Influence of Modified Posterior Reconstruction of the Rhabdosphincter on Early Recovery of Continence and Anastomotic Leakage Rates after Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy

Background: Posterior reconstruction (PR) of the rhabdosphincter has been previously described during retropubic radical prostatectomy, and shorter times to return of urinary continence were reported using this technical modification. This technique has also been applied during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP); however, contradictory results have been reported. Objective: We describe here a modified technique for PR of the rhabdosphincter during RARP and report its impact on early recovery of urinary continence and on cystographic leakage rates. Design, setting, and participants: We analyzed 803 consecutive patients who underwent RARP by a single surgeon over a 12-mo period: 330 without performing PR and 473 with PR. Surgical procedure: The reconstruction was performed using two 6-in 3-0 Poliglecaprone sutures tied together. The free edge of the remaining Denonvillier`s fascia was identified after prostatectomy and approximated to the posterior aspect of the rhabdosphincter and the posterior median raphe using one arm of the continuous suture. The second layer of the reconstruction was then performed with the other arm of the suture, approximating the posterior lip of the bladder neck and vesicoprostatic muscle to the posterior urethral edge. Measurements: Continence rates were assessed with a self-administrated, validated questionnaire (Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite) at 1, 4, 12, and 24 wk after catheter removal. Continence was defined as the use of ""no absorbent pads."" Cystogram was performed in all patients on postoperative day 4 or 5 before catheter removal. Results and limitations: There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to patient age, body mass index, prostate-specific antigen levels, prostate weight, American Urological Association symptom score, estimated blood loss, operative time, number of nerve-sparing procedures, and days with catheter. In the PR group, the continence rates at 1, 4, 12, and 24 wk postoperatively were 22.7%, 42.7%, 91.8%, and 96.3%, respectively; in the non-PR group, the continence rates were 28.7%, 51.6%, 91.1%, and 97%, respectively. The modified PR technique resulted in significantly higher continence rates at 1 and 4 wk after catheter removal (p = 0.048 and 0.016, respectively), although the continence rates at 12 and 24 wk were not significantly affected (p = 0.908 and p = 0.741, respectively). The median interval to recovery of continence was also statistically significantly shorter in the PR group (median: 4 wk; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.39-4.61) when compared to the non-PR group (median: 6 wk; 95% CI: 5.18-6.82; log-rank test, p = 0.037). Finally, the incidence of cystographic leaks was lower in the PR group (0.4% vs 2.1%; p = 0.036). Although the patients` baseline characteristics were similar between the groups, the patients were not preoperatively randomized and unknown confounding factors may have influenced the results. Conclusions: Our modified PR combines the benefits of early recovery of continence reported with the original PR technique with a reinforced watertight closure of the posterior anastomotic wall. Shorter interval to recovery of continence and lower incidence of cystographic leaks were demonstrated with our PR technique when compared to RARP with no reconstruction. (C) 2010 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Alagille syndrome and nephroblastoma: Unusual coincidence of two rare disorders

Alagille syndrome is a rare developmental disorder combining bile duct paucity, congenital cardiopathy, facial dysmorphy, vertebrae defects, and ocular abnormalities; and frequent renal abnormalities. It does not usually predispose to malignancies. Nephroblastoma has been observed in many developmental disorders, but never in Alagille syndrome. We report two original cases of nephroblastoma associated to Alagille syndrome. We identified a new V136G JAG1 missense mutation in one patient and a constitutional deletion of 20p12 in the other. In one nephroblastoma an additional somatic 1p36 deletion was present. The link between Alagille syndrome, JAG1 alterations and nephroblastoma is discussed.

Effectiveness of iron repletion in the diet for the optic nerve development of anaemic rats

Purpose To compare the process of myelination in the developing optic nerve (ON) of anaemic rats with the subsequent recovery after being fed an iron-recovery diet. Methods In this study, the morphometrical parameters in the ON were assessed by electron microscopy in Wistar rats that were on an iron-deficient diet for 32 days or for 21 days followed by 10 days on an iron-recovery diet. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed using representative electron ultramicrographs. Data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). When differences were detected, comparisons were made using Tukey`s post hoc test (P<0.05 was considered to be significant). Results Qualitative analysis of the ONs in anaemic and recovered animals showed a higher rate of deformed axons and increased lamellar separation in the myelin sheath when compared with the respective control group. The ON of the anaemic group showed a reduced mean density of myelinated fibres when compared with the control group. The fibre area ratio, axon area ratio, and myelin area ratio of large axons/small axons in the ONs of the control group showed the highest values for the myelin areas, axon areas, and total fibre areas. The control group showed a significantly higher myelin sheath thickness when compared with the anaemic and recovered groups. Conclusions Our data indicate that iron is necessary for maintenance of the ON cell structure, and that morphological damage from iron deficiency is not easily reverted by iron repletion. Eye (2010) 24, 901-908; doi:10.1038/eye.2009.205; published online 14 August 2009

Infection control practices among a cohort of Brazilian dentists

Objective: To evaluate infection control practices among dentists in private and public practice. Design: Survey and cross-sectional analysis. Setting: Sertaozinho city, Brazil. Participants: All dentists who were currently working at the study city, and agreed to participate, resulting in a study population of 135 dentists. Methods: Participants were personally interviewed and variables were submitted to X(2) or Fisher`s exact test. Results: Hand washing before and after each patient was reported by 86.7% of dentists, but private practitioners used liquid soap and paper towels more often than their public colleagues (p<0.001). Most of the study population (97.8%) used gloves routinely during clinical sessions, but 8.2% reused them. Dry-heat was the main method employed for sterilisation of heat-stable devices by 80.0% of dentists, but adequate temperature and time of exposure was accomplished by only 32.1% of public and 70.0% of private professionals (p<0.001). Heat-sensitive devices were disinfected with an adequate substance by 60.0% of both affiliation dentists (p=0.908). Conclusions: There is a large gap between infection control recommendations and practices observed among the study population, and the situation is worse in public services. To reverse that situation, infection control issues must be openly debated by professional associations, dental schools and health authorities.

Composite pre-heating: Effects on marginal adaptation, degree of conversion and mechanical properties

Objectives. This study evaluated the effect of composite pre-polymerization temperature and energy density on the marginal adaptation (MA), degree of conversion (DC), flexural strength (FS), and polymer cross-linking (PCL) of a resin composite (Filtek Z350, 3M/ESPE). Methods. For MA, class V cavities (4mmx2mmx2mm) were prepared in 40 bovine incisors. The adhesive system Adper Single Bond 2 (3M/ESPE) was applied. Before being placed in the cavities, the resin composite was either kept at room-temperature (25 degrees C) or previously pre-heated to 68 degrees C in the Calset (TM) device (AdDent Inc., Danbury, CT, USA). The composite was then light polymerized for 20 or 40s at 600mW/cm(2) (12 or 24 J/cm(2), respectively). The percentage of gaps was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, after sectioning the restorations and preparing epoxy resin replicas. DC (n = 3) was obtained by FT-Raman spectroscopy on irradiated and non-irradiated composite surfaces. FS (n = 10) was measured by the three-point-bending test. KHN (n = 6) was measured after 24h dry storage and again after immersion in 100% ethanol solution for 24 h, to calculate PCL density. Data were analyzed by appropriate statistical analyses. Results. The pre-heated composite showed better MA than the room-temperature groups. A higher number of gaps were observed in the room-temperature groups, irrespective of the energy density, mainly in the axial wall (p < 0.05). Composite pre-heating and energy density did not affect the DC, FS and PCL (p > 0.05). Significance. Pre-heating the composite prior to light polymerization similar in a clinical situation did not alter the mechanical properties and monomer conversion of the composite, but provided enhanced composite adaptation to cavity walls. (C) 2010 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sexual dysfunction in the Australian population

AIM: To describe the prevalence and forms of sexual dysfunction experienced by Australians, and compare these with people in the United States. METHODS: A cross sectional, telephone interview survey of a randomly selected sample of men (n = 876) and women (n = 908) aged between 18 and 59 years on the electoral roll in all states and territories of Australia (response rate = 61%) was conducted between November 1999 and April 2000. RESULTS: Large proportions of Australian men (55.0%) and women (60.5%) reported at least one sexual problem within the preceding year. More serious sexual dysfunction (> 3 symptoms) was observed in 13.2% of men and 19.7% of women. DISCUSSION: Australia and the USA are similar with regard to the high rate of symptoms of sexual dysfunction observed in the population. The low rate of treatment points to both patient and doctor reluctance to discuss sexual performance and practices.

Manual do usu??rio: uma experi??ncia no servi??o p??blico

O Terceiro Servi??o Regional de Avia????o Civil (SERAC-3), da Divis??o de Pessoal Militar (DPM) do Centro Tecnol??gico Aeroespacial (CTA), tem por atribui????o orientar e fiscalizar todas as atividades relacionadas com a avia????o civil nos Estados do Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais e Esp??rito Santo. Iniciando a implanta????o da Gest??o pela Qualidade Total, a DPM realizou um estudo da rea????o dos clientes aos servi??os oferecidos pelo SERAC-3. Os resultados indicaram que os servi??os prestados tinham pouca credibilidade e que os clientes atribu??am a DPM um poder decis??rio que ela n??o tinha e percebiam as restri????es impostas pela legisla????o como obstru????o gerada pela pr??pria DPM. A solu????o para este problema foi a elabora????o de um Manual do Usu??rio que, operacionaliza um conjunto de vari??veis. Com a iniciativa houve redu????o do n??mero de reclama????es dos clientes, os funcion??rios passaram a enxergar suas atividades a partir da perspectiva dos clientes e tamb??m a propor melhorias no Manual do Usu??rio. Superou-se a crise de percep????es entre gerentes e funcion??rios, com melhoria do ambiente de trabalho e aumentou o grau de democratiza????o do acesso aos subservi??os, nos termos de todas as vari??veis.

O Balanced Scorecard como Instrumento de Medida de Desempenho das Forças Policiais – Estudo de Casos

O objectivo central deste artigo consiste em analisar o papel de um sistema de medida de desempenho que tem sido referido na literatura em Contabilidade e Gestão Pública como tendo um elevado potencial na melhoria do desempenho organizacional, especialmente após as iniciativas da New Public Management (NPM) desde as décadas de 1980 e 1990: o Balanced Scorecard (BSC). O estudo foca, particularmente, uma das mais recentes áreas da sua aplicação: a polícia. O BSC tem-se revelado um desafio nesta área tão controversa do sector público, quer devido à ambiguidade dos objectivos, quer pela diversidade de interesses entre os vários stakeholders. Por outro lado, há um conjunto de factores exógenos, económicos e não financeiros, que determinam o desempenho da polícia, bem como a implementação deste instrumento. Os casos de aplicação do BSC às forças policiais são analisados e discutidos quer em países líderes na introdução das reformas da NPM, como o Reino Unido e o Canadá, quer em países menos avançados neste processo de reforma como Portugal, onde a medida de desempenho da actividade policial é uma questão em expansão no âmbito da agenda política.

Aspectos genéricos associados à caracterização, patologia e reabilitação de edifícios pré-pombalinos correntes na cidade de Lisboa

Esta tese teve como finalidade fazer um estudo sobre os edifícios Pré-pombalinos dando especial relevo às patologias que os afectam bem como as técnicas mais adequadas à sua resolução. Fez-se um breve enquadramento deste tipo de edifícios na evolução dos edifícios construídos no país e na cidade de Lisboa, localizando alguns exemplares nos bairros históricos desta cidade. Fez-se também a caracterização da sua arquitectura tentando explicar a sua evolução ao longo de todo o período Pré-pombalino. Ainda dentro da caracterização arquitectónica fez a descrição dos edifícios no que respeita à geometria da sua fachada, do número de pisos, da ocupação dos lotes onde estão implantados e da distribuição e ocupação do seu espaço interior. No que respeita à construção propriamente dita dos referidos edifícios fez-se um levantamento dos materiais e técnicas usados na sua construção bem como a descrição dos diferentes tipos de paredes usadas. Enumeraram-se as principais patologias neste tipo de edifícios, fazendo a sua descrição e referindo a forma como afectam os seus elementos constituintes. Por fim reuniu-se um conjunto de técnicas e procedimentos para a reparação das anomalias mais comuns, fazendo também a indicação dos materiais mais adequados a usar em cada intervenção.

Prevalência do beber e dirigir em Diadema, estado de São Paulo

Problemas decorrentes do consumo de álcool em motoristas têm sido amplamente estudados no mundo e indicam elevadas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade relacionadas à bebida e direção. Existem poucos estudos nacionais a respeito. Assim, realizou-se estudo com o objetivo de estimar a prevalência do uso de álcool por motoristas conduzindo veículos e testar a aceitabilidade dos bafômetros ativos e passivos. Foram avaliados 908 motoristas nas principais vias de trânsito de Diadema, estado de São Paulo, de fevereiro de 2005 a março de 2006. A metodologia adotada foi do tipo pontos de fiscalização de sobriedade. Em 23,7% dos motoristas foi encontrado algum traço de álcool no ar expirado; 19,4% estavam com níveis de álcool iguais ou acima dos limites permitidos pela legislação. O bafômetro passivo mostrou-se confiável e com resultados comparáveis aos do ativo. Esses achados foram seis vezes superiores aos encontrados internacionalmente, sugerindo a relevância desse problema. São necessárias políticas específicas para combater esse problema, além de outras pesquisas em âmbito nacional.

Measuring and evaluating the impacts of TOD measures: searching for evidence of TOD characteristics in Azambuja train line

TOD (Transit Oriented Development) is typically defined as a high density mixed area (residential and commercial) within easy walking distance of a high capacity public transport station (typically within an 800m buffer area). TOO is viewed as a set of strategies to increase the use of public transport, increasing walking activity, containing urban sprawl, and creating more liveable places. It is believed that this type of combined strategies will improve sustainable growth. This work is an exploratory work for evidence of TOD characteristics in train station areas in Azambuja train line, setting further methodologies to evaluate the success of TOD areas.

Zero-Time Kidney Histology Predicts Early Graft Function

Our purposes are to determine the impact of histological factors observed in zero-time biopsies on early post transplant kidney allograft function. We specifically want to compare the semi-quantitative Banff Classification of zero time biopsies with quantification of % cortical area fibrosis. Sixty three zero-time deceased donor allograft biopsies were retrospectively semiquantitatively scored using Banff classification. By adding the individual chronic parameters a Banff Chronic Sum (BCS) Score was generated. Percentage of cortical area Picro Sirius Red (%PSR) staining was assessed and calculated with a computer program. A negative linear regression between %PSR/ GFR at 3 year post-transplantation was established (Y=62.08 +-4.6412X; p=0.022). A significant negative correlation between arteriolar hyalinosis (rho=-0.375; p=0.005), chronic interstitial (rho=0.296; p=0.02) , chronic tubular ( rho=0.276; p=0.04) , chronic vascular (rho= -0.360;P=0.007), BCS (rho=-0.413; p=0.002) and GFR at 3 years were found. However, no correlation was found between % PSR, Ci, Ct or BCS. In multivariate linear regression the negative predictive factors of 3 years GFR were: BCS in histological model; donor kidney age, recipient age and black race in clinical model. The BCS seems a good and easy to perform tool, available to every pathologist, with significant predictive short-term value. The %PSR predicts short term kidney function in univariate study and involves extra-routine and expensive-time work. We think that %PSR must be regarded as a research instrument.

Utilidade da investigação rotineira de infecção fúngica pela broncoscopia em pacientes infectados ou não pelo HIV em um hospital geral, referência para SIDA

Avaliamos a freqüência de fungos nos materiais de broncofibroscopia em pacientes infectados ou não pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), quais as espécies de fungos mais encontradas e se a infecção pelo HIV alterava o perfil destes fungos. Foram revistas 1943 broncofibroscopias realizadas em hospital de referência para SIDA, no período de 1990-1995. Deste total, 47% foram realizadas em pacientes HIV positivos e 53% em HIV negativos . Dos 908 HIV positivos, 38 (4%) tiveram diagnóstico de micose pulmonar enquanto que dos 1035 HIV negativos, somente 4 (0,2%) tiveram tal diagnóstico (p < 0,001). O diagnóstico de histoplasmose e criptococose predominou no grupo soropositivo para o HIV (p < 0,001). A paracoccidioidomicose foi diagnosticada em três pacientes não infectados pelo HIV. O estudo mostrou que, embora a positividade da pesquisa de fungos nestes materiais tenha baixo percentual de positividade, o grupo soropositivo para o HIV parece se beneficiar desta pesquisa rotineira.

Doença de Chagas em Lassance, MG: Reavaliação clínico-epidemiológica 90 anos após a descoberta de Carlos Chagas

Analisa-se a trajetória da doença de Chagas em Lassance (município da descoberta de Carlos Chagas) entre 1.908 a 2.001, através de registros históricos e pesquisas atuais. O município foi importante foco da tripanossomíase entre Chagas e os anos 1.980, mercê de infestação significativa das casas por Panstrongylus megistus e, mais tarde, Triatoma infestans, espécies que foram eficazmente controladas, nos últimos 20 anos. Importante no passado, a infecção chagásica é hoje residual, com uma prevalência geral de 5,03% e afetando basicamente os grupos etários elevados, não se encontrando soropositivos abaixo dos 20 anos de idade. O perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos chagásicos detectados é o habitual de áreas com transmissão interrompida, com a maioria dos casos em formas cardíacas benignas ou na forma crônica indeterminada, havendo ainda indicativos de formas digestivas, sendo a mortalidade ainda significativa, em grupos etários elevados. O município apresenta-se infestado por T. sordida, em baixas densidades e grande dispersão, não infectado por T. cruzi e restrito ao peridomicílio. Conclui-se que Lassance está hoje livre da transmissão da doença, devendo manter-se sob vigilância epidemiológica frente aos triatomíneos nativos no município e garantir-se a atenção médica às pessoas infectadas no passado.