Caracterización de la Finca "San Benito" en Telica, León, Nicaragua

El presente trabajo se realizó dentro del marco del proyecto RAREN CEG NICARAGUA - ONG 157/86/IT, 'con el objetivo de realizar una Caracterización de la finca "San Benito" y su entorno Télica, León. Este consistió en un diagnóstico estático en la zona y un diagnóstico dinámico en la finca. Se determinó que la zona de vida correspondiente a Télica es trópico seco con precipitación anual de (1378.50 mm), temperaturas de (27.7°C) promedios. Los suelos poseen alto contenido de materia orgánica y nutriente, excepto el Fósforo. Se caracteriza por el predominio del sistema de producción de doble propósito, carácter extensivo, en el que se explota, ganado cebuino cruzado con Pardo Suizo principalmente. La inversión de capital y de recursos es baja. La alimentación del ganado se basa en el pastoreo, habiendo predominio del pasto Jaragua < Hyparrenia ruffa). Siendo el resto pasto natural. Entre los principales factores limitantes identificados se puede mencionar mal manejo de los potreros esto disminuye la calidad y disponibilidad del forraje ofrecido a los animales, unido a una falta de técnicas da conservación y suplementación adecuada. Solo el 30% comercializa su producto a la población cercana. Entre los índices técnicos encontrados en la zona se determinó que la natalidad es 45%, la mortalidad de terneros 10%), mortalidad adulto (3%), duración de lactancia (180) días, la producción vaca día (2.5) litros, destete efectivo (40%). Respecto al sistema de producción de la finca “San Benito” este se caracteriza por ser de doble propósito con mayor énfasis en la producción de leche. El hato presenta un alto grado de encaste de Pardo Suizo (75%) y Brahaman (25%). Las media de producción de PL305, PLTOT, LARLA e IPP encontrados fueron de 1356.25 Kg leche, 1279.20 Kg leche 290.68 días y 468.00 días respectivamente la PLD resultó de 4 litros. Correlaciones lineales entre la producción leche día (KLD) y el porcentaje da materia seca (%MS) resulto de (-0.544) y en relación a la disponibilidad de materia seca total es (-0.263) y con respecto a la disponibilidad de materia seca por vaca es de (0.488). Entre los principales factores limitantes encontrados en la finca ''San Benito'1 se determinó que en la época seca el ganado sufre un déficit considerable en la alimentación lo que puede obedecer a la escasez de agua, falta de fertilización de los potreros, además de no existir una fuente proteica como complemento, falta de Técnicas de conservación de pastos y forrajes para enfrentar la falta de alimento en esa época. La rentabilidad de la finca es de 9.88% la cual es relativamente alta.

废弃物颗粒在非均匀布风流化床中的横向扩散特性

在试验基础上，分析了非均匀布风流化床中废弃物的横向扩散系数。表明配风方式对于燃料颗粒的扩散有很大影响，Λ字型布风板的横向扩散系数最大，V字型布风板较小，鼓泡床最 小。同时发现内旋流床中沿床宽的扩散系数值有较大不同，并给出了不同布风方式流化床中废弃物的横向扩散系数公式。

Valoración de la situación sanitaria del camarón litopenaeus vannamei en Puerto Morazán, Chinandega

En vista de la situación de enfermedades en la explotación camaronera, se propuso la realización de esta monografía, cuyo titulo es: Valoración de la situación sanitaria del camarón Litopenaeus vannamei en Puerto Morazán, Chinandega, para lo cual se procedió a establecer objetivos como la determinación de las enfermedades que afectaban mayormente a las explotaciones camaroneras de Litopenaeus vannamei tanto silvestres como cultivados. Para ello se concentraron 6 meses en trabajo de campo desarrollando las actividades de siembra y cosecha en las granjas camaroneras de Puerto Morazán así como también la información de las diferentes industrias camaron eras de Nicaragua. Con este trabajo monográfico se logró concretar que las patologías más frecuentes en la explotación camaronera para L. vannamei silvestre y cultivado son: mancha blanca, virus del síndrome de Taura, virus de la necrosis hipodérmica y hematopoyética infecciosa, Vibriosis, Hepatopancreatitis necrotizante, bacterias del genero Leucothrix, parásitos como las gregarinas. Identificando únicamente que la diferencia entre los dos tipos: silvestres y cultivados consiste únicamente en que los silvestres presentan mayor resistencia a las condiciones ambientales.

Nonlinear Constitutive Behavior Of Ferroelectric Materials

The ferroelectric specimen is considered as an aggregation of many randomly oriented domains. According to this mechanism, a multi-domain mechanical model is developed in this paper. Each domain is represented by one element. The applied stress and electric field are taken to be the stress and electric field in the formula of the driving force of domain switching for each element in the specimen. It means that the macroscopic switching criterion is used for calculating the volume fraction of domain switching for each element. By using the hardening relation between the driving force of domain switching and the volume fraction of domain switching calibrated, the volume fraction of domain switching for each element is calculated. Substituting the stress and electric field and the volume fraction of domain switching into the constitutive equation of ferroelectric material, one can easily get the strain and electric displacement for each element. The macroscopic behavior of the ferroelectric specimen is then directly calculated by volume averaging. Meanwhile, the nonlinear finite element analysis for the ferroelectric specimen is carried out. In the finite element simulation, the volume fraction of domain switching for each element is calculated by using the same method mentioned above. The interaction between different elements is taken into account in the finite element simulation and the local stress and electric field for each element is obtained. The macroscopic behavior of the specimen is then calculated by volume averaging. The computation results involve the electric butterfly shaped curves of axial strain versus the axial electric field and the hysteresis loops of electric displacement versus the electric field for ferroelectric specimens under the uniaxial coupled stress and electric field loading. The present theoretical prediction agrees reasonably with the experimental results.

环境介质对40Cr结构钢高周和超高周疲劳行为的影响

选用40Cr结构钢,分别在空气、水和3.5%NaCl水溶液中进行旋转弯曲疲劳实验,研究环境介质对该结构钢高周和超高周疲劳特性的影响.结果表明,40Cr钢在水环境中的疲劳强度比在空气中明显降低;在3.5%NaCl水溶液环境中的疲劳强度比在水中低.断面观察显示,在水和3.5%NaCl水溶液中,疲劳裂纹多源萌生;在稳态扩展阶段,裂纹沿晶界扩展并存在广泛分布的沿晶二次裂纹.

光纤光栅滤波的瓦斯传感系统的研究

差分吸收法是进行瓦斯远距离监测的重要方法，根据瓦斯在近红外波段的吸收特性，报道了一种新型的远距离光纤瓦斯传感系统。采用1．3μm超辐射发光二极管为光源，利用光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)优良的窄带滤波特性实现了对瓦斯的差分吸收测量。和传统的干涉滤光片相比，光纤光栅滤波器插入损耗低、制备简单。系统具有全光纤化、结构简单、工作距离远、稳定性好的特点。工作距离10km，测量灵敏度为0．1％，是瓦斯爆炸极限的2％。

Valence state change and refractive index change induced by femtosecond laser irradiation in Sm3+ doped fluoroaluminate glass

We report femtosecond laser induced valence state and refractive index change in transparent Sin(3+)-doped fluoroaluminate glass. The effect of annealing on the induced changes was studied and the thermal stability of these changes was discussed. The results show that the femtosecond laser induced valence state change is more stable than the induced refractive index change. The observed phenomenon could be applied to design the thermally erasable or stable storage medium. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Use of biological reference points for the conservation of atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)in the River Lune, North West England.

This paper deals with the development and use of biological reference points for salmon conservation on the River Lune, England. The Lune supports recreational and net fisheries with annual catches in the region of 1,000 and 1356 salmon respectively. Using models transported from other river systems, biological reference points exclusive to the Lune were developed; specifically the number of eggs deposited and carrying capacity estimates for age 0+ and 1+ parr. The conservation limit was estimated at 11.9 million eggs and between 1989 and 1998 was exceeded in two years. Comparison of juvenile salmon densities in 1991 and 1997 with estimates of carrying capacity indicated that 0+ and 1+ parr densities were at around 60 % of carrying capacity and may relate to the number of eggs deposited in 1990 and 1996 being approximately 70% of the target value. The paper discusses the management actions taken in order to ensure that the management target of the conservation limit being met four years out of five is delivered. It also discusses the balance between conservation and exploitation and the socio-economic decisions made in order to ensure parity of impacts on the rod and net fisheries. The regulations have been enforced since 1999 and the paper concludes with an assessment of the actions taken to deliver the management targets, over the last five years.

A production modeling approach to the assessment of the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) population in Delaware Bay

Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) is harvested commercially, used by the biomedical industry, and provides food for migrating shorebirds, particularly in Delaware Bay. Recently, decreasing crab population trends in this region have raised concerns that the stock may be insufficient to fulfill the needs of these diverse user groups. To assess the Delaware Bay horseshoe crab population, we used surplus production models (programmed in ASPIC), which incorporated data from fishery-independent surveys, fishery-dependent catch-per-unit-of-effort data, and regional harvest. Results showed a depleted population (B2003/=0.03−0.71) BMSY and high relative fishing mortality /FMSY=0.9−9.5). Future harvest (F2002strategies for a 15-year period were evaluated by using population projections with ASPICP software. Under 2003 harvest levels (1356 t), population recovery to BMSY would take at least four years, and four of the seven models predicted that the population would not reach BMSY within the 15year period. Production models for horseshoe crab assessment provided management benchmarks for a species with limited data and no prior stock assessment

Effect of weathering on the mechanical properties of automotive clearcoats

The effect of weathering on the wear resistance of automotive clearcoats has been evaluated. Acrylic-based and urethane-based coatings were exposed in Florida, Belgium and Australia and also under accelerated conditions to SAE J1960 with 0.55 W m -2 borosilicate/borosilicate filtered xenon arc light. Weathering caused a significant reduction in the abrasion and erosion resistance of the clearcoats and large increases in their hardness. Accelerated weathering produced different effects from natural exposure.

A small trypsin inhibitor from the frog of Odorrana grahami

A novel peptide inhibitor (OGTI) of serine protease with a molecular weight of 1949.8, was purified from the skin secretion of the frog, Odorrana grahami. Of the tested serine proteases, OGTI only inhibited the hydrolysis activity of trypsin on synthetic chromogenic substrate. This precursor deduced from the cDNA sequence is composed of 70 amino acid residues. The mature OGTI contains 17 amino acid residues including a six-residue loop disulfided by two half-cysteines (AVNIPFKVHFRCKAAFC). In addition to its unique six-residue loop, the overall structure and precursor of OGTI are different from those of other serine protease inhibitors. It is also one of the smallest serine protease inhibitors ever found. (C) 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

清除补体避免猪到猕猴异种心脏移植超急性排斥反应的实验研究

　目的　观察纯化的眼镜蛇毒因子(CVF) 对猪到猕猴异种心脏移植超急性排斥反应的影 响。方法　以幼猪为供者,施行猪到猕猴腹腔内异位心脏移植,实验组( n = 4) 使用CVF 完全清除受 者体内补体,对照组( n = 5) 不使用CVF ,两个组术后均采用环孢素A、甲泼尼龙和环磷酰胺抑制排斥 反应,通过检测血清C3 、C4 水平及总补体活性验证CVF 的效果,移植心停跳时切取移植心进行病理 检查。结果　在使用CVF 后,实验组血清C3 降为0 ,总补体活性CH50 值也几乎为0 ,未发现明显毒 副反应,移植猪心存活时间平均为11 d ,最长达13 d ,病理学提示均发生了延迟性异种排斥反应;对照 组3 个移植心在移植后60 min 内发生超急性排斥反应,另2 个分别存活22 h 及6 d。结论　纯化的 CVF 有良好的清除补体的作用,且未见明显副作用;使用CVF 可克服猪到猕猴异种心脏移植超急性 排斥反应的发生。