Ryhmäidentiteetin mittaaminen verkkoroolipelissä World of Warcraft

The objective of the study was to explore the dimensions of group identity in the guilds of World of Warcraft. Previous research shows that social interaction has an important role in playing games for many players. Social identities are an important aspect of self-concept and since group related cues are more salient than personal clues in computer-mediated communication, the social gaming experience was approached through group identity. In the study a new scale will be developed to measure the group identity in games. Secondary goal is to study how different guild attributes affect the group identity and third goal is to explore the connection between group identity and gaming experience and amount of play. Subjects were 1203 guild members and 106 players not in a guild. The data was gathered by an Internet survey which measured group identity with nine scales, gaming experience with three scales and guild attributes with four scales. Also various background data was gathered. The construct of group identity was analyzed with explorative factor analysis. The typical experiences of group identity was analyzed with cluster analysis and effects of guild attributes with multivariate analysis of covariance. As a result of the study a new scale was developed which measured group identity on six dimensions: self-stereotyping, public and private evaluation, importance, interconnection of self and others and awareness of content. Group identity was experienced strongest in elder middle-sized guilds that had formal rules and that emphasized social interaction. The players with strong group identity had more positive gaming experience and played World of Warcraft more per week than the players who were not in a guild or identified to guild weakly. This result encourages game developers to produce environments that enhance group identity as it seems to increase the enjoyment in games. As a whole this study proposes that group identity in guilds is constructed from the same elements as in traditional groups. If this is truly the case, guild membership may have similar positive effects on individual’s mental well-being as traditional positively evaluated group memberships have.

Cryptosin, a cardenolide from the leaves of Cryptolepis buchanani

A new cardenolide named cryptosin was isolated from the leaves of Cryptolepis buchanani. By spectral studies and single crystal X-ray crystallography, cryptosin was found to possess a novel structure. The structure thus established was 3β-(d-deoxy glucose-oxy)-14β,11β-dihydroxy-7α,8α-epoxy-12-oxo-5β- card-20 (22)-enolide.

Inverse relationship of the dehydrogenase and ADP-ribosylation activities in sodium-nitroprusside-treated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is coincidental

Incubation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) decreased its activity in concentration- and time-dependent fashion in the presence of a thiol compounds, with DTT being more effective than GSH. Both forward and backward reactions were effected. Coinciding with this, HgCl2-sensitive labelling of the protein by [32P]NAD+ also increased, indicating the stimulation of ADP-ribosylation. Treatment with SNP of GAPD samples from rabbit muscle, sheep brain and yeast inactivated the dehydrogenase activity of the three, but only the mammalian proteins showed ADP-ribosylation activity. The SNP-modified protein of rabbit muscle GAPD, freed from the reagent by Sephadex filtration showed a concentration-dependent restoration of the dehydrogenase activity on preincubation with DTT and GSH. Such thiol-treated preparations also gave increased ADP-ribosylation activity with DTT, and to a lesser extent with GSH. The SNP-modified protein was unable to catalyze this activity with the native yeast enzyme and native and heat-inactivated muscle enzyme. It was possible to generate the ADP-ribosylation activity in muscle GAPD, by an NO-independent mechanism, on dialysis in Tris buffer under aerobic conditions , and on incubating with NADPH, but not NADH, in muscle and brain, but not yeast, enzymes. The results suggest that the inverse relationship of the dehydrogenase and ADP-ribosylation activities is coincidental but not correlated

Preparatively useful transformations of steroids and morphine alkaloids byMucor piriformis

A versatile fungus isolated in our laboratory and identified as Mucor piriformis has been shown to effect novel and preparatively useful transformations in steroids and morphine alkaloids. The organism very effectively carries out hydroxylation of various C-19 and C-21 steroids at 7 and 14-positions. Although the organism is capable of catalysing hydroxylation at 6 beta and 11 alpha-positions, these are not the major activities. The 14 alpha-hydroxylase appears to have a broad substrate specificity. However, steroids with a bulky substitution at C-17 alpha-position or without the 4-en-3-one group are not accepted as substrates by the 14 alpha-hydroxylase system. Studies have demonstrated how various C-19 and C-21 steroids can be modified to yield new structures which are either difficult to prepare by traditional methods or hitherto unknown. The organism also very efficiently and selectively carries out the N-dealkylation of thebaine and its N-variants. Interestingly, the nor-compound formed does not get further metabolized. Since thebaine is very often used as a starting material to synthesize various morphine agonists as well as antagonists, and one of the steps involved in their preparation is the N-dealkylation reaction, the microbial process could certainly offer an alternative approach.

Physically Based, Hydrologic Model Results Based on Three Precipitation Products

The main objective of the study is to examine the accuracy of and differences among simulated streamflows driven by rainfall estimates from a network of 22 rain gauges spread over a 2,170 km2 watershed, NEXRAD Stage III radar data, and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 satellite data. The Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA), a physically based, distributed parameter, grid-structured, hydrologic model, was used to simulate the June-2002 flooding event in the Upper Guadalupe River watershed in south central Texas. There were significant differences between the rainfall fields estimated by the three types of measurement technologies. These differences resulted in even larger differences in the simulated hydrologic response of the watershed. In general, simulations driven by radar rainfall yielded better results than those driven by satellite or rain-gauge estimates. This study also presents an overview of effects of land cover changes on runoff and stream discharge. The results demonstrate that, for major rainfall events similar to the 2002 event, the effect of urbanization on the watershed in the past two decades would not have made any significant effect on the hydrologic response. The effect of urbanization on the hydrologic response increases as the size of the rainfall event decreases.

Nonlinear analysis of a thin pre-twisted and delaminated anisotropic strip

The present work is aimed at the development of an efficient mathematical model to assess the degradation in the stiffness properties of an anisotropic strip due to delamination. In particular, the motive is to capture those nonlinear effects in a strip that arise due to the geometry of the structure, in the presence of delamination. The variational asymptotic method (VAM) is used as a mathematical tool to simplify the original 3D problem to a 1D problem. Further simplification is achieved by modeling the delaminated structure by a sublaminate approach. By VAM, a 2D nonlinear sectional analysis is carried out to determine compact expression for the stiffness terms. The stiffness terms, both linear and nonlinear, are derived as functions of delamination length and location in closed form. In general, the results from the analysis include fully coupled nonlinear 1D stiffness coefficients, 3D strain field, 3D stress field, and in-plane and warping fields. In this work, the utility of the model is demonstrated for a static case, and its capability to capture the trapeze effect in the presence of delamination is investigated and compared with results available in the literature.

Reversible induction of translational isoforms of p53 in glucose deprivation

Tumor suppressor protein p53 is a master transcription regulator, indispensable for controlling several cellular pathways. Earlier work in our laboratory led to the identification of dual internal ribosome entry site (IRES) structure of p53 mRNA that regulates translation of full-length p53 and Delta 40p53. IRES-mediated translation of both isoforms is enhanced under different stress conditions that induce DNA damage, ionizing radiation and endoplasmic reticulum stress, oncogene-induced senescence and cancer. In this study, we addressed nutrient-mediated translational regulation of p53 mRNA using glucose depletion. In cell lines, this nutrient-depletion stress relatively induced p53 IRES activities from bicistronic reporter constructs with concomitant increase in levels of p53 isoforms. Surprisingly, we found scaffold/matrix attachment region-binding protein 1 (SMAR1), a predominantly nuclear protein is abundant in the cytoplasm under glucose deprivation. Importantly under these conditions polypyrimidine-tract-binding protein, an established p53 ITAF did not show nuclear-cytoplasmic relocalization highlighting the novelty of SMAR1-mediated control in stress. In vivo studies in mice revealed starvation-induced increase in SMAR1, p53 and Delta 40p53 levels that was reversible on dietary replenishment. SMAR1 associated with p53 IRES sequences ex vivo, with an increase in interaction on glucose starvation. RNAi-mediated-transient SMAR1 knockdown decreased p53 IRES activities in normal conditions and under glucose deprivation, this being reflected in changes in mRNAs in the p53 and Delta 40p53 target genes involved in cell-cycle arrest, metabolism and apoptosis such as p21, TIGAR and Bax. This study provides a new physiological insight into the regulation of this critical tumor suppressor in nutrient starvation, also suggesting important functions of the p53 isoforms in these conditions as evident from the downstream transcriptional target activation.

Improving Nucleation in the Fabrication of High-Quality 3D Macro-Porous Copper Film through The Surface-Modification of A Polystyrene Colloid-Assembled Template

A new approach is developed to the fabrication of high-quality three-dimensional macro-porous copper films. A highly-ordered macroporous copper film is successfully produced on a polystyrene sphere (PS) template that has been modified by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). It is shown that this procedure can change a hydrophobic surface of PS template into a hydrophilic surface. The present study is devoted to the influence of the electrolyte solution transport on the nucleation process. It is demonstrated that the permeability of the electrolyte solution in the nanochannels of the PS template plays an important role in the chemical electrodeposition of high-quality macroporous copper film. The permeability is drastically enhanced in our experiment through the surface modi. cation of the PS templates. The method could be used to homogeneously produce a large number of nucleations on a substrate, which is a key factor for the fabrication of the high-quality macroporous copper film.

Evaluación productiva y reproductiva de un hato criollo lechero (Reyna) en el trópico seco de Nicaragua

El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de estudiar el efecto de distintos factores ambientales (año de parto, época de parto y número de parto) sobre el comportamiento, productivo y reproductivo de un hato criollo lechero Reyna bajo condiciones del trópico seco en la finca "El Pino" Rivas, Nicaragua. Además se cuantificó la repetitividad de las distintas características y se clasificó las vacas en base a la habilidad probable de producción. Se analizaron 31 registros productivos y reproductivos correspondientes al periodo de 1982 a 1989. Las características estudiadas fuero producción de leche total (PLTOT); producción de leche ajustada a 305 días (PL305), largo de lactancia (LARLA) intervalo entre partos (IEP) y edad al primer parto (EPP). En los análisis se utilizó el procedimiento de minimos cuadrados. Mediante análisis de varianza se evaluó el efecto del año de parto, época de parto, número de parto y la interacción año de parto por época de parto, sobre las características PLTOT, PL305, LARLA e IEP, para la EPP se estudió el año de nacimiento de la vaca (ANACV). Este análisis mostró un efecto altamente significativo (P<0.01) del año de parto sobre las características estudiadas, la época de parto resultó no significativa para todas las variables excepto para LARLA, el número de parto resultó altamente significativo (P<0.01) para las características PLTOT, PL305 e IEP y para LARLA resultó no significativo. LaS medias de mínimos cuadrados obtenidas en este estudio fueron de 1377.82±27.79 kg, 1363.20±25.38 Kg, 266.55±3.83 días, 387.74±4.60 días y 1149.15±18.75 días para PLTOT, PL305, LARLA, IEP y EPP respectivamente. Los valores de repetitividad para PLTOT, PL305, LARLA e IEP fueron de 0.18±0.06, 0.17±0.06, 0.09±0.06 y 0.08±0.08 respectivamente. Resultando ser inferiores a los reportados por otros investigadores para el criollo en América Latina.

Validación once líneas de tomate (Solanum esculentum Mill) en la Comarca el Tule Departamento de Boaco. En el periodo de Junio a Agosto del 2015

El estudio se realizó en la finca SAN JERONIMO entre los meses de Mayo a Agosto del 2015 propiedad de Sergio Urbina Rodríguez; la cual se localiza en la Comarca el Tule Central a 10 Km norte de Camoapa, los municipios de Boaco. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo de generar información sobre el comportamiento agronómico de 11 líneas de tomate (Solanum esculentum Mill), cultivados en condiciones de campo abierto. El método de recolección de información dicho cultivo (tomate) se realizó mediante la recolección de datos en el campo donde se seleccionaron 10 plantas muestreadas para cada línea donde se realizaron recuentos semanales, además se observó y se le dio seguimiento en todas las etapas del cultivo. El diseño metodológico es un ensayo preliminar sin replica, utilizando un área rectangular de 10 m x 12m. Los datos se analizaron a través de estadística descriptiva. Se observó la presencia de Bemisia tabacia partir de los 15 días después del trasplante (ddt) en todas las líneas establecidas. La población más alta se encontró en las líneas (1078) con promedio de 2.9 mosca /planta, línea (1031) con 1.4 mosca /planta y la línea (3125) con 1.4 mosca /planta y la de menor población correspondió a la línea (1143) con 0.5 mosca /planta y la línea (1005) con 0.33 mosca /planta. Se observó que en las 11 líneas evaluadas hubo incidencia de hongo y bacteria, la que presentó mayor incidencia de hongo en las línea (1005) con 1.33 %, la línea (1031) con 1.08 %, las de menor incidencia fue la línea (1005) con 0.83 %, la línea (1059) con 0.83 %. La incidencia de bacteria fue mayor la línea (1143) con 1.66 %, la línea (1X10) con 0.75 % y las que presentaron menor incidencia de bacteria fueron las líneas (1059) y línea (1203) con 0 % respectivamente. En cuanto a altura la líneas que obtuvieron mayor tamaño fue la línea (1038) con una altura 130.7 cm y la línea (1032) con una altura 110.6 cm y las de menor altura fueron línea (1143) con una altura 96.5cm y la línea (1005) con una altura 95cm. Las líneas que mostraron mejores característica productiva fueron: mayor diámetro polar y ecuatorial fue línea (1083) con 110 mm y la línea (1058) con 105mm y con 60mm, rendimientos fueron la línea (1032) con 15 toneladas y la línea (1005) con 11.93 toneladas y las líneas de menor rendimientos fue la línea (3125) con 3.53 toneladas y la línea (1059) con 2.78 toneladas.

A contribuição parlamentar para a política florestal no Brasil

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XI - Meio Ambiente e Direito Ambiental, Organização Territorial, Desenvolvimento Urbano e Regional.

Approximate theory of natural-convection with small grashof number

To gain some insight into the behaviour of low-gravity flows in the material processing in space, an approximate theory has been developed for the convective motion of fluids with a small Grashof number Gr. The expansion of the variables into a series of Gr reduces the Boussinesq equation to a system of weakly coupled linearly inhomogeneous equations. Moreover, the analogy concept is proposed and utilized in the study of the plate bending problems in solid mechanics. Two examples are investigated in detail, i. e. the 2-dimensional steady flows in either circular or square infinite closed cylinder, which is horizontally imposed at a specified temperature of linear distribution on the boundaries. The results for stream function ψ, velocity u and temperature T are provided. The analysis of the influences of some parameters such as the Grashof number Gr and the Prandtl number Pr, on motions will lead to several interesting conclusions. The theory seems to be useful for seeking for an analytical solutions. At least, it will greatly simplify the complicated problems originally governed by the Navier-Stokes equation including buoyancy. It is our hope that the theory might be applicable to unsteady or 3-dimensional cases in future.

Initial Hydraulic modelling and Levee Stability Analysis of the Triple M Ranch Restoration Project

“Advanced Watershed Science and Policy (ESSP 660)” is a graduate class taught in the Master of Science in Coastal and Watershed Science & Policy program at California State University Monterey Bay (CSUMB). In 2007, the class was taught in four 4-week modules, each focusing on a local watershed issue. This report is one outcome of one of those 4-week modules taught in the fall 2007 session. (Document contains 32 pages)