On the decomposition of ? phase in some rapidly quenched titanium-eutectoid alloys

The decomposition of the beta phase in rapidly quenched Ti-2.8 at. pet Co, Ti-5.4 at. pet Ni, Ti-4.5 at. pet, and 5.5 at. pet Cu alloys has been investigated by electron microscopy. During rapid quenching, two competitive phase transformations, namely martensitic and eutectoid transformation, have occurred, and the region of eutectoid transformation is extended due to the high cooling rates involved. The beta phase decomposed into nonlamellar eutectoid product (bainite) having a globular morphology in Ti-2.8 pet Co and Ti-4.5 pet Cu (hypoeutectoid) alloys. In the near-eutectoid Ti-5.5 pet Cu alloy, the decomposition occurred by a lamellar (pearlite) type, whereas in Ti-5.4 pct Ni (hypereutectoid), both morphologies were observed. The interfaces between the proeutectoid alpha and the intermetallic compound in the nonlamellar type as well as between the proeutectoid alpha and the pearlite were often found to be partially coherent. These findings are in agreement with the Lee and Aaronson model proposed recently for the evolution of bainite and pearlite structures during the solid-state transformations of some titanium-eutectoid alloys. The evolution of the Ti2Cu phase during rapid quenching involved the formation of a metastable phase closely related to an ''omega-type'' phase before the equilibrium phase formed. Further, the lamellar intermetallic compound Ti2Cu was found to evolve by a sympathetic nucleation process. Evidence is established for the sympathetic nucleation of the proeutectoid alpha crystals formed during rapid quenching.

Tie lines and activities in the system NiO-MgO-SiO2 at 1373 K

The isothermal section of the phase diagram for the system NiO-MgO-SiO2 at 1373 K is established, The tie lines between (NiXMg1-X)O solid solution with rock salt structure and orthosilicate solid solution (NiYMg1-Y)Si0.5O2 and between orthosilicate and metasilicate (NiZMg1-Z)SiO3 crystalline solutions are determined using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and lattice parameter measurement on equilibrated samples, Although the monoxides and orthosilicates of Ni and Mg form a continuous range of solid solutions, the metasilicate phase exists only for 0 < Z < 0.096, The activity of NiO in the rock salt solid solution is determined as a function of composition and temperature in the range of 1023 to 1377 K using a solid state galvanic cell, The Gibbs energy of mixing of the monoxide solid solution can be expressed by a pseudo-subregular solution model: Delta G(ex) = X(1 - X)[(-2430 + 0.925T)X + (-5390 + 1.758T)(1 - X)] J/mol, The thermodynamic data for the rock salt phase are combined with information on interphase partitioning of Ni and Mg to generate the mixing properties for the orthosilicate and the metasilicate solid solutions, The regular solution model describes the orthosilicate and the metasilicate solid solutions at 1373 K within experimental uncertainties, The regular solution parameter Delta G(ex)/Y(1 - Y) is -820 (+/-70) J/mol for the orthosilicate solid solution, The corresponding value for the metasilicate solid solution is -220 (+/-150) J/mol, The derived activities for the orthosilicate solid solution are discussed in relation to the intracrystalline ion exchange equilibrium between M1 and M2 sites. The tie line information, in conjunction with the activity data for orthosilicate and metasilicate solid solutions, is used to calculate the Gibbs energy changes for the intercrystalline ion exchange reactions, Combining this with the known data for NiSi0.5O2, Gibbs energies of formation of MgSi0.5O2, MgSiO3, and metastable NiSiO3 are calculated, The Gibbs energy of formation of NiSiO3, from its component oxides, is equal to 7.67 (+/-0.6) kJ/mol at 1373 K.

Non-interferometric methods of phase estimation for application in optical tomography

We describe here two non-interferometric methods for the estimation of the phase of transmitted wavefronts through refracting objects. The phase of the wavefronts obtained is used to reconstruct either the refractive index distribution of the objects or their contours. Refraction corrected reconstructions are obtained by the application of an iterative loop incorporating digital ray tracing for forward propagation and a modified filtered back projection (FBP) for reconstruction. The FBP is modified to take into account non-straight path propagation of light through the object. When the iteration stagnates, the difference between the projection data and an estimate of it obtained by ray tracing through the final reconstruction is reconstructed using a diffraction tomography algorithm. The reconstruction so obtained, viewed as a correction term, is added to the estimate of the object from the loop to obtain an improved final refractive index reconstruction.

Bounds on Probability of Error Due to Co-Channel Interference

Upper bounds on the probability of error due to co-channel interference are proposed in this correspondence. The bounds are easy to compute and can be fairly tight.

Basis pursuit deconvolution for improving model-based reconstructed images in photoacoustic tomography

The model-based image reconstruction approaches in photoacoustic tomography have a distinct advantage compared to traditional analytical methods for cases where limited data is available. These methods typically deploy Tikhonov based regularization scheme to reconstruct the initial pressure from the boundary acoustic data. The model-resolution for these cases represents the blur induced by the regularization scheme. A method that utilizes this blurring model and performs the basis pursuit deconvolution to improve the quantitative accuracy of the reconstructed photoacoustic image is proposed and shown to be superior compared to other traditional methods via three numerical experiments. Moreover, this deconvolution including the building of an approximate blur matrix is achieved via the Lanczos bidagonalization (least-squares QR) making this approach attractive in real-time. (C) 2014 Optical Society of America

Evaluación productiva y reproductiva de un hato criollo lechero (Reyna) en el trópico seco de Nicaragua

El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de estudiar el efecto de distintos factores ambientales (año de parto, época de parto y número de parto) sobre el comportamiento, productivo y reproductivo de un hato criollo lechero Reyna bajo condiciones del trópico seco en la finca "El Pino" Rivas, Nicaragua. Además se cuantificó la repetitividad de las distintas características y se clasificó las vacas en base a la habilidad probable de producción. Se analizaron 31 registros productivos y reproductivos correspondientes al periodo de 1982 a 1989. Las características estudiadas fuero producción de leche total (PLTOT); producción de leche ajustada a 305 días (PL305), largo de lactancia (LARLA) intervalo entre partos (IEP) y edad al primer parto (EPP). En los análisis se utilizó el procedimiento de minimos cuadrados. Mediante análisis de varianza se evaluó el efecto del año de parto, época de parto, número de parto y la interacción año de parto por época de parto, sobre las características PLTOT, PL305, LARLA e IEP, para la EPP se estudió el año de nacimiento de la vaca (ANACV). Este análisis mostró un efecto altamente significativo (P<0.01) del año de parto sobre las características estudiadas, la época de parto resultó no significativa para todas las variables excepto para LARLA, el número de parto resultó altamente significativo (P<0.01) para las características PLTOT, PL305 e IEP y para LARLA resultó no significativo. LaS medias de mínimos cuadrados obtenidas en este estudio fueron de 1377.82±27.79 kg, 1363.20±25.38 Kg, 266.55±3.83 días, 387.74±4.60 días y 1149.15±18.75 días para PLTOT, PL305, LARLA, IEP y EPP respectivamente. Los valores de repetitividad para PLTOT, PL305, LARLA e IEP fueron de 0.18±0.06, 0.17±0.06, 0.09±0.06 y 0.08±0.08 respectivamente. Resultando ser inferiores a los reportados por otros investigadores para el criollo en América Latina.

Analysis of ingredient and heating value of municipal solid waste

Great differences between municipal solid wastes(MSW)produced at different places and different times in terms of such parameters as physical ingredient and heating value lead to difficulty in effective handling of MSW. In this paper, ingredient, heating value and their temporal varying trends of typical MSW in Beijing were continuously measured and analyzed. With consideration of the process in pyrolysis and incineration, correlation between physical ingredients and heating values was induced, favorable for evaluation of heating value needed in handling of MSW from simple analysis of physical ingredients of it.

Determinacion de frecuencia de politraumatismo oseo (ptos) en mascotas caninas en el hospital animal El Dorado

Ante la falta de información acerca de la frecuencia, diagnóstico, tratamiento y primeros auxilios de la mascota canina politraumatizada en nuestro país, y la falta de medios para la praxis ortopédica, se propuso este estudio de tesis; cuyo titulo es: Determinación de frecuencia de politraumatismo óseo con diagnostico radiológico en mascotas caninas en el Hospital Animal El Dorado. Para lo cual se procedió a establecer los siguientes objetivos: la evaluación de la frecuencia de politraumatismos óseos (PTO) atendidos en la clínica veterinaria El Dorado con diagnostico radiológico, para esto se realizó dicho estudio en un periodo de 3 meses, en el cual se estudiaron expedientes y recopilación de datos, con este estudio de tesis se logró comprobar que la mayor afectación por fracturas la sufren los canes de raza criolla, seguidos por los Pastores Alemanes, así mismo se determinó que el manejo de las mascotas es determinante y predisponente a que una mascota sufra una fractura. Se identificó que los animales menores de 2 años sufren mayormente fracturas. Se concluyó que debido a los altos costos de la praxis, muchos veterinarios no atienden a sus pacientes y también debido a la misma razón muchos dueños de mascotas optan por la eutanasia o simplemente dejan que el tiempo repare las fracturas. Este estudio pretende ser una herramienta que permita al estudiante de Medicina Veterinaria tener un mayor entendimiento acerca de los politraumatismos. Para el profesional una referencia. Se concluyó que la raza y edad de las mascotas, así mismo, como la época del año (invierno) son factores determinantes en el surgimiento de Politraumatismo óseo, los cuales se localizan con mayor frecuencia en mascotas a nivel cubito/radio, fémur, tibia y peroné, la terapia mayormente utilizada fue la conservadora mediante el uso de férulas seguida de la quirúrgica con el uso de cerclaje.

Contributions to the geology and paleontology of the Canal Zone, Panama, and geologically related areas in Central America and the West Indies. Decapod crustaceans from the Panama region

Fifty-eight species of Decapods are enumerated from the collections examined by the author. Three species described by other authors are inserted in systematic order, thus making the list complete for the Panama region. All available material in the United States National Museum from Panama and Costa Rica is included; it ranges in age from the Oligocene (Culebra formation) to the Pleistocene.

扫描型哈特曼检测装置研究

在传统哈特曼检验法基础上研制成功一种扫描型哈特曼检测新装置。可对最大口径为Ф300mm的聚焦镜在全口径范围内进行采样测量。该检测装置由大口径标准平行光管、扫描式哈特曼光阑、被俭聚焦镜、CCD摄像机及计算机组成。在水平和垂直两个径向上开有等间距排列且相互错开半个间距的小孔。并且在步进电机的驱动下绕光轴旋转。可对被检聚焦镜进行全口径连续采样。对有效口径为夺154mm的斐索平面干涉仪非球面准直物镜的球差及焦斑能量集中度进行了测量。进而由球差计算得到了波像差。并用干涉法对该准直物镜进行了测量。球差的理论值与测量值

Color centers and charge state recharge in gamma-irradiated Yb : YAP

Gamma-ray irradiation induced color centers and charge state recharge of impurity and doped ion in 10 at.% Yb:YAP have been studied. The change in the additional absorption (AA) spectra is mainly related to the charge exchange of the impurity Fe2+, Fe3+ and Yb3+ ions. Two impurity color center bands at 255 and 313 nm were attributed to Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions, respectively. The broad AA band centered at 385 nm may be associated with the cation vacancies and F-type center. The transition Yb3+ -> Yb2+ takes place in the process of gamma-irradiation. Oxygen annealing and gamma-ray irradiation lead to an opposite effect on the absorption properties of the Yb:YAP crystal. In the air annealing process, the transition Fe2+ -> Fe3+ and Yb2+ -> Yb3+ take place and the color centers responsible for the 385 nm band was destroyed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

高浓度掺Er^3＋铌酸锂晶体的光谱参数计算

用提拉法成功地生长了6mol％的高浓度掺铒铌酸锂晶体。测量了晶体的两个非偏振方向（X和Z）以及两个偏振方向（π和δ）的吸收光谱。高浓度掺铒铌酸锂晶体的吸收系数高，有利于提高泵浦效率。根据所测的吸收光谱用Judd-Ofelt理论拟合出了Er^3＋离子的强度参数Ωλ。所得的均方差结果显示偏振拟合的误差要小于非偏振拟合。利用偏振吸收数据计算了各能级跃迁的自发辐射跃迁几率（AJJ’）、辐射寿命（τ）、荧光分支比（β）和积分发射截面（σp）等参数，对计算结果进行了讨论并与其他文献的报道结果进行了比较。