A first case of protease codon 35 amino acid insertion in a HIV-1 subtype B sequence detected in the Bauru region, state of São Paulo, Brazil: case report

Amino acid insertions in the protease have rarely been described in HIVinfected patients. One of these insertions has recently been described in codon 35, although its impact on resistance remains unknown. This study presents a case of an HIV variant with an insertion in codon 35 of the protease, described for the first time in Bauru, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, circulating in a 38-year-old caucasian male with asymptomatic HIV infection since 1997. The variant isolated showed a codon 35 insertion of two amino acids in the protease: a threonine and an aspartic acid, resulting in the amino acid sequence E35E_TD.

Density, size and distribution of stomata in 35 rainforest tree species in Central Amazonia

Stomata are turgor-operated valves that control water loss and CO2 uptake during photosynthesis, and thereby water relation and plant biomass accumulation is closely related to stomatal functioning. The aims of this work were to document how stomata are distributed on the leaf surface and to determine if there is any significant variation in stomatal characteristics among Amazonian tree species, and finally to study the relationship between stomatal density (S D) and tree height. Thirty five trees (>17 m tall) of different species were selected. Stomatal type, density (S D), size (S S) and stomatal distribution on the leaf surface were determined using nail polish imprints taken from both leaf surfaces. Irrespective of tree species, stomata were located only on the abaxial surface (hypostomaty), with large variation in both S D and S S among species. S D ranged from 110 mm-2 in Neea altissima to 846 mm-2 in Qualea acuminata. However, in most species S D ranges between 271 and 543 mm-2, with a negative relationship between S D and S S. We also found a positive relationship between S D and tree height (r² = 0.14, p < 0.01), but no correlation was found between S D and leaf thickness. The most common stomatal type was anomocytic (37%), followed by paracytic (26%) and anisocytic (11%). We conclude that in Amazonian tree species, stomatal distribution on the leaf surface is a response most likely dependent on the genetic background of every species, rather than a reaction to environmental changes, and that somehow S D is influenced by environmental factors dependent on tree height.

Diagnóstico pela ecocardiografia transesofágica e evolução de 35 pacientes portadores de flail mitral valve

OBJETIVO: Descrever os achados ao ecocardiograma transesofágico e evolução clínica de portadores de flail mitral valve. MÉTODOS: No período de janeiro/93 a março/97, 1675 pacientes foram submetidos, em nossa instituição, a ecocardiograma transesofágico, sendo que em 35 casos foi feito o diagnóstico de flail mitral valve e, posteriormente, obtida sua evolução clínica. RESULTADOS: A idade dos pacientes variou 12 a 87 anos (média 65±15) e 27 (77%) eram do sexo masculino. O folheto posterior foi o mais acometido (25 pacientes, 71%). O mecanismo do flail foi ruptura de cordoalha tendínea em todos os casos, exceto um, que apresentava importante alongamento e redundância de cordoalha. A etiologia foi prolapso e/ou degeneração mixomatosa em 15 pacientes, degenerativa em 9, isquêmica em 5, reumática em 4 e endocardite em 3. Regurgitação mitral de grau importante ocorreu em 25 (71%) pacientes e moderada em 10 (29%). O tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 375±395 dias (1 a 1380). Foram submetidos a tratamento clínico 19 pacientes e a tratamento cirúrgico 16, sendo que em todos foi confirmado o diagnóstico transesofágico. O número total de óbitos (hospitalar e pós-hospitalar) foi alto (34%), tanto em pacientes submetidos a tratamento clínico quanto cirúrgico. Entre os sobreviventes, 17 estão em classe funcional (CF) I e 6 em CF II da NYHA. CONCLUSÃO: O diagnóstico de flail mitral valve ao ecocardiograma transesofágico é acurado, permitindo a definição de sua etiologia e mecanismo. A alta mortalidade à época do diagnóstico, provavelmente, se relaciona à gravidade da doença subjacente. Embora os pacientes não operados estejam evoluindo bem, a baixa CF observada nestes pacientes pode ser atribuída ao curto período de seguimento.

National alert campaign about increased cholesterol: determination of cholesterol levels in 81,262 Brazilians

OBJECTIVE: To determine the levels of total cholesterol in a significant sample of the Brazilian population. METHODS: Blood cholesterol was determined in 81.262 individuals > 18 years old (51% male, 44.7 ± 15.7 years), using Accutrend equipment, in the cities São Paulo, Campinas, Campos do Jordão, São José dos Campos, Santos, Santo André, Ribeirão Preto, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Brasília, Salvador and documented in the presence of other risk factors (RF) for coronary artery disease (CAD) (systemic hypertension, CAD in the family, smoking, and diabetes). Participants were classified according to sex, age, and the presence or absence of RF, respectively, as 0 RF, 1 RF and > 2 RF. The percentage of individuals with cholesterol > 200 mg/dL and > 240 mg/dL was evaluated. RESULTS: The prevalence of individuals with 0, 1, and > 2 risk factors was 30% (n = 24,589), 36% (n =29,324), and 34% (n = 27,349) respectively, (P=0.657), and the mean total cholesterol of the population was 199.0 ± 35.0 mg/dL. Cholesterol levels above 200 and 240 mg/dL were found, respectively, in 40% (n = 32,515) and 13% (10.942) of individuals. The greater the number of risk factors the higher the levels of cholesterol (P<0.0001) and the greater the proportion of individuals with cholesterol > 200 mg/dL (P=0.032). No difference existed in the proportion of individuals with cholesterol > 240 mg/dL (P=0.11). CONCLUSION: A great percentage of individuals with cholesterol levels above those recommended to prevent coronary artery disease was found.

Influência do estado nutricional e do VO2max nos níveis de adiponectina em homens acima de 35 anos

FUNDAMENTO: A adiponectina é considerada importante fator na patogênese das doenças cardiovasculares e metabólicas, por suas propriedades antiaterogênicas e antiinflamatórias. Poucos estudos, entretanto, sugerem a existência de relação direta entre os níveis de adiponectina e os níveis de condicionamento cardiorrespiratório e atividade física. OBJETIVO: Verificar a influência do estado nutricional e do condicionamento cardiorrespiratório nos níveis plasmáticos de adiponectina em homens adultos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 250 sujeitos, homens, todos militares da ativa do Exército Brasileiro (42,6 ± 4,8 anos). Foram mensurados os níveis plasmáticos de adiponectina, massa corporal, estatura, circunferência da cintura (CC), percentual de gordura por pesagem hidrostática e VO2max por ergoespirometria. Um questionário foi utilizado para obter as características do treinamento físico realizado pelos sujeitos. RESULTADOS: Na amostra, 121 (48%) sujeitos apresentaram sobrepeso e 36 (14%) eram obesos. Ainda, 66 sujeitos (27%) apresentaram percentual de gordura maior que 25% e 26.7% apresentaram CC > 94 cm. Sujeitos com sobrepeso e obesidade apresentaram valores significativamente menores de adiponectina em relação aqueles com estado nutricional normal. Sujeitos no mais alto tercil de VO2max apresentaram níveis de adiponectina mais altos que os demais. Os níveis de adiponectina estiveram positivamente correlacionados com o tempo total de treinamento físico semanal e com o VO2max e inversamente correlacionados com os valores de massa corporal, IMC e CC. A correlação dos níveis de adiponectina e do VO2max não permaneceu significante após controlada pelo IMC e CC. CONCLUSÃO: Sujeitos com melhor condicionamento cardiorrespiratório e com estado nutricional normal parecem apresentar níveis mais saudáveis de adiponectina.

Análise conjunta para experimentos em blocos casualizados completos aumentados

O presente estudo visa a efetuar uma análise conjunta de experimentos em blocos casualizados completos aumentados. Cada experimento apresenta os mesmos t = c + z tratamentos, distribuídos em r blocos, onde os c tratamentos são considerados comuns, pois aparecem nos r blocos, e os z tratamentos são considerados regulares, pois aparecem uma única vez em um dos r blocos. Os blocos são formados por k parcelas, sendo k = c + Pj,onde pj (j = 1, ..., r) é o número de tratamentos regulares no bloco j. Para desenvolvê-lo, considerou-se o conjunto dos experimentos como um delineamento comum em blocos incompletos. Admitindo-se que os experimentos apresentassem variâncias residuais semelhantes. No exemplo estudado, os tratamentos se repartem em seis classes de associação, com diferenças mínimas significativas (para o teste de Tukey) (Δ) entre dois deles dadas a seguir: 1 - Dois tratamentos comuns: Δ 5% = 15,955 t/ha; Δ 1% - 13,755 t/ha. 2 - Um tratamento comum e um regular: Δ 5% de 23,047 a 23,216 t/ha; Δ 1% de 26,733 a 26,930 t/ha. 3 - Dois tratamentos regulares, com λ = 3: Δ 5% de 28,515 a 28,659 t/ha; Δ 1% de 33,075 a 33,243 t/ha. 4 - Dois tratamentos regulares, com λ = 2: Δ 5% de 29,064 a 29,950 t/ha; Δ 1% de 33,711 a 34,739 t/ha. 5 - Dois tratamentos regulares, λ = 1: Δ 5% de 29,160 a 29,994 t/ha; Δ 1% de 33,823 a 34,791 t/ha. 6 - Dois tratamentos regulares, com λ = 0: Δ 5% de 30,281 a 30,628 t/ha; Δ 1% de 35,124 a 35,526 t/ha. Verifica-se, pois, que essas diferenças mínimas significativas são bem menores no caso de dois tratamentos comuns, mas não são muito discrepantes nos demais casos.

Scores to predict major bleeding risk during oral anticoagulation therapy: a prospective validation study.

BACKGROUND: Clinical scores may help physicians to better assess the individual risk/benefit of oral anticoagulant therapy. We aimed to externally validate and compare the prognostic performance of 7 clinical prediction scores for major bleeding events during oral anticoagulation therapy. METHODS: We followed 515 adult patients taking oral anticoagulants to measure the first major bleeding event over a 12-month follow-up period. The performance of each score to predict the risk of major bleeding and the physician's subjective assessment of bleeding risk were compared with the C statistic. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of a first major bleeding event during follow-up was 6.8% (35/515). According to the 7 scoring systems, the proportions of major bleeding ranged from 3.0% to 5.7% for low-risk, 6.7% to 9.9% for intermediate-risk, and 7.4% to 15.4% for high-risk patients. The overall predictive accuracy of the scores was poor, with the C statistic ranging from 0.54 to 0.61 and not significantly different from each other (P=.84). Only the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation score performed slightly better than would be expected by chance (C statistic, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.70). The performance of the scores was not statistically better than physicians' subjective risk assessments (C statistic, 0.55; P=.94). CONCLUSION: The performance of 7 clinical scoring systems in predicting major bleeding events in patients receiving oral anticoagulation therapy was poor and not better than physicians' subjective assessments.

Subgroup analyses in randomised controlled trials: cohort study on trial protocols and journal publications

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the planning of subgroup analyses in protocols of randomised controlled trials and the agreement with corresponding full journal publications. DESIGN: Cohort of protocols of randomised controlled trial and subsequent full journal publications. SETTING: Six research ethics committees in Switzerland, Germany, and Canada. DATA SOURCES: 894 protocols of randomised controlled trial involving patients approved by participating research ethics committees between 2000 and 2003 and 515 subsequent full journal publications. RESULTS: Of 894 protocols of randomised controlled trials, 252 (28.2%) included one or more planned subgroup analyses. Of those, 17 (6.7%) provided a clear hypothesis for at least one subgroup analysis, 10 (4.0%) anticipated the direction of a subgroup effect, and 87 (34.5%) planned a statistical test for interaction. Industry sponsored trials more often planned subgroup analyses compared with investigator sponsored trials (195/551 (35.4%) v 57/343 (16.6%), P<0.001). Of 515 identified journal publications, 246 (47.8%) reported at least one subgroup analysis. In 81 (32.9%) of the 246 publications reporting subgroup analyses, authors stated that subgroup analyses were prespecified, but this was not supported by 28 (34.6%) corresponding protocols. In 86 publications, authors claimed a subgroup effect, but only 36 (41.9%) corresponding protocols reported a planned subgroup analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Subgroup analyses are insufficiently described in the protocols of randomised controlled trials submitted to research ethics committees, and investigators rarely specify the anticipated direction of subgroup effects. More than one third of statements in publications of randomised controlled trials about subgroup prespecification had no documentation in the corresponding protocols. Definitive judgments regarding credibility of claimed subgroup effects are not possible without access to protocols and analysis plans of randomised controlled trials.

La responsabilidad social corporativa en las empresas del IBEX-35

La responsabilitat social corporativa és un concepte molt genèric i, en moltes ocasions, bastant abstracte i desconegut que no significa que no estigui molt present i citat avui en dia. El treball de la responsabilitat social corporativa en les empreses de l’IBEX-35 té per objectiu ensenyar i educar al lector sobre què consisteix exactament aquest concepte i conèixer més profundament les raons per les quals és imprescindible incorporar-lo en el món empresarial, sota un context de globalització i de competència permanent. Tanmateix, una vegada interioritzat aquesta matèria és molt important per als clients, proveïdors i membres afectats per les activitats de l’empresa rebre la informació de forma detallada sobre quina metodologia, accions i missió que pren l’empresa per aconseguir complir amb els reptes i objectius que se li plantegen i es marca sobre RSC cosa que fa necessari per a assolir una bona conducta, coordinació i feed-back positiu entre l’empresa i els diferents grups d’interès una bona comunicació amb aquests grups d’interès. Això es possible gràcies a l’elaboració d’un informe de RSC. Per dur-lo a terme amb coherència, claredat i, sobretot, perquè pugui arribar a ser útil per a la gestió i govern de l’organització, serà necessari definir-lo i emmarcar-lo en els àmbits i temàtiques que té que contenir i el procediment per elaborar-lo. Tot informe precisa d’anàlisis per a avaluar la qualitat de la informació reflexada i, d’aquesta manera, poder realitzar accions correctores oportunes. Mitjançant la definició d’una sèrie d’indicadors de desenvolupament i altres, intentarem aproximar-nos a l’anàlisi dels continguts de les memòries de les empreses que componen l’IBEX-35 de l’any 2006, ja que podem considerar-les com les més representatives i més influents d’Espanya. Amb tot això sabrem quina és la situació en l’àmbit general dels informes que presenten aquestes empreses i podrem recomanar per a que les empreses puguin completar-lo i respondre més eficientment les necessitats dels futurs lectors d’aquest informe i obtenir millor imatge corporativa.

Birth records from Swiss married couples analyzed over of the past 35 years reveal an aging of first-time mothers by 5.1 years while the interpregnancy interval has shortened

RésuméIntroduction : Le travail de thèse est un article publié dans le journal « Fertility & Sterility » s'intitulant « Birth records from Swiss married couples analyzed over the past 35 years reveal an aging of first-time mothers by 5.1 years while the interpregnancy interval has shortened ».Méthodes : Les données concernant l'âge auquel les femmes mariées donnaient naissance ont été obtenues de l'Office fédéral de la statistique. Nous avons examiné la période allant de 1969 à 2006. Cet intervalle de temps choisi nous a permis de prendre en considération un total de 2'716'370 naissances. L'âge moyen des parturientes à la naissance de leur 1er, 2ème et 3ème enfant a été calculé pour chaque année à l'aide du logiciel Excel. Grâce à ces données on a pu obtenir les intervalles inter-gestationnels théoriques entre le 1er et 2ème enfant, ainsi qu'entre le 2ème et 3ème enfant.Résultats : Nous pouvons constater que l'intervalle inter-gestationnel théorique entre la première et la deuxième grossesse était de 23.2 mois en 1969 et passait à 13.0 mois en 2006. L'intervalle compris entre la deuxième et la troisième grossesse passait de 22.4 mois en 1969 à 7.9 mois en 2006. Notre analyse suggère donc que c'est le facteur social qui exerce un effet plus important que le facteur biologique sur les intervalles inter-gestationnels, car ces intervalles diminuaient malgré l'augmentation de l'âge des mères à la naissance.