Strategies of use of a specific immunoglobulin-rich egg yolk powder in weaning piglets

Two experiments were performed to determine the best strategy of use of the product TRACTcare® 4P (ITPSA) (TC, specific immunoglobulin-rich egg yolk powder within an energetic fatty acid matrix) in piglets from weaning and for 6 weeks, in diets without or with inclusion of antibiotics. Each trial was performed with 144 piglets in 24 pens, in a completely randomized design blocked by initial body weight. Feeds were formulated according to animal requirements in two periods. In the first trial no antibiotics were included in the feeds and no room disinfection from previous trial was performed; treatments were: 1) Negative control (NC); 2) NC+TC on top of the feed within the hopper for the first 3 days on trial (30 g/pig×day), and eventually if diarrhea appeared (TCOT); 3) NC+TC ad libitum provided in an extra hopper within the pen (TCAL); and 4) NC+TC at 5 g/kg added to the feed in the mixer (TC5). In the second trial, treatments were: 1) Positive control: basal diet that included 250 mg/kg amoxiciline (BD)+100 mg/kg colistine (AC); 2) BD+2 g/kg TC (TC2A); 3) BD+5 g/kg TC (TC5A); and 4) BD+8 g/kg TC (TC8A). In diets without antibiotics, the product TC at 5 g/kg in the feed numerically improved BW by 8% compared to Control animals, while G:F was almost identical between both groups. When antibiotics were used in the feed, replacement of colistin at 100 mg/kg for TC at 2 g/kg in feed numerically improved the performance compared to Positive control animals (for the whole trial period ADG 8% better: 390 g vs. 361 g; G:F 1% better: 0.748 kg/kg vs. 0.742 kg/kg), possibly due to the stimulation of feed consumption at weaning. In both trials, the lower number of dead and culled animals from TC5 and TC2A together with higher BW represented an advantage over Control treatments of 6% to 10% animals more and 15% to 17% total BW more at the end of the trial.

Evidence for the presence of tetrodotoxin in a powder used in Haiti for zombification.

A powder prepared by Haitian voodoo sorcerers for the making of zombis was extracted with acetic acid, the extract concentrated and applied to a small cation exchange column followed by elution with water and then acetic acid. The water and acetic acid eluents were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The analyses indicated the presence of an alkaline degradation product of tetrodotoxin, namely 2-amino-6-hydroxymethyl-8-hydroxyquinazoline, after base treatment, and of tetrodotoxin and an isomer on direct thermospray mass spectral activity.

Combination of diatomaceous earth and powder deltamethrin for insect control in stored corn

The use of diatomaceous earth (DE) is a very efficient insect control measure in stored grain IPM due to its low cost, easy application, reduction of active ingredient residues, lower environmental contamination and operator safety. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of different dosages of DE mixed with powder deltamethrin for controlling Sitophilus zeamais in stored corn. Samples of 100 g of clean and dry corn, in three replicates, were submitted to the following treatments: DE (Keepdry®), at the dosages of 500, 750 and 1000 g/t; powder deltamethrin (K-Obiol®) at 0,5 g a.i. /t and 1,0 g a.i. /t; and combinations of the lowest and highest DE dosages with the two dosages of deltamethrin. Thirty adults of S. zeamais were placed in each vial with the treated grains and kept in environment chambers at 25ºC. Mortality was evaluated from the 1st to the 28th day. In the treatments mixing DE with deltamethrin or deltamethrin alone, the mortalyti was registered since the first day. In the treatments using only DE, the first dead insects were recorded after the 3rd day, especially in the highest dosages. After the 7th day, however, there was no statistical difference among all treatments, except for the lowest dosage of DE which reached a satisfactory control level only by the 14th day. It was concluded that treatments using DE combined with low dosages of powder deltamethrin represent an efficient control measure against S. zeamais in stored corn because insect mortality is faster than in treatments using DE alone and residues of active ingredients are much lower than using the insecticide in high dosages.

Occupational asthma in workers exposed to Mesalazine powder inhalation

Background: Due to complains of respiratory symptoms of some employees a pharmaceutical company asked in 2008 the occupational medical department of the Institute for Work and Health in Lausanne to evaluate the health status of their workers exposed to Mesalazine powder, which is the active agent of a drug used for the treatment of bowels inflammation. Therefore we examined the 21 workers exposed to Mesalazine powder. Method: After a visit of the pharmaceutical company in order to investigate the Mesalazine powder production, we performed an individual medical evaluation of the 21 workers. Our medical protocol was based on the safety data sheet of Mesalazine, the data found in the scientific literature and the «Compendium Suisse des Médicaments» and covered upper and lower respiratory tract as well as skin and eyes. Results: Sixty two percent (62%) of the exposed employees had symptoms of skin, eyes and throat irritation. Three employees reported respiratory symptoms such as dyspnoea, cough and expiratory wheezing, which appeared during the working hours. The Peak Flow series performed at the workplace was lowered in the three employees with lower respiratory tract symptoms. None of the three had consulted a physician, even though the symptoms had been present since some months. The pneumological evaluation confirmed for all three cases the asthma diagnoses. Conclusion: It is known that patients who are treated with drugs including Mesalazine can develop adverse health effect such as asthma. However occupational asthma in workers exposed to Mesalazine powder inhalation is until now not described in the literature. Immunologic investigations in order to know if the occupational asthma caused by Mesalazine is of allergic or mechanical irritation nature are still ongoing. Concerning the three workers with asthma, inability to work with Mesalazine was pronounced. Furthermore, the SUVA recognized the three patients with asthma as occupational respiratory diseases. Following our results and recommendations, the company undertook some measures to reduce the exposure to Mesalazine. A new health evaluation of the employees in the Mesalazine production is hence planned in 2009. As each year new causes of occupational asthma are described, the possible work relation of new asthma onset has to be carefully investigated as the consequences for the patient e.g. removal from exposure and for the exposed co-workers are of substantial importance.

Effect of rock powder and vinasse on two types of soils

Can vinasse accelerate the change of minerals in rock dust to obtain fertilizers, using residues from alcohol agro-industries and mining? Answering this question was the main objective of this study. Therefore, an experiment was set up in the laboratory in a completely randomized design using Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) columns, in which the 0-50 cm layers of a clayey soil (eutroferric Red Oxisol) and sandy soil (Typic Quartzipsamment) were reproduced. We applied three different rates of basalt powder (0.0; 2.0, and 4.0 t ha-1) and one rate of vinasse (200 m³ ha-1) to the soils. The control was made by treatments with water (200 m³ ha-1) with the same rates of rock powder. Samples were first collected on the surface of each column (1, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 days after the application of vinasse and rock powder), and, at the end of the experiment, at the various depths and in leached water, to determine pH and the concentration of soluble Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+. There was a significant effect of the solvent and the soil on the surface layer, with higher concentrations found in the treatments with vinasse and in clayey soil, confirming the potential of vinasse to alter minerals in basalt powder. The resulting levels from the beginning to the end of the experiment suggest that sorption phenomena with neoformed mineral phases or organic acids may have occurred. It may be concluded that the use of rock powder and vinasse mixtures is a promising alternative for soil fertilization and recycling of waste from the sugarcane and mining industries.

Seleção massal de acerola em plantio comercial

Nos plantios comerciais existe variabilidade suficiente que possibilita a identificação de plantas-matrizes de acerola (Malpighia emarginata) geneticamente superiores. Com este objetivo, foi realizada uma seleção no pomar da empresa Frutas do Ceará S.A. (FRUCESA), localizada no município de Jaguaruana, CE. O esquema utilizado permitiu identificar 100 plantas com características desejáveis, aplicando-se uma intensidade de seleção de 0,24%. O percentual de germinação das sementes das plantas selecionadas variou de 0% a 84,5%, com média de 13,9% e desvio-padrão de 11,6%, indicando a presença de variação genética entre plantas quanto a esse caráter.

Parâmetros genéticos em progênies de polinização livre de acerola

A acerola (Malpighia emarginata D.C.) é uma cultura que vem despertando grande interesse por parte de consumidores, produtores, industriais e exportadores, dado o seu alto teor de vitamina C. No Brasil, não existem variedades recomendadas para o plantio comercial; por esta razão, os dados de produção são muito variáveis. O presente trabalho visa estimar e interpretar geneticamente a porção de variabilidade existente quanto a alguns caracteres, em uma população de plântulas de aceroleira obtidas de sementes, originalmente selecionadas em plantio comercial no Estado do Ceará. O experimento foi instalado no local definitivo em abril/96, na Estação Experimental da Embrapa-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Agroindústria Tropical (CNPAT), no município de Pacajus, CE, sob arranjo experimental de blocos casualizados, com 62 tratamentos, três repetições e quatro plantas por parcelas, no espaçamento de 4 m entre linhas e 3 m entre plantas. Os tratamentos são constituídos por progênies de polinização livre. No primeiro ano de idade das plantas, a maioria das progênies já tinha frutificado, sendo que a proporção de florescimento era menor do que a frutificação no período de avaliação. Pelas estimativas dos coeficientes de herdabilidade dos caracteres, pode-se afirmar que a seleção de progênies resultará em ganhos superiores em relação à seleção de plantas. Os índices b1 e b2, que quantificam a relação da variação genética em face da variação ambiental entre e dentro de progênies, respectivamente, revelam uma condição favorável à seleção dentro de progênies.

Seleção de genótipos parentais de acerola com base na divergência genética multivariada

Este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar e selecionar genótipos parentais de acerola (Malpighia emarginata L.) adequadas a programas de melhoramento genético. Nove caracteres quantitativos de maior importância agronômica foram usados para determinação da distância genética e formação de grupos similares de acessos. O agrupamento pelo método de Tocher, a partir das distâncias generalizadas de Mahalanobis, possibilitou a divisão de 14 genótipos em três grupos. Com base na divergência genética e no caráter agronômico-chave (teor de vitamina C), destacaram-se como mais promissores os cruzamentos dos genótipos: AM Mole pertencente ao grupo III, com os genótipos PR AM, N° 18, PR 17, PR 16, Eclipse, AM 22 e Dominga, todos pertencentes ao grupo I.

Variabilidade fenotípica em genótipos de acerola

As medidas de variabilidade fenotípica, correlações, efeitos diretos e indiretos na aceroleira (Malpighia emarginata DC.) da região de Itápolis, SP, objetivaram direcionar o processo seletivo de genótipos. Os parâmetros comprimento e largura média de folhas, altura de planta, diâmetro de copa, peso médio de fruto, peso médio de polpa/fruto, peso médio de 20 frutos e peso médio de polpa por 20 frutos mostraram diferenças quanto a genótipos e épocas. Em acidez, tamanho e largura média de fruto, as diferenças são exclusivas em relação a épocas, sugerindo ações de condições climáticas. A altura é um bom parâmetro tipificador na diferenciação e seleção de genótipos. As condições meteorológicas podem influenciar marcadamente em caracteres tecnológicos (acidez) e em medidas dos frutos. Destacaram-se as associações positivas entre comprimento de folhas com tamanho e peso de frutos e as correlações negativas destes com vitamina C; seguida de correlações positivas e significativas de tamanho com largura de frutos. Dos efeitos diretos sobre vitamina C, relacionam-se os efeitos de Brix e diâmetro de copa como positivos. Contudo, nas condições estudadas, as medidas das folhas estão associadas positivamente com tamanho e peso dos frutos e negativamente com vitamina C. Além disso, observa-se que as medidas dos frutos associam-se positivamente com os caracteres de peso e rendimento, que estão negativamente associados com vitamina C. A seleção sobreBrix pode direcionar ganhos em polpa e em vitamina C.

X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction: possibilities and applications

In this article the main possibilities of single crystal and powder diffraction analysis using conventional laboratory x-ray sources are introduced. Several examples of applications with different solid samples and in different fields of applications are shown illustrating the multidisciplinary capabilities of both techniques.

Efeito do estádio de maturação dos frutos nas características físico-químicas de acerola

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar características físico-químicas dos frutos de acerola, em três estádios de maturação. Foram usadas acerolas oriundas de duas matrizes (UFRPE 7 e UFRPE 8), durante as estações seca e chuvosa, num pomar comercial. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (plantas matrizes x estádios de maturação dos frutos), e três repetições. Foram avaliados os teores de vitamina C e sólidos solúveis totais (SST), além do pH, do peso e tamanho dos frutos. As aceroleiras UFRPE 7 e UFRPE 8 produziram frutos com teores de vitamina C adequados tanto para o mercado interno como para o externo. Os frutos verdes apresentaram teores de vitamina C significativamente maiores que os maduros e semimaduros, podendo ser utilizados pela indústria farmacêutica. Houve influência sazonal nos teores de vitamina C nas características físicas (peso e diâmetros dos frutos) e físico-químicas (SST) das matrizes estudadas. O conteúdo de vitamina C foi mais elevado durante a estação seca, e decresceu com a maturação do fruto. A UFRPE 7 produziu frutos de melhor qualidade, apresentando também maior estabilidade nas características avaliadas do que a UFRPE 8.

Study of isotopic variations in black powder: reflections on the use of stable isotopes in forensic science for source inference.

Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) has recently made its appearance in the forensic community. This high-precision technology has already been applied to a broad range of forensic fields such as illicit drugs, explosives and flammable liquids, where current, routinely used techniques have limited powers of discrimination. The conclusions drawn from the majority of these IRMS studies appear to be very promising. Used in a comparative process, as in food or drug authentication, the measurement of stable isotope ratios is a new and remarkable analytical tool for the discrimination or the identification of a substance with a definite source or origin. However, the research consists mostly of preliminary studies. The significance of this 'new' piece of information needs to be evaluated in light of a forensic framework to assess the actual potential and validity of IRMS, considering the characteristics of each field. Through the isotopic study of black powder, this paper aims at illustrating the potential of the method and the limitations of current knowledge in stable isotopes when facing forensic problems.

Effect of cocoa powder in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: biological, consumption and inflammatory biomarkers. A metabolomic approach

Numerous health benefits have been attributed to cocoa and its derived products in the last decade including antioxidant, anti-platelet and positive effects on lipid metabolism and vascular function. Inflammation plays a key role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. However, cocoa feeding trials focused on inflammation are still rare and the results yielded are controversial. Health effects derived from cocoa consumption have been partly attributed to its polyphenol content, in particular of flavanols. Bioavailability is a key issue for cocoa polyphenols in order to be able to exert their biological activities. In the case of flavanols, bioavailability is strongly influenced by several factors, such as their degree of polymerization and the food matrix in which the polyphenols are delivered. Furthermore, gut has become an active site for the metabolism of procyanidins (oligomeric and polymeric flavanols). Estimation of polyphenol consumption or exposure is also a very challenging task in Food and Nutrition Science in order to correlate the intake of phytochemicals with in vivo health effects. In the area of nutrition, modern analytical techniques based on mass spectrometry are leading to considerable advances in targeted metabolite analysis and particularly in Metabolomics or global metabolite analysis. In this chapter we have summarized the most relevant results of our recent research on the bioavailability of cocoa polyphenols in humans and the effect of the matrix in which cocoa polyphenols are delivered considering both targeted analysis and a metabolomic approach. Furthermore, we have also summarized the effect of long-term consumption of cocoa powder in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) on the inflammatory biomarkers of atherosclerosis.