A Tunable Encryption Scheme and Analysis of Fast Selective Encryption for CAVLC and CABAC in H.264/AVC

Recently, two fast selective encryption methods for context-adaptive variable length coding and context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding in H.264/AVC were proposed by Shahid et al. In this paper, it was demonstrated that these two methods are not as efficient as only encrypting the sign bits of nonzero coefficients. Experimental results showed that without encrypting the sign bits of nonzero coefficients, these two methods can not provide a perceptual scrambling effect. If a much stronger scrambling effect is required, intra prediction modes, and the sign bits of motion vectors can be encrypted together with the sign bits of nonzero coefficients. For practical applications, the required encryption scheme should be customized according to a user's specified requirement on the perceptual scrambling effect and the computational cost. Thus, a tunable encryption scheme combining these three methods is proposed for H.264/AVC. To simplify its implementation and reduce the computational cost, a simple control mechanism is proposed to adjust the control factors. Experimental results show that this scheme can provide different scrambling levels by adjusting three control factors with no or very little impact on the compression performance. The proposed scheme can run in real-time and its computational cost is minimal. The security of the proposed scheme is also discussed. It is secure against the replacement attack when all three control factors are set to one.

Privacy Region Protection for H.264/AVC with Enhanced Scrambling Effect and a Low Bitrate Overhead

While video surveillance systems have become ubiquitous in our daily lives, they have introduced concerns over privacy invasion. Recent research to address these privacy issues includes a focus on privacy region protection, whereby existing video scrambling techniques are applied to specific regions of interest (ROI) in a video while the background is left unchanged. Most previous work in this area has only focussed on encrypting the sign bits of nonzero coefficients in the privacy region, which produces a relatively weak scrambling effect. In this paper, to enhance the scrambling effect for privacy protection, it is proposed to encrypt the intra prediction modes (IPM) in addition to the sign bits of nonzero coefficients (SNC) within the privacy region. A major issue with utilising encryption of IPM is that drift error is introduced outside the region of interest. Therefore, a re-encoding method, which is integrated with the encryption of IPM, is also proposed to remove drift error. Compared with a previous technique that uses encryption of IPM, the proposed re-encoding method offers savings in the bitrate overhead while completely removing the drift error. Experimental results and analysis based on H.264/AVC were carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods. In addition, a spiral binary mask mechanism is proposed that can reduce the bitrate overhead incurred by flagging the position of the privacy region. A definition of the syntax structure for the spiral binary mask is given. As a result of the proposed techniques, the privacy regions in a video sequence can be effectively protected by the enhanced scrambling effect with no drift error and a lower bitrate overhead.

Evaluation of the H.264 scalable video coding in error prone IP networks

The Joint Video Team, composed by the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG), has standardized a scalable extension of the H.264/AVC video coding standard called Scalable Video Coding (SVC). H.264/SVC provides scalable video streams which are composed by a base layer and one or more enhancement layers. Enhancement layers may improve the temporal, the spatial or the signal-to-noise ratio resolutions of the content represented by the lower layers. One of the applications, of this standard is related to video transmission in both wired and wireless communication systems, and it is therefore important to analyze in which way packet losses contribute to the degradation of quality, and which mechanisms could be used to improve that quality. This paper provides an analysis and evaluation of H.264/SVC in error prone environments, quantifying the degradation caused by packet losses in the decoded video. It also proposes and analyzes the consequences of QoS-based discarding of packets through different marking solutions.

Spectrum and Frequency of GJB2 Mutations in a Cohort of 264 Portuguese Nonsyndromic Sensorineural Hearing Loss Patients

OBJECTIVE: To assess the spectrum and prevalence of mutations in the GJB2 gene in Portuguese nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss (NSSHL) patients. DESIGN: Sequencing of the coding region, basal promoter, exon 1, and donor splice site of the GJB2 gene; screening for the presence of the two common GJB6 deletions. STUDY SAMPLE: A cohort of 264 Portuguese NSSHL patients. RESULTS: At least one out of 21 different GJB2 variants was identified in 80 (30.2%) of the 264 patients analysed. Two mutant alleles were found in 53 (20%) of these probands, of which 83% (44/53) harboured at least one c.35delG allele. Twenty-seven (10.2%) of the probands harboured only one mutant allele. Subsequent analysis revealed that the GJB6 deletion del(GJB6-D13S1854) was present in at least 7.4% (2/27) of the patients carrying only one mutant GJB2 allele. Overall, one in five (55/264) of the patients were diagnosed as having DFNB1-related NSSHL, of which the vast majority (53/55) harboured only GJB2 mutations. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides clear demonstration that mutations in the GJB2 gene are an important cause of NSSHL in Portugal, thus representing a valuable indicator as regards therapeutical and rehabilitation options, as well as genetic counseling of these patients and their families.

Qualités psychométriques de la version française de la TAS-20 et prévalence de l'alexithymie chez 264 adolescents tout-venant [The 20-item Toronto alexithymia scale: structural validity, internal consistency and prevalence of alexithymia in a Swiss adolescent sample]

L'objectif de cette étude est d'examiner la structure factorielle et la consistance interne de la TAS-20 sur un échantillon d'adolescents (n = 264), ainsi que de décrire la distribution des caractéristiques alexithymiques dans cet échantillon. La structure à trois facteurs de la TAS-20 a été confirmée par notre analyse factorielle confirmatoire. La consistance interne, mesurée à l'aide d'alpha de Cronbach, est acceptable pour le premier facteur (difficulté à identifier les sentiments (DIF)), bonne pour le second (difficulté à verbaliser les sentiments (DDF)), mais en revanche, faible pour le troisième facteur (pensées orientées vers l'extérieur (EOT)). Les résultats d'une Anova mettent en évidence une tendance linéaire indiquant que plus l'âge augmente plus le niveau d'alexithymie (score total TAS-20), la difficulté à identifier les sentiments et les pensées orientées vers l'extérieur diminuent. En ce qui concerne la prévalence de l'alexithymie, on remarque en effet que 38,5 % des adolescents de moins de 16 ans sont considérés comme alexithymiques, contre 30,1 % des 16-17 ans et 22 % des plus de 17 ans. Notre étude indique donc que la TAS-20 est un instrument adéquat pour évaluer l'alexithymie à l'adolescence, tout en suggérant quelques précautions étant donné l'aspect développemental de cette période.

[3 albums, 264 phot., Edités par la Compagnie des Chemins de fer de l'Est: Huit jours dans les Vosges: Gérardmer et environs. Clichés A. Thiriat. Photosollographie J. Royer. Nancy, Bergeret, s.d. Les villes d'eau de l'Est... De Paris en Italie par le chemin de fer de l'Est et le Saint-Gothard, publiés chez le même éditeur. Don de la compagnie des Chemins de fer de l'Est en 1898]

Donateur : Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Est

HG 264.30-264.45

Coarse grained sample with clasts that range from small to large in size. The clast shape ranges from angular to rounded, and many grains are fractured. Grain crushing is present in large amounts. This includes edge-to-edge crushing as well as grains that are crushed into one another. Rotation structures are also common among the clasts that are sub-rounded to rounded. Areas of finer sediment can also be seen.

L'Interdit – no 264, juin/juil. 1978

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Effect of a calcium hydroxide-based paste associated to chlorhexidine on RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line culture

Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)(2)-based paste (Calen) associated or not to 0.4% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) on RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line culture. Study design. The cell viability (MTT assay), immunostimulating properties (NO dosage), and anti-inflammatory properties (NO, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 alpha dosage) were evaluated after cell exposure to the materials. Data were analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% significance level. Results. There was low immunostimulating activity of the Calen paste associated or not to 0.4% CHX in the different materials` concentrations evaluated (P > .05). Anti-inflammatory activity with inhibition of NO and cytokine (TNF-alpha and IL1-alpha) release was observed only with Ca(OH)(2) + CHX at the highest concentration (25 mu g/mL). Conclusion. As the Calen paste associated to 0.4% CHX did not alter cell viability or the immunostimulating and anti-inflammatory properties, the addition of CHX brought no benefits to the Ca(OH)(2)-based paste with regard to the tested parameters. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008;106:e44-e51)

MoCHA : arquitetura dedicada para a compensação de movimento em decodificadores de vídeo de alta definição, seguindo o padrão H.264

O padrão H.264 foi desenvolvido pelo JVT, que foi formado a partir de uma união entre os especialistas do VCEG da ITU-T e do MPEG da ISO/IEC. O padrão H.264 atingiu seu objetivo de alcançar as mais elevadas taxas de processamento dentre todos os padrões existentes, mas à custa de um grande aumento na complexidade computacional. Este aumento de complexidade impede, pelo menos na tecnologia atual, a utilização de codecs H.264 implementados em software, quando se deseja a decodi cação de vídeos de alta de nição em tempo real. Essa dissertação propõe uma solução arquitetural de hardware, denominada MoCHA, para compensação de movimento do decodi cador de vídeo de alta de nição, segundo o padrão H.264/AVC. A MoCHA está dividida em três blocos principais, a predição dos vetores de movimento, o acesso à memória e o processamento de amostras. A utilização de uma cache para explorar a redundância dos dados nos acessos à mem ória, em conjunto com melhorias propostas, alcançou economia de acessos à memória superior a 60%, para os casos testados. Quando uma penalidade de um ciclo por troca de linha de memória é imposta, a economia de ciclos de acesso supera os 75%. No processamento de amostras, a arquitetura realiza o processamento dos dois blocos, que dão origem ao bloco bi-preditivo, de forma serial. Dessa forma, são economizados recursos de hardware, uma vez que a duplicação da estrutura de processamento não é requerida. A arquitetura foi validada a partir de simulações, utilizando entradas extraídas de seqüências codi cadas. Os dados extraídos, salvos em arquivos, serviam de entrada para a simulação. Os resultados da simulação foram salvos em arquivos e comparados com os resultados extraídos. O processador de amostras do compensador de movimento foi prototipado na placa XUP Virtex-II Pro. A placa possui um FPGA VP30 da família Virtex-II PRO da Xilinx. O processador PowerPC 405, presente no dispositivo, foi usado para implementar um test bench para validar a operação do processador de amostras mapeado para o FPGA. O compensador de movimento para o decodi cador de vídeo H.264 foi descrito em VHDL, num total de 30 arquivos e cerca de 13.500 linhas de código. A descrição foi sintetizada pelo sintetizador Syplify Pro da Symplicity para o dispositivo XC2VP30-7 da Xilinx, consumindo 8.465 slices, 5.671 registradores, 10.835 LUTs, 21 blocos de memó- ria interna e 12 multiplicadores. A latência mínima para processar um macrobloco é de 233 ciclos, enquanto a máxima é de 590, sem considerar misses na cache. A freqüência máxima de operação foi de 100,5 MHz. A arquitetura projetada é capaz de processar, no pior caso, 36,7 quadros HDTV de 1080 por 1920, inteiramente bi-preditivos, por segundo. Para quadros do tipo P, que não utilizam a bi-predição, a capacidade de processamento sobe para 64,3 quadros por segundo. A arquitetura apresentada para o processamento de quadros bi-preditivos e a hierarquia de memória são, até o momento, inéditas na literatura. Os trabalhos relativos a decodi cadores completos não apresentam a solução para esse processamento. Os resultados apresentados tornam a MoCHA uma solução arquitetural capaz de fazer parte de um decodi cador para vídeos de alta definição.

Implementação Hardware/Software da estimação de movimento segundo o padrão H.264

Motion estimation is the main responsible for data reduction in digital video encoding. It is also the most computational damanding step. H.264 is the newest standard for video compression and was planned to double the compression ratio achievied by previous standards. It was developed by the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) together with the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as the product of a partnership effort known as the Joint Video Team (JVT). H.264 presents novelties that improve the motion estimation efficiency, such as the adoption of variable block-size, quarter pixel precision and multiple reference frames. This work defines an architecture for motion estimation in hardware/software, using a full search algorithm, variable block-size and mode decision. This work consider the use of reconfigurable devices, soft-processors and development tools for embedded systems such as Quartus II, SOPC Builder, Nios II and ModelSim