene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, d-cadinene, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, globulol and a-cadinol. The acyclic sesquiterpene series was well represented by M. lajeana (32.1%), with 25,3% of (E)-nerolidyl acetate.

Development of a scar marker for Pierce's Disease strains of Xylella fastidiosa

The objective of this research was to develop a primer for a polymerase chain reaction specific for Xylella fastidiosa strains that cause Pierce's Disease (PD) in grapes (Vitis vinifera). The DNA amplification of 23 different strains of X. fastidiosa, using a set of primers REP1-R (5'-IIIICGICGIATCCIGGC-3') and REP 2 (5'-ICGICTTATCIGGCCTAC-3') using the following program: 94 ºC/2 min; 35 X (94 ºC/1 min, 45 ºC/1 min and 72 ºC/1 min and 30 s) 72 ºC/5 min, produced a fragment of 630 bp that differentiated the strains that cause disease in grapes from the other strains. However, REP banding patterns could not be considered reliable for detection because the REP1-R and REP 2 primers correspond to repetitive sequences, which are found throughout the bacterial genome. The amplified product of 630 bp was eluted from the agarose gel, purified and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence information was used to identify and synthesize an specific oligonucleotide for X. fastidiosa strains that cause Pierce's Disease denominated Xf-1 (5'-CGGGGGTGTAGGAGGGGTTGT-3') which was used jointly with the REP-2 primer at the following conditions: 94 ºC/2 min; 35 X (94 ºC/1 min, 62 ºC/1 min; 72 ºC/1 min and 30 s) 72 ºC/10 min. The DNAs isolated from strains of X. fastidiosa from other hosts [almond (Prumus amygdalus), citrus (Citrus spp.), coffee (Coffea arabica), elm (Ulmus americana), mulberry (Morus rubra), oak (Quercus rubra), periwinkle wilt (Catharantus roseus), plums (Prunus salicina) and ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)] and also from other Gram negative and positive bacteria were submitted to amplification with a pair of primers Xf-1/REP 2 to verify its specificity. A fragment, about 350 bp, was amplified only when the DNA from strains of X. fastidiosa isolated from grapes was employed.

Chemical indexes calculated for 8,11,13-trien-abietane diterpenoids isolated from Swartzia species

The disparity found in the molecular structures of compounds isolated from nine plants of the Swartzia genus indicates that the Swartzia species that furnished cassane diterpenoids and triterpenoidal saponins are more recent, since these metabolites have adopted the mevalonic acid route of formation, abandoning the shikimic acid/acetate route that produces the isoflavonoids found in the remaining species. Chemical indexes calculated from the molecular structure diversities of sixteen 8,11,13-trien-abietane diterpenoids isolated from Swartzia langsdorffii and S. arborescens indicate that S. arborescens is more recent than S. langsdorffii. The results suggest a more evolved position in Swartzia species of the section Possira.

Occurrence of Euplatypus parallelus, Euplatypus sp. (col.: Euplatypodidae) and Xyleborus affinis (col.: Scolytidae) in Pinus sp. in Ribas do Rio Pardo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Wood borer species of the families Euplatypodidae and Scolytidae were observed attacking trees of Pinus sp. in the Municipality of Ribas do Rio Pardo, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in March 2000. This plantation had been previously burned in an accidental fire in January 2000, causing the trees to become partially or totally unhealthy, rendering them more susceptible to attack of these pests. Galleries of these wood borers were opened with a chisel to observe parameters such as their direction and form of these galleries. Species observed as wood borers of Pinus sp. were Euplatypus parallelus, Euplatypus sp. (Coleoptera: Euplatypodidae) and Xyleborus affinis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).

Anatomical and developmental aspects of leaf galls induced by Schizomyia macrocapillata Maia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Bauhinia brevipes Vogel (Fabaceae)

Samples of healthy leaves and galls induced by Schizomyia macrocapillata Maia on Bauhinia brevipes Vogel were submitted to routine techniques to investigate gall anatomy and development. Pouch galls are induced on the abaxial surface of unfolded immature leaves, and become spheroid with long reddish hairs covering their external surface. Galls occur isolated or coalesce when in larger numbers. Gall development was divided into six phases: 1) initiation; 2) tissue re-arrangement; 3) tissue differentiation; 4) maturation; 5) growth phase; and 6) dehiscence. This last phase corresponds to gall senescence, which takes place just after the larva exits the chamber to pupate. An important developmental phase of tissue reorientation was recorded after the initiation phase. The presence of hyphae close to the covering layer characterizes this gall as an ambrosia gall and the feeding mode of the gall migde is discussed. Few hyphae were found during the first developmental phases and fungi may play an important role during gall morphogenesis. Neoformed trichomes may provide not only photoprotection but also protection against natural enemies and water loss. The neoformation of phloematic bundles suggests host manipulation and indicates the establishment of a deviating sink.

A comparison between diatom inferred ph changes and diatom populations in brownwater and clearwater lakes

The objective of this study was to determine whether clearwater and brownwater lakes differed in their rate of acidification as inferred by subfossil diatoms analyzed in recent downcore sediments. Differences between associations of diatom populations in brownwater and clearwater environments were characterized. Sediment cores were taken from four lakes located north and east of Lake Superior, near Wawa, Ontario. Two of these lakes were humicrich, brownwater lakes ( lakes U1 and CB2). The two other lakes were clearwater lakes ( lakes Xl and CF). The regression of Nygaard log index-alpha for surficial diatom sediments on observed pH ( Inferred pH = 6.57 - 0.82 log index-alpha ), was utilized to infer lake pH in recent sediments of these lakes. Upon analyzing the downcore diatoms, it was discovered that no significant change, in downcore diatom inferred pH, could be detected in the two brownwater lakes. In contrast, the two clearwater lakes showed significant shifts in downcore diatom inferred pH. In one of these lakes, pH had dropped from 5.3 to 4.5, in the top 9.0 cm of the core, while in the second lake, pH had dropped from 5.4 to 5.0 in the top 1.5 cm of the core. These findings suggested that humic substances, found in brownwater lakes, imparted a buffering capacity to these lake waters. In the clearwater lakes, the decrease in pH was very probably a consequence of acid precipitation. The Ambrosia rise ( circa 1890 ) occurred at the same depth in both brownwater lakes ( 11.0 - 12.0 cm). In both clearwater lakes, the Ambrosia rise occurred at a depth of 14.0 - 15.0 cm. This suggested a lower sedimentation rate in the brownwater lakes. pH influenced the total percentage composition of diatom pH indicator groups. Greater numbers of alkaliphilous taxa were found in less acidic lakes ( e.g. Lake Ul ), While greater numbers of acidloving forms were found in highly acidic lakes ( e.g. Lake Xl ). There was a greater abundance of indifferent forms in the brownwater lakes, than in the clearwater lakes. A number of diatom genera and species were found to be associated with either clearwater or brownwater conditions. The centric diatom, ~elosira distans, significantly increased in abundance in the recent sediments of both clearwater lakes. This may be indicating a shift toward a more oligotrophic state within these acidic, clearwater lakes. This study suggested that a pH index based on subfossil diatoms may be a sensitive indicator of changing lake pH. This study also indicated that humic substances may playa more important role, than previously acknowledged, in controlling the pH dynamics of lake waters, and in determining diatom populations.