Risk factors associated with cast complications in horses: 398 cases (1997-2006)

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of and risk factors for complications associated with casts in horses. DESIGN Multicenter retrospective case series. ANIMALS 398 horses with a half-limb or full-limb cast treated at 1 of 4 hospitals. PROCEDURES Data collected from medical records included age, breed, sex, injury, limb affected, time from injury to hospital admission, surgical procedure performed, type of cast (bandage cast [BC; fiberglass tape applied over a bandage] or traditional cast [TC; fiberglass tape applied over polyurethane resin-impregnated foam]), limb position in cast (flexed, neutral, or extended), and complications. Risk factors for cast complications were identified via multiple logistic regression. RESULTS Cast complications were detected in 197 of 398 (49%) horses (18/53 [34%] horses with a BC and 179/345 [52%] horses with a TC). Of the 197 horses with complications, 152 (77%) had clinical signs of complications prior to cast removal; the most common clinical signs were increased lameness severity and visibly detectable soft tissue damage Cast sores were the most common complication (179/398 [45%] horses). Casts broke for 20 (5%) horses. Three (0.8%) horses developed a bone fracture attributable to casting Median time to detection of complications was 12 days and 8 days for horses with TCs and BCs, respectively. Complications developed in 71%, 48%, and 47% of horses with the casted limb in a flexed, neutral, and extended position, respectively. For horses with TCs, hospital, limb position in the cast, and sex were significant risk factors for development of cast complications. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that 49% of horses with a cast developed cast complications.

Worte gesprochen am Grabe des verewigten Freiherrn Amschel Mayer von Rothschild : Sonntag den 9. December 1855 ; 29. Kislev 616

von S. R. Hirsch

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 616 - Wiederholte Ablehnung der Verlegung der "Gemischten Philosophischen Schriften"

u.a.: Vorgeschlagene Eigenfinanzierung;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 398 - Visitenkarte von Franz Arnold Wille

u.a.: eigenhändige Notiz Schopenhauers auf der Rückseite mit Nennung des Namens;

Ms.Ff.F.Stoltze 3. 398 - Brief von Friedrich Stoltze an Caroline Rothschild

Sein Hund und dessen Bellen

Ms.Ff.F.Stoltze 3. 616 - Brief von Marie Stoltze an Friedrich Stoltze

Friedrich Stoltze II

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 616 - Vorbereitungsunterlagen zu "Materialismus", "Geschichtsphilosophie" und anderen Themen (p. VIII 15-VIII 20.2)

"Über Lenin, 'Materialismus und Empiriokritizismus" (GS 11, S. 171-188), Wintersemester 1928/29, a) Typoskript, 17 Blatt, b) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 17 Blatt (unterzeichnet mit "H. Möller (Berlin)", c) Manuskript, 1 Heft, 18 Blatt, davon 3 leer, d) Entwurf, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 11 Blatt; Friedrich Pollock: Kollegheft zum Seminar von Max Horkheimer über Geschichtsphilosophie, Wintersemester 1928/29 (enthält: Kollegheft 23.11.1928 - 15.02.1929, eigenhändige Notizen, 1 Heft, 16 Blatt und 4 zusätzliche Blätter; Kolegheft 22.02.1929, eigenhändige Notizen, 1 Heft, 16 Blatt, davon 9 leer); Friedrich Pollock: Notizen zu einem Vortrag von Hans Cornelius über 'Klassenphilosophie und reine Philosophie', und Mitschrift von Diskussionsbeiträgen , u.a. von Max Horkheimer, 26.01.1929, eigenhändige Notizen, 1 Heft, 12 Blatt und 1 zusätzliches Blatt sowie eigenhändige Notizen von Max Horkheimer; "Kant und die Philosophie der Gegenwart", Vorlesung 1929 (enthält: Vorlesungsmanuskript und Friedrich Pollock: Kolleghefte zur Vorlesung, eigenhändige Notizen); "Hegel", Übung Sommersemester 1929 (enthält: 1 Notizheft, 28 Blatt mit eigenhändigen Notizen zur Übung, 5 Blatt und eigenhändigen Notizen über Vorgeschichte und Anfänge der Soziologie, 5 Blatt; Friedrich Pollock: eigenhändige Notizen zur Übung von Max Horkheimer, 1 Heft, 28 Blatt, davon 4 leer, und 3 zusätzliche Blätter); "Wissensoziologie oder Historischer Materialismus" Einleitung: Soziologie der Soziologie" (GS 11, S. 189-195), Wintersemester 1929/30 (enthält: Manuskript, teils von Max Horkheimer, teils von Friedrich Polock, datiert: 10.09.1929, 1 Heft, 10 Blatt und 2 zusätzliche Blätter; Manuskript, datiert Wintersemester 1929/30, 1 Heft, 4 Blatt, davon 1 leer);

Solar radiation over and under sea ice and photographic quantification of Ice algal aggregates during the POLARSTERN cruise ARK-XXVII/3 (IceArc) in summer 2012

The ice cover of the Arctic Ocean has been changing dramatically in the last decades and the consequences for the sea-ice associated ecosystem remain difficult to assess. Algal aggregates underneath sea ice have been described sporadically but the frequency and distribution of their occurrence is not well quantified. We used upward looking images obtained by a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to derive estimates of ice algal aggregate biomass and to investigate their spatial distribution. During the IceArc expedition (ARK-XXVII/3) of RV Polarstern in late summer 2012, different types of algal aggregates were observed floating underneath various ice types in the Central Arctic basins. Our results show that the floe scale distribution of algal aggregates in late summer is very patchy and determined by the topography of the ice underside, with aggregates collecting in dome shaped structures and at the edges of pressure ridges. The buoyancy of the aggregates was also evident from analysis of the aggregate size distribution. Different approaches used to estimate aggregate biomass yield a wide range of results. This highlights that special care must be taken when upscaling observations and comparing results from surveys conducted using different methods or on different spatial scales.

Solar irradiance over and under seasonal land-fast sea ice off Barrow, Alaska, in 2010

The amount of solar radiation transmitted through Arctic sea ice is determined by the thickness and physical properties of snow and sea ice. Light transmittance is highly variable in space and time since thickness and physical properties of snow and sea ice are highly heterogeneous on variable time and length scales. We present field measurements of under-ice irradiance along transects under undeformed land-fast sea ice at Barrow, Alaska (March, May, and June 2010). The measurements were performed with a spectral radiometer mounted on a floating under-ice sled. The objective was to quantify the spatial variability of light transmittance through snow and sea ice, and to compare this variability along its seasonal evolution. Along with optical measurements, snow depth, sea ice thickness, and freeboard were recorded, and ice cores were analyzed for chlorophyll a and particulate matter. Our results show that snow cover variability prior to onset of snow melt causes as much relative spatial variability of light transmittance as the contrast of ponded and white ice during summer. Both before and after melt onset, measured transmittances fell in a range from one third to three times the mean value. In addition, we found a twentyfold increase of light transmittance as a result of partial snowmelt, showing the seasonal evolution of transmittance through sea ice far exceeds the spatial variability. However, prior melt onset, light transmittance was time invariant and differences in under-ice irradiance were directly related to the spatial variability of the snow cover.