Effect of a governmentally-led physical activity program on motor skills in young children attending child care centers: a cluster randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a governmentally-led center based child care physical activity program (Youp'la Bouge) on child motor skills.Patients and methods: We conducted a single blinded cluster randomized controlled trial in 58 Swiss child care centers. Centers were randomly selected and 1:1 assigned to a control or intervention group. The intervention lasted from September 2009 to June 2010 and included training of the educators, adaptation of the child care built environment, parental involvement and daily physical activity. Motor skill was the primary outcome and body mass index (BMI), physical activity and quality of life secondary outcomes. The intervention implementation was also assessed. RESULTS: At baseline, 648 children present on the motor test day were included (age 3.3 +/- 0.6, BMI 16.3 +/- 1.3 kg/m2, 13.2% overweight, 49% girls) and 313 received the intervention. Relative to children in the control group (n = 201), children in the intervention group (n = 187) showed no significant increase in motor skills (delta of mean change (95% confidence interval: -0.2 (-0.8 to 0.3), p = 0.43) or in any of the secondary outcomes. Not all child care centers implemented all the intervention components. Within the intervention group, several predictors were positively associated with trial outcomes: 1) free-access to a movement space and parental information session for motor skills 2) highly motivated and trained educators for BMI 3) free-access to a movement space and purchase of mobile equipment for physical activity (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This "real-life" physical activity program in child care centers confirms the complexity of implementing an intervention outside a study setting and identified potentially relevant predictors that could improve future programs.Trial registration: Trial registration number: clinical trials.gov NCT00967460 http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00967460.

Severely presenting strokes : profile & outcome

Etat des connaissances: Les Accidents vasculaires cérébraux (AVC) sévères sont une cause importante de mortalité et de handicap en Suisse. Les buts de cette étude sont de déterminer les caractéristiques des patients avec un AVC à présentation initiale sévère "severely presenting", ainsi que d'identifier les facteurs prédicteurs en phase aigüe et subaigüe d'un devenir favorable chez ces patients. Methodologie: En utilisant le registre des AVC "Acute STroke Registry and Analysis of Lausanne (ASTRAL), nous avons comparé tous les patients avec un AVC "à présentation sévère", defini comme un score National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) > 20 à l'admission aux urgences, avec tous les autres patients du registre. Dans une analyse statistique multivariée, les associations avec les caractéristiques démographiques, cliniques, pathophysiologiques, métaboliques et radiologiques des patients on été déterminées. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons analysé les facteurs prédicteurs d'un devenir favorable à 3 mois (modified Rankin scale (mRS) <3) dans ce groupe d'AVC à présentation sévère. Resultats: Parmi les 1 '915 patients consécutifs, 243 (12.7%) présentaient un AVC rejoignant la définition de sévère. Ceux-cis étaient associés de manière significative avec un méchanisme ischémique cardio-embolique (OR=1.74 / 95% CI 1.19 - 2.54), un début inconnu de la Symptomatologie (OR=2.35 / 95% CI 1.14 - 4.83), avaient plus de trouvailles d'origine ischémique aigüe lors de l'imagerie dJentrée (la majorité sont des CT-scan, OR=2.65 / 95% CI 1.79 - 3.92), plus d'occlusions dans l'imagerie vasculaire d'admission (OR=27.01 / 95% CI 11.5 - 62.9), moins d'anciens infarctus cérébraux sur l'imagerie (OR=0.43 / 95% 0.26¬0.72), un taux d'haemoglobine plus bas en g/1 (OR=0.97 / 95% CI 0.96 - 0.99), un taux de leucocytes plus élevé par 1000 cells/1 (OR=1.05 / 95%CI 1.00 - 1.11). parmi les 68 (28%) patients avec un devenir favorable malgré un AVC initialement sévère, leur évolution favorable à été associée avec un âge plus jeune (OR=0.94 / 95% CI 0.92 - 0.97), la présence d'évenements cérébrovasculaires antécédants (OR=3.00 / 95% CI 1.01 - 8.97), un traitement hypolipémiant déjà présent (OR= 3.82 / 95% CI 1.34 - 10.90), une température corporelle d'admission plus basse (0R=0.43 1 95% CI 0.23 - 0.78), une concentration subaigüe de glucose plus basse (OR=0.74 1 95% CI 0.56 - 0.97), et une recanalisation spontanée ou par thrombolyse à 24h (OR= 4.51 1 95%CI 1.96- 10.41). Conclusion: les AVC à présentation initiale severe sont associés à des facteurs prédicteurs cliniques, radiologiques, et métaboliques multiples, dont certains sont modifiables. Les facteurs prédicteurs des 28% de patients avec un devenir favorable en dépit d'un AVC intitialement sévère sont un pré-traitement par hypolipémiants, une temperature corporelle plus basse à l'admission, une glycémie plus basse à 24heures et la recanalisation artérielle.

Determination of meropenem in plasma and filtrate-dialysate from patients under continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration by SPE-LC.

Meropenem, a carbapenem antibiotic displaying a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, is administered in Medical Intensive Care Unit to critically ill patients undergoing continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). However, there are limited data available to substantial rational dosing decisions in this condition. In an attempt to refine our knowledge and propose a rationally designed dosage regimen, we have developed a HPLC method to determine meropenem after solid-phase extraction (SPE) of plasma and dialysate fluids obtained from patients under CVVHDF. The assay comprises the simultaneous measurement of meropenem's open-ring metabolite UK-1a, whose fate has never been studied in CVVHDF patients. The clean-up procedure involved a SPE on C18 cartridge. Matrix components were eliminated with phosphate buffer pH 7.4 followed by 15:85 MeOH-phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Meropenem and UK-1a were subsequently desorbed with MeOH. The eluates were evaporated under nitrogen at room temperature (RT) and reconstituted in phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Separation was performed at RT on a Nucleosil 100-5 microm C18 AB cartridge column (125 x 4 mm I.D.) equipped with a guard column (8 x 4 mm I.D.) with UV-DAD detection set at 208 nm. The mobile phase was 1 ml min(-1), using a step-wise gradient elution program: %MeOH/0.005 M tetrabutylammonium chloride pH 7.4; 10/90-50/50 in 27 min. Over the range of 5-100 microg ml(-1), the regression coefficient of the calibration curves (plasma and dialysate) were >0.998. The absolute extraction recoveries of meropenem and UK-1a in plasma and filtrate-dialysate were stable and ranged from 88-93 to 72-77% for meropenem, and from 95-104 to 75-82% for UK-1a. In plasma and filtrate-dialysate, respectively, the mean intra-assay precision was 4.1 and 2.6% for meropenem and 4.2 and 3.7% for UK-1a. The inter-assay variability was 2.8 and 3.6% for meropenem and 2.3 and 2.8% for UK-1a. The accuracy was satisfactory for both meropenem and UK-1a with deviation never exceeding 9.0% of the nominal concentrations. The stability of meropenem, studied in biological samples left at RT and at +4 degrees C, was satisfactory with < 5% degradation after 1.5 h in blood but reached 22% in filtrate-dialysate samples stored at RT for 8 h, precluding accurate measurements of meropenem excreted unchanged in the filtrate-dialysate left at RT during the CVVHDF procedure. The method reported here enables accurate measurements of meropenem in critically ill patients under CVVHDF, making dosage individualisation possible in such patients. The levels of the metabolite UK-1a encountered in this population of patients were higher than those observed in healthy volunteers but was similar to those observed in patients with renal impairment under hemodialysis.

Efeitos da substituição parcial do milho na dieta pelo resíduo de panificação sobre o desempenho de novilhos da raça Holandesa

Foi estudada a adição de resíduo de panificação (RP) em substituição ao milho, na dieta de novilhos Holandeses. Foram aplicados quatro tratamentos, correspondendo, respectivamente, à adição de 0%, 10%, 20% e 30% de RP na mistura de concentrados, em substituição ao milho. A alimentação fornecida foi ração completa, peletizada, contendo 30% de feno de Coast-cross (Cynodon dactylon L.) como volumoso. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, para um total de 20 animais. Foram avaliados o consumo de matéria seca, conversão alimentar, ganho de peso, perímetro torácico e altura da cernelha. Avaliou-se a incidência de diarréia, por meio de observação diária das fezes. O experimento iniciou quando os animais atingiram 90 kg de peso vivo médio, e durou 120 dias. Os resultados não mostraram diferença estatística significativa entre os tratamentos em relação aos parâmetros estudados. A adição do RP causou redução de 3,74%, 7,44% e 10,90% no custo de alimentação, respectivamente nos níveis 10%, 20% e 30% de RP, em comparação com a dieta-controle. O RP é uma fonte alternativa viável para a alimentação e redução dos custos de criação dos novilhos.

Uso combinado de 1-Meticiclopropeno y emulsiones de cera en la conservación de guanábana (Annona muricata)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la combinación del 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) y emulsiones de cera sobre la conservación de guanábana. Las condiciones de almacenamiento fueron: 25 ºC y 16 ºC, frutos con emulsiones a base de cera de candelilla o cera de abeja diluídas con agua (10:90 v/v y 15:85 v/v) almacenados a 16 ºC, frutos tratados con 1-MCP (1500 nL L-1, 12 h). En los frutos a 16 ºC con y sin emulsiones se observó daño por frío y no maduraron. En los frutos con la aplicación de 1-MCP solo o combinado con emulsiones, en cualquiera de las dilusiones, no se observaron síntomas daño por frío en la pulpa. La combinación de 1-MCP y emulsión a base de cera de abeja en dilución 15:85 v/v conservaron a los frutos de guanábana por 14-15 días en comparación con los frutos almacenados a 25 ºC (6 días).

Análise microscópica do efeito da radioterapia fracionada em glândula submandibular de rato

OBJETIVO: O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar, quantitativamente, as alterações histológicas induzidas pela radioterapia sobre o parênquima e o estroma da glândula submandibular. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída por 30 ratos Wistar, distribuídos em dois grupos: teste e controle. Os 15 animais do grupo-teste foram submetidos a radioterapia da região de cabeça e pescoço, na modalidade fracionada rotacional por cobalto-60, na dose de 60 Gy, realizada em frações de 2 Gy diários, por seis semanas. Decorridas 60 horas da conclusão da radioterapia, as glândulas submandibulares dos animais de ambos os grupos foram excisadas, processadas pela técnica da parafina, coradas com hematoxilina e eosina e analisadas à microscopia óptica. O volume proporcional médio correspondente ao parênquima e ao estroma glandulares foi obtido pelo método estereológico de contagem manual de pontos. RESULTADOS: O volume proporcional de ácinos no grupo irradiado (60,67% ± 6,43) foi significativamente menor que no grupo-controle (67,42% ± 10,90) (p = 0,048), entretanto, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos para as variáveis parênquima, ductos e estroma (teste t de Student, p > 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O esquema radioterápico empregado provocou atrofia acinar da glândula submandibular, sem, no entanto, ocorrer alteração quantitativa total do estroma ou do parênquima.

Fontes de nitrogênio e caule decomposto de Mauritia flexuosa na nodulação e crescimento de Enterolobium contortsiliquum

Avaliaram-se fontes de nitrogênio (N) e proporções de caule decomposto de buritizeiro (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) na nodulação, crescimento e nos índices biométricos das mudas de tamboril [Enterolobium contortsiliquum (Vell.) Morong] na região sudoeste do Piauí. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x5, com cinco repetições. Foram testadas três fontes de N (N-mineral, N do substrato e inoculação com a estirpe Bradyrhizobium elkanii BR 4406) e cinco proporções de caule decomposto de buritizeiro:solo (v/v, %): 0: 100; 10: 90; 20: 80; 40: 60; 80: 20. A emergência das plântulas foi avaliada diariamente até o décimo terceiro dia após a semeadura. Aos 80 dias, as mudas foram coletadas para as determinações da nodulação, do crescimento e dos índices biométricos. As mudas que foram cultivadas com os substratos contendo caule decomposto de buritizeiro apresentaram maior crescimento e nodulação, em relação às que foram cultivadas no substrato 0: 100 (caule decomposto de buritizeiro: solo). A obtenção de máximo Índice de Qualidade de Dickson foi com 48: 52 (caule decomposto de buritizeiro: solo), sendo, portanto, esta a proporção recomendada para a produção de mudas. Com relação às fontes de nitrogênio, a estirpe BR 4406 não foi eficiente em promover ganhos no teor de nitrogênio e matéria seca da parte aérea, em relação ao tratamento com N-mineral. As populações nativas de bactérias diazotróficas presentes no substrato que não recebeu N-mineral e nem inoculação foram capazes de nodular eficientemente o tamboril, uma vez que promoveram acréscimos no teor de nitrogênio e matéria seca da parte aérea equivalentes ao tratamento adubado com N-mineral.

Soroprevalência de Babesia bigemina em bovinos na mesorregião Norte Fluminense

Investigou-se a soroprevalência de anticorpos anti Babesia bigemina em bovinos de nove municípios na mesorregião Norte Fluminense, estado do Rio de Janeiro. Realizou-se o ensaio de imunoadsorção enzimática (ELISA) indireto em 532 amostras de soro de bovinos. A análise soroepidemiológica revelou que 371 (69,74%) foram reagentes positivos ao ELISA indireto, dos quais: 32,33% com título de 1:500, 22,56% com título de 1:1000, 10,90% com título de 1:2000, 3,38% com título de 1:4000, 0,38% com título de 1:8000, 0,19% com título de 1:16000 e 30,26% foram negativos. A análise da prevalência segundo a faixa etária foi realizada dividindo-se em três grupos etários: 1 a 3 anos (n= 110), 3 a 6 anos (n= 241) e maior que 6 anos (n= 181), onde 73,64%, 69,30% e 67,95% dos animais foram positivos, respectivamente. Segundo a aptidão zootécnica 68,47% dos bovinos com aptidão para corte (n= 444) e 76,14% dos bovinos com aptidão para leite (n= 88) foram positivos. Em relação ao sexo, 69,82% das fêmeas (n= 497) e 68,57% dos machos (n= 35) foram positivos. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos etários, entre as aptidões e entre os sexos (P>0,05). A prevalência entre os municípios diferiu significativamente (P<0,0001), demonstrando que a infecção por B. bigemina em bovinos não é homogênea na mesorregião. A soroprevalência encontrada caracteriza esta mesorregião como uma área de instabilidade enzoótica. Nesta circunstância epidemiológica justifica-se o controle da enfermidade com o acompanhamento sorológico para identificação dos animais expostos a condição de risco.

HBV vaccination of HCV-infected patients with occult HBV infection and anti-HBc-positive blood donors

Anti-HBc positivity is a frequent cause of donation rejection at blood banks. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may also occur in HBsAg-negative patients, a situation denoted occult infection. Similarly, very low levels of HBV-DNA have also been found in the sera of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, even in the absence of serum HBsAg. Initially we searched for HBV-DNA in serum of 100 blood donors and 50 HCV-infected patients who were HBsAg negative/anti-HBc positive by nested-PCR and by an HBV monitor commercial test for HBV-DNA. Anti-HBs seroconversion rates were measured in 100 blood donors and in 22 patients with chronic HCV infection after HBV vaccination to determine if the HBV vaccination could eliminate an occult HBV infection in these individuals. Occult HBV infection was detected in proportionally fewer blood donors (6/100 = 6%) than chronic hepatitis C patients (12/50 = 24%) (P < 0.05). We noted seroconversion in 6/6 (100%) HBV-DNA(+) and in 84/94 (89.4%) HBV-DNA(-) blood donors (P > 0.05). All subjects who were HBV-DNA(+) before the first dose of HBV vaccine (D1), became HBV-DNA(-) after D1, D2, and D3. Among 22 HCV-positive patients, 10 HBV-DNA(+) and 12 HBV-DNA(-), seroconversion was observed in 9/10 (90%) HBV-DNA(+) and in 9/12 (75%) HBV-DNA(-) subjects (P > 0.05). The disappearance of HBV-DNA in the majority of vaccinated patients suggests that residual HBV can be eliminated in patients with occult infection.

Alternative chromatographic system for the quality control of lipophilic technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals such as [99mTc(MIBI)6]+

Knowledge of the radiochemical purity of radiopharmaceuticals is mandatory and can be evaluated by several methods and techniques. Planar chromatography is the technique normally employed in nuclear medicine since it is simple, rapid and usually of low cost. There is no standard system for the chromatographic technique, but price, separation efficiency and short time for execution must be considered. We have studied an alternative system using common chromatographic stationary phase and alcohol or alcohol:chloroform mixtures as the mobile phase, using the lipophilic radiopharmaceutical [99mTc(MIBI)6]+ as a model. Whatman 1 modified phase paper and absolute ethanol, Whatman 1 paper and methanol:chloroform (25:75), Whatman 3MM paper and ethanol:chloroform (25:75), and the more expensive ITLC-SG and 1-propanol:chloroform (10:90) were suitable systems for the direct determination of radiochemical purity of [99mTc(MIBI)6]+ since impurities such as99mTc-reduced-hydrolyzed (RH),99mTcO4- and [99mTc(cysteine)2]-complex were completely separated from the radiopharmaceutical, which moved toward the front of chromatographic systems while impurities were retained at the origin. The time required for analysis was 4 to 15 min, which is appropriate for nuclear medicine routines.

Gengibre (zingiber officinale roscoe) brasileiro: aspectos gerais, óleo essencial e oleoresina. parte 2 - secagem, óleo essencial e oleoresina

A partir de amostras de gengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) do tipo "Gigante", oriundas das diversas localidades produtoras do Brasil, procurou-se estabelecer as melhores condições de processamento e verificar a qualidade do óleo essencial e da oleoresina obtidos. A composição do óleo essencial de gengibre gigante varia de acordo com a técnica de extração e o estado do rizoma. Os óleos essenciais de rizomas frescos e secos foram comparados através de seus índices físico-químicos e composição por CG. São apresentadas as características do óleo essencial do rizoma seco obtido por arraste direto a vapor. Nas oleoresinas obtidas com diferentes solventes determinou-se o teor de óleo essencial. O gengibre comercial brasileiro fornece óleo essencial num rendimento de 2,2% e oleoresina em rendimentos que variam de 6,91-10,90% (etanol), 2,53-5,62% (acetona) e 3,35-3,91% (dicloroetano), sendo alternativas interessantes de utilização.

Mechanical and water vapor permeability properties of biodegradables films based on methylcellulose, glucomannan, pectin and gelatin

Mimic biological structures such as the cell wall of plant tissues may be an alternative to obtain biodegradable films with improved mechanical and water vapor barrier properties. This study aims to evaluate the mechanical properties and water vapor permeability (WVP) of films produced by using the solvent-casting technique from blended methylcellulose, glucomannan, pectin and gelatin. First, films from polysaccharides at pH 4 were produced. The film with the best mechanical performance (tensile strength = 72.63 MPa; elongation = 9.85%) was obtained from methylcellulose-glucomannan-pectin at ratio 1:4:1, respectively. Then, gelatin was added to this polysaccharide blend and the pH was adjusted to 4, 5 and 6. Results showed significant improvement in WVP when films were made at pH 5 and at polysaccharides/gelatin ratio of 90/10 and 10/90, reaching 0.094 and 0.118 g.mm/h.m².kPa as values, respectively. Films with the best mechanical properties were obtained from the blend of polysaccharides, whereas WVP was improved from the blend of polysaccharides and gelatin at pH 5.

The crystal and molecular structure of bis (pyridoxamine) copper (II) dinitrate monohydrate

The crystal structure of Cu(PM)2(N03hoH20 (where PM is pyridoxamine, CSHI2N202) has been determined from three dimensional x-ray diffraction data. The crystals are triclinic, space group pI, a = 14.248 (2), b = 8.568 (1), c = 9.319 (1) 1, a = 94.08 (1), e = 89.73 (1), y~~ 99.18 (1)°, z = 2, jl(MoK) = 10.90 em-I, Po = 1.61 g/cm3 and Pc = 1.61 g/em3• The structure a was solved by Patterson techniques from data collected on a Picker 4-circle diffractometer to 26max = 45°. All atoms, including hydrogens, have been located. Anisotropic thermal parameters have been refined for all nonhydrogen atoms. For the 2390 independent reflections with F ? 3cr(F) , R = 0.0408. The results presented here provide the first detailed structural information of a metal complex with PM itself. The copper atoms are located on centres of symmetry and each is chela ted by two PM zwitterions through the amino groups and phenolate oxygen atoms. The zwitterionic form found in this structure involves the loss of a proton from the phenolate group and protonation of the pyridine ring nitrogen atoms. The two independent Cu(PM)2 moieties are symmetrically bridged by a single oxygen atom from one of the nitrate groups. The second nitrate group is not coordinated to the copper atoms but is central to an extensive hydrogen bonding network involving the water molecule and uncoordinated functional groups of PM.

Interactions between the cholinergic and dopaminergic systems during the production of ultrasonic vocalizations in rats

Rats produce ultrasonic vocalizations that can be categorized into two types of ultrasonic calls based on their sonographic structure. One group contains 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalization (USVs), characterized by relatively constant (flat) frequency with peak frequency ranging from 19 to 28-kHz, and a call duration ranging between 100 – 3000 ms. These vocalization can be induced by cholinomimetic agents injected into the ascending mesolimbic cholinergic system that terminates in the anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area (AH-MPO) and lateral septum (LS). The other group of USVs contains 50-kHz USVs, characterized by high peak frequency, ranging from 39 to 90-kHz, short duration ranging from 10-90 ms, and varying frequency and complex sonographic morphology. These vocalizations can be induced by dopaminergic agents injected into the nucleus accumbens, the target area for the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. 22-kHz USVs are emitted in situations that are highly aversive, such as proximity of a predator or anticipation of a foot shock, while 50 kHz USVs are emitted in rewarding and appetitive situations, such as juvenile play behaviour or anticipation of rewarding electrical brain stimulation. The activities of these two mesolimbic systems were postulated to be antagonistic to each other. The current thesis is focused on the interaction of these systems indexed by emission of relevant USVs. It was hypothesized that emission of 22 kHz USVs will be antagonized by prior activation of the dopaminergic system while emission of 50 kHz will be antagonized by prior activation of the cholinergic system. It was found that injection of apomorphine into the shell of the nucleus accumbens significantly decreased the number of carbachol-induced 22 kHz USVs from both AH-MPO and LS. Injection of carbachol into the LS significantly decreased the number of apomorphine-induced 50 kHz USVs from the shell of the nucleus accumbens. The results of the study supported the main hypotheses that the mesolimbic dopaminergic and cholinergic systems function in antagonism to each other.

Interactions between the cholinergic and dopaminergic system during the production of ultrasonic vocalizations in rats

Rats produce ultrasonic vocalizations that can be categorized into two types of ultrasonic calls based on their sonographic structure. One group contains 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalization (USVs), characterized by relatively constant (flat) frequency with peak frequency ranging from 19 to 28-kHz, and a call duration ranging between 100 – 3000 ms. These vocalization can be induced by cholinomimetic agents injected into the ascending mesolimbic cholinergic system that terminates in the anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area (AH-MPO) and lateral septum (LS). The other group of USVs contains 50-kHz USVs, characterized by high peak frequency, ranging from 39 to 90-kHz, short duration ranging from 10-90 ms, and varying frequency and complex sonographic morphology. These vocalizations can be induced by dopaminergic agents injected into the nucleus accumbens, the target area for the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. 22-kHz USVs are emitted in situations that are highly aversive, such as proximity of a predator or anticipation of a foot shock, while 50 kHz USVs are emitted in rewarding and appetitive situations, such as juvenile play behaviour or anticipation of rewarding electrical brain stimulation. The activities of these two mesolimbic systems were postulated to be antagonistic to each other. The current thesis is focused on the interaction of these systems indexed by emission of relevant USVs. It was hypothesized that emission of 22 kHz USVs will be antagonized by prior activation of the dopaminergic system while emission of 50 kHz will be antagonized by prior activation of the cholinergic system. It was found that injection of apomorphine into the shell of the nucleus accumbens significantly decreased the number of carbachol-induced 22 kHz USVs from both AH-MPO and LS. Injection of carbachol into the LS significantly decreased the number of apomorphine-induced 50 kHz USVs from the shell of the nucleus accumbens. The results of the study supported the main hypotheses that the mesolimbic dopaminergic and cholinergic systems function in antagonism to each other.