Análisis de la participación ciudadana en la localidad de Santa Fe en el proceso de formulación del plan zonal centro de Bogotá en el periodo 2004-2007

Este trabajo de grado es un estudio de caso, del proceso participativo para la formulación del Plan Zonal Centro de Bogotá entre 2004 y 2007, con el fin de observar los efectos de la participación ciudadana de la Localidad de Santa Fe, en la formulación de una política pública. En la investigación se hace un análisis mediante las variables: contexto, las condiciones institucionales, el funcionamiento de los espacios de participación, los actores que participaron y los efectos de la participación ciudadana en el proceso decisional. Asimismo, el presente estudio de caso se valió de la teoría de la racionalidad limitada para entender las decisiones del actor público y sus límites, reconstruyendo el desarrollo del proceso participativo, para comprender la relación entre el proceso decisional, que hace parte de la formulación de la política pública, y las expectativas para tomar decisiones, que generan estos espacios de participación a los ciudadanos que participan. El presente trabajo usa herramientas conceptuales adquiridos en los programas de Ciencia Política y Gestión y Desarrollo Urbanos.

Impact of the Corporate Law Economic Reform Program Act 1999 on initial public offering prospectus earnings forecasts

Commencing 13 March 2000, the Corporate Law Economic Reform Program Act 1999 (Cth) introduced changes to the regulation of corporate fundraising in Australia. In particular, it effected a reduction in the litigation risk associated with initial public offering prospectus disclosure.We find that the change is associated with a reduction in forecast frequency and an increase in forecast value relevance, but not with forecast error or bias. These results confirm previous findings that changes in litigation risk affect the level but not the quality of disclosure. They also suggest that the reforms’ objectives of reducing fundraising costs while improving investor protection, have been achieved.

Understanding the abnormal brain activity in epilepsy as a potential predictor of the onset of an epileptic seizure

The Brain Research Institute (BRI) uses various types of indirect measurements, including EEG and fMRI, to understand and assess brain activity and function. As well as the recovery of generic information about brain function, research also focuses on the utilisation of such data and understanding to study the initiation, dynamics, spread and suppression of epileptic seizures. To assist with the future focussing of this aspect of their research, the BRI asked the MISG 2010 participants to examine how the available EEG and fMRI data and current knowledge about epilepsy should be analysed and interpreted to yield an enhanced understanding about brain activity occurring before, at commencement of, during, and after a seizure. Though the deliberations of the study group were wide ranging in terms of the related matters considered and discussed, considerable progress was made with the following three aspects. (1) The science behind brain activity investigations depends crucially on the quality of the analysis and interpretation of, as well as the recovery of information from, EEG and fMRI measurements. A number of specific methodologies were discussed and formalised, including independent component analysis, principal component analysis, profile monitoring and change point analysis (hidden Markov modelling, time series analysis, discontinuity identification). (2) Even though EEG measurements accurately and very sensitively record the onset of an epileptic event or seizure, they are, from the perspective of understanding the internal initiation and localisation, of limited utility. They only record neuronal activity in the cortical (surface layer) neurons of the brain, which is a direct reflection of the type of electrical activity they have been designed to record. Because fMRI records, through the monitoring of blood flow activity, the location of localised brain activity within the brain, the possibility of combining fMRI measurements with EEG, as a joint inversion activity, was discussed and examined in detail. (3) A major goal for the BRI is to improve understanding about ``when'' (at what time) an epileptic seizure actually commenced before it is identified on an eeg recording, ``where'' the source of this initiation is located in the brain, and ``what'' is the initiator. Because of the general agreement in the literature that, in one way or another, epileptic events and seizures represent abnormal synchronisations of localised and/or global brain activity the modelling of synchronisations was examined in some detail. References C. M. Michel, G. Thut, S. Morand, A. Khateb, A. J. Pegna, R. Grave de Peralta, S. Gonzalez, M. Seeck and T. Landis, Electric source imaging of human brain functions, Brain Res. 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岷江上游景观边界网络格局研究及生态效应分析

景观边界是特定时空尺度下相对均质的景观之间所存在的异质性过渡带，作为景观的一个四维组分，边界动态直接反映景观变化，与基于斑块的研究相比，明确景观边界的生态意义是理解景观过程的一个新的切入点。边界效应是景观边界最显著特征之一，也是当前生态学领域的研究热点，但大部分研究集中在生态系统及其以下尺度，对大尺度上的研究涉及内容尚少。 本文以岷江上游地区为例，利用TM影像数据、林相图、土地利用图和野外实测数据，应用RS、GIS、SPSS、Fragstats等软件的数据处理、分析、运算功能，研究了景观边界网络格局的变化，并分析了与之相关的生态过程；研究了类型水平上森林景观的边界效应以及景观尺度上林农复合景观的边界网络效应。旨在揭示岷江上游景观格局的变化趋势及其驱动因子，以及林农复合景观格局的生态效应，从而为研究区土地利用提供科学参考。研究结果如下： （一）在岷江上游地区的13种景观边界类型中，建筑用地边界和农田边界是人工边界，同时也都是清晰边界；但林地、灌木林地、草地等自然景观之间的边界并不都是模糊边界。冰雪边界是典型的随季节变化的变动型边界，其它边界在年内的变化则相对稳定。 （二）在1974-2000年期间，由于人为干扰强度的加剧，岷江上游景观边界网络结构变得更加复杂，在早期以边界长度增加为主，网络连接度变大，在后期以边界数量和结点数量增加为主，网络连接度变小；森林景观与低坡位景观类型间的边界减少，森林下线上移；农田与林地的边界在早期增加，1986年后减少，而与灌木林地的边界持续增加；基于边界特征的格局分析表明，森林景观结构变得简单化，而农田、灌木林地、草地等景观类型的结构变得更加复杂。 在景观水平上，基于边界和结点特征的格局指数与对应的基于斑块特征的格局指数具有基本一致的变化趋势，但基于边界和结点特征的指数对格局的变化更灵敏，在类型水平上，基于结点的格局指数比基于边界的格局指数具有更大的灵敏性，而且前者能够反映出后者反映不出的格局信息。 （三）研究区的农田边界共有5种类型，分别是农田与林地、灌木林地、草地、水体、建筑用地之间的边界，总长6583.4km；其中林农边界长2473.7km，占37.6%，是除灌农边界（占农田边界总长度的44.9%）之外比例最大的农田边界类型，广泛分布在岷江干流及其支流的河谷中，海拔多在1000-3500m之间。 （1）多元线性回归分析结果表明，农田生物量的边界效应深度与海拔和坡度显著相关，与其它因子相关性不大；林地生物量的边界效应深度与海拔和坡向相关性较大，与其它因子相关性不大；林农边界对农田生物量产生正面效应，对林地生物量产生负面效应，且对农田的影响面积大于对林地的影响面积；根据回归方程计算边界效应的影响面积，2000年有14532hm2林地生物量受到林农边界网络的影响，占研究区林地面积的1.2%，有16659 hm2农田生物量受到林农边界网络的影响，占研究区农田面积的22.6%，由于边界位置、长度的变化，不同年间林农边界网络的生态效应也存在差异。 除了生物量，本文还研究了林农边界网络对林地和农田土壤水分和生物多样性的影响： （2）林农边界减少林地和农田边缘的土壤水分，岷江上游有2103 hm2农田和371 hm2林地其土壤水分受到林农边界效应的影响，分别占研究区农田面积的2.3%和林地面积的0.03%。生物多样性受林农边界网络影响的农田面积为4855 hm2，占研究区农田面积的5.37%；生物多样性受林农边界网络影响的林地面积为3401 hm2，占研究区林地面积的0.29%。 上述研究从景观边界网络的角度揭示了岷江上游近三十年的景观变化特征，在印证斑块类型所反映的景观变化特征的同时，还反映出传统格局研究方法反映不出的格局信息，为景观生态学中格局与过程研究提供了新思路，也丰富了边界效应的理论和案例研究，有关结论还可为高山峡谷区土地利用格局优化和实施退耕还林还草工程提供参考依据。

美国的土壤侵蚀与防治

<正> 美国是世界农业大国,除遇特大自然灾害外,农业生产一直保持长期稳定发展的态势.1990年谷物的生产量达到3.13亿t,预测到2000年谷物产量可达4.53亿t,1985～2000年谷物平均增长速度为1.8%.美国的农业生产之所以能取得如此辉煌的成就有多种原因,其中政府重视土壤保护是最主要的原因之一.80年代初期,美国的农业科学家皮门特尔就曾向全世界发出警告,指出土壤侵蚀已成为全世界第一号环境问题,呼吁人们注意土壤侵蚀给农业生产带来的严重危害.而当时的美国同样面临着土壤侵蚀的严峻形势.深入的研究表明,土壤侵蚀恶性发展的根本原因不在气候变异、水旱等自然灾害,造成土壤侵蚀的根本原因来自人类对自然界的干扰,其中包括不合理的土地利用、滥砍滥伐、破坏森

Diagnóstico de desarrollo artesanal : oficios de cestería y tejeduría en cumare, moriche y jua jua, tejeduría en cumare y moriche y talla en cacho, Cumaribo y Puerto Carreño - Vichada.

41 hojas : ilustraciones.