Fertility in Namibia : Changes in fertility levels in North-Central Namibia 1960-2001, including an assessment of the impact of HIV

The aim of this study was to estimate the development of fertility in North-Central Namibia, former Ovamboland, from 1960 to 2001. Special attention was given to the onset of fertility decline and to the impact of the HIV epidemic on fertility. An additional aim was to introduce parish registers as a source of data for fertility research in Africa. Data used consisted of parish registers from Evangelical Lutheran congregations, the 1991 and 2001 Population and Housing Censuses, the 1992 and 2000 Namibia Demographic and Health Surveys, and the HIV sentinel surveillances of 1992-2004. Both period and cohort fertility were analysed. The P/F ratio method was used when analysing census data. The impact of HIV infection on fertility was estimated indirectly by comparing the fertility histories of women who died at an age of less than 50 years with the fertility of other women. The impact of the HIV epidemic on fertility was assessed both among infected women and in the general population. Fertility in the study population began to decline in 1980. The decline was rapid during the 1980s, levelled off in the early 1990s at the end of war of independence and then continued to decline until the end of the study period. According to parish registers, total fertility was 6.4 in the 1960s and 6.5 in the 1970s, and declined to 5.1 in the 1980s and 4.2 in the 1990s. Adjustment of these total fertility rates to correspond to levels of fertility based on data from the 1991 and 2001 censuses resulted in total fertility declining from 7.6 in 1960-79 to 6.0 in 1980-89, and to 4.9 in 1990-99. The decline was associated with increased age at first marriage, declining marital fertility and increasing premarital fertility. Fertility among adolescents increased, whereas the fertility of women in all other age groups declined. During the 1980s, the war of independence contributed to declining fertility through spousal separation and delayed marriages. Contraception has been employed in the study region since the 1980s, but in the early 1990s, use of contraceptives was still so limited that fertility was higher in North-Central Namibia than in other regions of the country. In the 1990s, fertility decline was largely a result of the increased prevalence of contraception. HIV prevalence among pregnant women increased from 4% in 1992 to 25% in 2001. In 2001, total fertility among HIV-infected women (3.7) was lower than that among other women (4.8), resulting in total fertility of 4.4 among the general population in 2001. The HIV epidemic explained more than a quarter of the decline in total fertility at population level during most of the 1990s. The HIV epidemic also reduced the number of children born by reducing the number of potential mothers. In the future, HIV will have an extensive influence on both the size and age structure of the Namibian population. Although HIV influences demographic development through both fertility and mortality, the effect through changes in fertility will be smaller than the effect through mortality. In the study region, as in some other regions of southern Africa, a new type of demographic transition is under way, one in which population growth stagnates or even reverses because of the combined effects of declining fertility and increasing mortality, both of which are consequences of the HIV pandemic.

Alppihiihdon alkutaival : Pujottelu- ja tunturihiihto Suomessa 1920-luvulta 1960-luvulle

The object of study in this thesis is Finnish skiing culture and Alpine skiing in particular from the point of view of ethnology. The objective is to clarify how, when, why and by what routes Alpine skiing found its way to Finland. What other phenomena did it bring forth? The objective is essentially linked to the diffusion of modern sports culture to Finland. The introduction of Alpine skiing to Finland took place at a time when skiing culture was changing: flat terrain skiing was abandoned in favour of cross-country skiing in the early decades of the 20th century, and new techniques and equipment made skiing a much more versatile sport. The time span of the study starts from the late 19th century and ends in the mid-20th century. The spatial focus is in Finland. People and communities formed through their actions are core elements in the study of sports and physical activity. Organizations tend to raise themselves into influential actors in the field of physical culture even if active individuals work in their background. Original archive documents and publications of sports organizations are central source material for this thesis, complemented by newspapers and sports magazines as well as photographs and films on early Alpine skiing in Finland. Ever since their beginning in the late 19th century skiing races in Finland had mostly taken place on flat terrain or sea ice. Skiing in broken cross-country terrain made its breakthrough in the 1920 s, at a time when modern skiing techniques were introduced in instruction manuals. In the late 1920 s the Finnish Women s Physical Education Association (SNLL) developed unconventional forms of pedagogical skiing instruction. They abandoned traditional Finnish flat terrain skiing and boldly looked for influences abroad, which caused friction between the leaders of the women s sports movement and the (male) leaders of the central skiing organization. SNLL was instrumental in launching winter tourism in Finnish Lapland in 1933. The Finnish Tourism Society, the State Railways and sports organizations worked in close co-operation to instigate a boom in tourism, which culminated in the inauguration of a tourist hotel at Pallastunturi hill in the winter of 1938. Following a Swedish model, fell-skiing was developed as a domestic counterpart to Alpine skiing as practiced in Central Europe. The first Finnish skiing resorts were built at sites of major cross-country skiing races. Inspired by the slope at Bad Grankulla health spa, the first slalom skiing races and fell-skiing, slalom enthusiasts began to look for purpose-built sites to practice turn technique. At first they would train in natural slopes but in the late 1930 s new slopes were cleared for slalom races and recreational skiing. The building of slopes and ski lifts and the emergence of organized slalom racing competitions gradually separated Alpine skiing from the old fell-skiing. After the Second World War fell-skiing was transformed into ski trekking on marked courses. At the same time Alpine skiing also parted ways with cross-country skiing to become a sport of its own. In the 1940 s and 1950 s Finnish Alpine skiing was almost exclusively a competitive sport. The specificity of Alpine skiing was enhanced by rapid development of equipment: the new skis, bindings and shoes could only be used going downhill.

Vesistöjen veden laadun muutoksista 1960-luvulla

Engl. summary: Changes of water quality in water courses in the 1960's

Sapientia, 1960, Vol. XV, nº 55 (número completo)

Contenido: Contemplación y acción / Octavio N. Derisi – El humanismo de Heidegger / José Ignacio Alcorta – Cultura o humanismo cristiano / Octavio N. Derisi – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía

Diagnóstico y perspectiva de la investigación en el cultivo de maiz (Zea mays L.) en Nicaragua, periodo 1960-1999

El presente trabajo monográfico tiene como objetivo recopilar y analizar todo el material existente en cuanto a investigación se refiere (informes, tesis, monografías, etc.) del cultivo del maíz, de las principales instituciones agropecuarias del país (UNA, CNIA, MAG-FOR, MARENA y otras entidades). Dicho trabajo se realizó a partir del mes de Noviembre del 2000 y para tal efecto se consultaron cada una de las investigaciones encontradas y se realizaron entrevistas con personas claves de algunas instituciones. Estas investigaciones fueron agrupadas en componentes: metodológicos (variables evaluadas, descriptores utilizados, diseños experimentales, lugares y tipos de suelo) y tecnológicos (manejo agronómico, fertilización, asocio, mejoramiento, plagas y enfermedades, elemento Tecnológico, erosión genética y análisis del área de siembra y producción). En cuanto a la utilización de las variedades criollas, mejoradas e híbridas, NB-6 fue la más empleada; además se observó que los materiales criollos presentan características agronómicas de interés en la mejora genética. Los descriptores de mayor estudio fueron los cuantitativos que forman parte del componente rendimiento, encontrándose además una cantidad considerable de descriptores cualitativos. En general se encontró un total de 244 trabajos de los cuales 44 fueron de manejo agronómico, 39 de fertilización, 19 de asocio, 47 de mejoramiento, 54 de plagas y enfermedades y 41 de elementos tecnológicos. En manejo agronómico, la práctica de rotación de cultivo es la que ha sido utilizada con mayor frecuencia; la labranza cero fue la que presentó mayores beneficios y mejores rendimientos en cuanto a los controles de malezas, el mejor rendimiento y rentabilidad lo obtuvo el control pre emergente + chapia. La mayor parte de las investigaciones utilizaron el diseño BCA, siendo el departamento de Managua donde se establecieron la mayor cantidad de experimentos. Con respecto a la evaluación nitrogenada, esta se aplicó en diferentes formulaciones de NPK, el nivel de aplicación de 100 kg N/ha presentó los mayores rendimientos. El asocio de mayor utilización fue el de maíz-frijol, localizados en su mayoría en la zona de Carazo. El componente mejoramiento estuvo conformado por las evaluaciones de diferentes materiales genéticos que han venido apareciendo en el transcurso de los años, recomendándolos a las diferentes zonas destinadas a la producción. Las investigaciones sobre el método de selección masal, y la resistencia a plagas y enfermedades fueron muy reducidas, sucediendo lo contrario con los estudios referentes a Spodoptera frugífera y Dalbulus maidis. Los elementos tecnológicos presentaron temas cuyo enfoque fue la validación de los diferentes materiales exóticos y/o mejorados en el país, otros aspectos muy importantes que mencionar en este componente el estudio del efecto de la hormona del marango (Moringa oleífera) en el comportamiento del cultivo del maíz. En menor porcentaje se recopilaron evaluaciones de insecticidas para determinar la presencia de fitotoxicidad en el cultivo. La erosión genética de los materiales criollos en este cultivo se ha incrementado en los últimos años debido a la introducción de materiales extranjeros, falta de apoyo a la pequeña producción, fenómenos naturales, entre otros. Al final se concluyó que es necesario proponer políticas que ayuden a incrementar los índices de producción por unidad de área para poder satisfacer la demanda de la población nicaragüense.

Sapientia, 1960, Vol. XV, nº 56 (número completo)

Contenido: Reflexiones en torno al sesquicentenario de la Revolución de Mayo / Octavio N. Derisi – Santo Tomás y la filosofía cristiana actual / Cornelio Fabro – El humanismo en Heidegger / José Ignacio Alcorta – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía

Sapientia, 1960, Vol. XV, nº 58 (número completo)

Contenido: La supremacía del espíritu frente al materialismo marxista / Octavio N. Derisi – Libertad y alienación del hombre / C. Fabro – Filosofía del patriotismo / Alberto Caturelli – España y el Islam : cruce de caminos culturales / Guillermo Fraile – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía

Sapientia, 1960, Vol. XV, nº 57 (número completo)

Contenido: La actividad especulativa y práctica del espíritu / Octavio N. Derisi – Valor y situación en Louis Lavelle / Guido Soaje Ramos – Naturaleza, causas y ámbito de la cultura / Octavio N. Derisi – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía

[Discurso do Deputado Abel Rafael : Sessão da Câmara dos Deputados de 02 de maio de 1960]

Discurso proferido durante a primeira Sessão da Câmara dos Deputados na nova capital, Brasília. Congratulações, em nome do Partido da Representação Popular - PRP, pela transferência da Capital.

[Discurso do Deputado Bocayuva Cunha : Sessão da Câmara dos Deputados de 02 de maio de 1960]

Discurso proferido durante a 1ª Sessão da Câmara dos Deputados na nova capital do país. Alerta sobre a repercussão, no meio trabalhador, das reclamações de desconforto feitas por deputados.

[Discurso do Deputado Emival Caiado : Sessão da Câmara dos Deputados de 02 de maio de 1960]

Discurso proferido durante a 1ª Sessão da Câmara dos Deputados na nova capital do país. Apresenta solicitação de preferência para a votação do requerimento que destina a presente sessão para as comemorações da inauguração da cidade de Brasília.

[Discurso do Deputado Corrêa da Costa : Sessão da Câmara dos Deputados de 02 de maio de 1960]

Discurso proferido durante a 1ª Sessão da Câmara dos Deputados na nova capital do país. Realiza saudação ao povo de Mato-Grosso e destaca a mudança da capital como marco de uma nova política em benefício da imensa maioria do povo brasileiro.