IEEE 802.11p empirical performance model from evaluations on test tracks

IEEE 802.11p is the new standard for intervehicular communications (IVC) using the 5.9 GHz frequency band; it is planned to be widely deployed to enable cooperative systems. 802.11p uses and performance have been studied theoretically and in simulations over the past years. Unfortunately, many of these results have not been confirmed by on-tracks experimentation. In this paper, we describe field trials of 802.11p technology with our test vehicles; metrics such as maximum range, latency and frame loss are examined. Then, we propose a detailed modelisation of 802.11p that can be used to accurately simulate its performance within Cooperative Systems (CS) applications.

Reducing rear-end crashes with cooperative systems

This paper presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of a cooperative Intelligent Transport System (C-ITS) to reduce rear-end crashes. Two complementary simulation techniques are used to demonstrate the benefits of the C-ITS. A traffic (VEINS) and sensor (SiVIC) simulations use realistic data related to traffic/road in Brisbane’s Pacific Motorway, driver’s reaction time and injury severity to evaluate benefits. The results of our simulations show that C-ITS could reduce rear-end crash risk by providing several seconds of additional warning to drivers.

Driving simulator evaluation of the failure of an audio in-vehicle warning for railway level crossings

It is impracticable to upgrade the 18,900 Australian passive crossings as such crossings are often located in remote areas, where power is lacking and with low road and rail traffic. The rail industry is interested in developing innovative in-vehicle technology interventions to warn motorists of approaching trains directly in their vehicles. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the benefits of the introduction of such technology. We evaluated the changes in driver performance once the technology is enabled and functioning correctly, as well as the effects of an unsafe failure of the technology? We conducted a driving simulator study where participants (N=15) were familiarised with an in-vehicle audio warning for an extended period. After being familiarised with the system, the technology started failing, and we tested the reaction of drivers with a train approaching. This study has shown that with the traditional passive crossings with RX2 signage, the majority of drivers complied (70%) and looked for trains on both sides of the rail track. With the introduction of the in-vehicle audio message, drivers did not approach crossings faster, did not reduce their safety margins and did not reduce their gaze towards the rail tracks. However participants’ compliance at the stop sign decreased by 16.5% with the technology installed in the vehicle. The effect of the failure of the in-vehicle audio warning technology showed that most participants did not experience difficulties in detecting the approaching train even though they did not receive any warning message. This showed that participants were still actively looking for trains with the system in their vehicle. However, two participants did not stop and one decided to beat the train when they did not receive the audio message, suggesting potential human factors issues to be considered with such technology.

Is comfort important for optimal use of child restraints?

Suboptimal restraint use, particularly the incorrect use of restraints, is a significant and widespread problem among child vehicle occupants, and increases the risk of injury. Previous research has identified comfort as a potential factor influencing suboptimal restraint use. Both the real comfort experienced by the child and the parent’s perception of the child’s comfort are reported to influence the optimal use of restraints. Problems with real comfort may lead the child to misuse the restraint in their attempt to achieve better comfort whilst parent-perceived discomfort has been reported as a driver for premature graduation and inappropriate restraint choice. However, this work has largely been qualitative. There has been no research that objectively studies either the association between real and parental perceived comfort, or any association between comfort and suboptimal restraint use. One barrier to such studies is the absence of validated tools for quantifying real comfort in children. We aimed to develop methods to examine both real and parent-perceived comfort and examine their effects on suboptimal restraint use. We conducted online parent surveys (n=470) to explore what drives parental perceptions of their child’s comfort in restraint systems (study 1) and used data from field observation studies (n=497) to examine parent-perceived comfort and its relationship with observed restraint use (study 2). We developed methods to measure comfort in children in a laboratory setting (n=14) using video analysis to estimate a Discomfort Avoidance Behaviour (DAB) score, pressure mapping and adapted survey tools to differentiate between comfortable and induced discomfort conditions (study 3). Preliminary analysis of our recent online survey of Australian parents (study 1) indicates that 23% of parents report comfort as a consideration when making a decision to change restraints. Logistic regression modelling of data collected during the field observation study (study 2) revealed that parent-perceived discomfort was not significantly associated with premature graduation. Contrary to expectation, children of parents who reported that their child was comfortable were almost twice as likely to have been incorrectly restrained (p<0.01, 95% CI 1.24 - 2.77). In the laboratory study (study 3) we found our adapted survey tools did not provide a reliable measurement of real comfort among children. However our DAB score was able to differentiate between comfortable and induced discomfort conditions and correlated well with pressure mapping. Our results suggest that while some parents report concern about their child’s comfort, parent-reported comfort levels were not associated with restraint choice. If comfort is important for optimal restraint use, it is likely to be the real comfort of the child rather than that reported by the parent. The method we have developed for studying real comfort can be used in naturalistic studies involving child occupants to further understand this relationship. This work will be of interest to vehicle and child restraint manufacturers interested in improving restraint design for young occupants as well as researchers and other stakeholders interested in reducing the incidence of restraint misuse among children.

The role of comfort in child restraint use practices

Suboptimal restraint use, particularly the incorrect use of restraints, is a significant and widespread problem among child vehicle occupants, and increases the risk of injury. Previous research has identified comfort as a potential factor influencing suboptimal restraint use. Both the real comfort experienced by the child and the parent’s perception of the child’s comfort are reported to influence the optimal use of restraints. Problems with real comfort may lead the child to misuse the restraint in their attempt to achieve better comfort whilst parent-perceived discomfort has been reported as a driver for premature graduation and inappropriate restraint choice. However, this work has largely been qualitative. There has been no research that objectively studies either the association between real and parent-perceived comfort, or any association between comfort and suboptimal restraint use. One barrier to such studies is the absence of validated tools for quantifying real comfort in children. We aimed to develop methods to examine both real and parent-perceived comfort and examine their effects on suboptimal restraint use. We conducted online parent surveys (n=470) to explore what drives parental perceptions of their child’s comfort in restraint systems (study 1) and used data from field observation studies (n=497) to examine parent-perceived comfort and its relationship with observed restraint use (study 2). We developed methods to measure comfort in children in a laboratory setting (n=14) using video analysis to estimate a Discomfort Avoidance Behaviour (DAB) score, pressure mapping and adapted survey tools to differentiate between comfortable and induced discomfort conditions (study 3). The DAB rate was then used to compare an integrated booster with an add-on booster (study 4) Preliminary analysis of our recent online survey of Australian parents (study 1) indicates that 23% of parents report comfort as a consideration when making a decision to change restraints. Logistic regression modelling of data collected during the field observation study (study 2) revealed that parent-perceived discomfort was not significantly associated with premature graduation. Contrary to expectation, children of parents who reported that their child was comfortable were almost twice as likely to have been incorrectly restrained (p<0.01, 95% CI 1.24 - 2.77).In the laboratory study (study 3) we found our adapted survey tools did not provide a reliable measurement of real comfort among children. However our DAB score was able to differentiate between comfortable and induced discomfort conditions and correlated well with pressure mapping. Preliminary results from the laboratory comparison study (study 4) indicate a positive correlation between DAB rate and use errors. In experiments conducted to date, we have seen a significantly higher DAB rate in the integrated booster compared to the add-on booster (p < 0.01). However, this needs to be confirmed in a naturalistic setting and in further experiments that take length of time under observation into account. Our results suggest that while some parents report concern about their child’s comfort, parent-reported comfort levels were not associated with restraint choice. If comfort is important for optimal restraint use, it is likely to be the real comfort of the child rather than that reported by the parent. The method we have developed for studying real comfort can be used in naturalistic studies involving child occupants to further understand this relationship. This work will be of interest to vehicle and child restraint manufacturers interested in improving restraint design for young occupants as well as researchers and other stakeholders interested in reducing the incidence of restraint misuse among children.

Multi-Hypotheses Tracking using the Dempster–Shafer Theory, application to ambiguous road context

This paper presents a Multi-Hypotheses Tracking (MHT) approach that allows solving ambiguities that arise with previous methods of associating targets and tracks within a highly volatile vehicular environment. The previous approach based on the Dempster–Shafer Theory assumes that associations between tracks and targets are unique; this was shown to allow the formation of ghost tracks when there was too much ambiguity or conflict for the system to take a meaningful decision. The MHT algorithm described in this paper removes this uniqueness condition, allowing the system to include ambiguity and even to prevent making any decision if available data are poor. We provide a general introduction to the Dempster–Shafer Theory and present the previously used approach. Then, we explain our MHT mechanism and provide evidence of its increased performance in reducing the amount of ghost tracks and false positive processed by the tracking system.

Fire safety engineering and ship design using advanced fire and evacuation simulation

When designing a new passenger ship or modifying an existing design, how do we ensure that the proposed design and crew emergency procedures are safe from an evacuation resulting from fire or other incident? In the wake of major maritime disasters such as the Scandinavian Star, Herald of Free Enterprise, Estonia and in light of the growth in the number of high density, high-speed ferries and large capacity cruise ships, issues concerning the evacuation of passengers and crew at sea are receiving renewed interest. Fire and evacuation models with features such as the ability to realistically simulate the spread of heat and smoke and the human response to fire as well as the capability to model human performance in heeled orientations linked to a virtual reality environment that produces realistic visualisations of the modelled scenarios are now available and can be used to aid the engineer in assessing ship design and procedures. This paper describes the maritimeEXODUS ship evacuation and the SMARTFIRE fire simulation model and provides an example application demonstrating the use of the models in performing fire and evacuation analysis for a large passenger ship partially based on the requirements of MSC circular 1033

STUDY OF INFLUENCE OF SAFETY ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES IN KERALA

In the twentieth century, as technology grew with it. This resulted in collective efforts and thinking in the direction of controlling work related hazards and accidents. Thus, safety management developed and became an important part of industrial management. While considerable research has been reported on the topic of safety management in industries from various parts of the world, there is scarcity of literature from India. It is logical to think that a clear understanding of the critical safety management practices and their relationships with accident rates and management system certifications would help in the development and implementation of safety management systems. In the first phase of research, a set of six critical safety management practices has been identified based on a thorough review of the prescriptive, practitioner, conceptual and empirical literature. An instrument for measuring the level of practice of these safety conduction a survey using questionnaire in chemical/process industry. The instrument has been empirically validated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) approach. As the second step. Predictive validity of safety management practices and the relationship between safety management practices and self-reported accident rates and management system certifications have been investigated using ANOVA. Results of the ANOVA tests show that there is significant difference in the identified safety management practices and the determinants of safety performance have been investigated using Multiple Regression Analysis. The inter-relationships between safety management practices, determinants of safety performance and components of safety performance have been investigated with the help of structural equation modeling. Further investigations into engineering and construction industries reveal that safety climate factors are not stable across industries. However, some factors are found to be common in industries irrespective of the type of industry. This study identifies the critical safety management practices in major accident hazard chemical/process industry from the perspective of employees and the findings empirically support the necessity for obtaining safety specific management system certifications

Fire safety engineering: Confronto tra approccio prescrittivo e prestazionale applicato ad una attivita alberghiera

La complessa materia della prevenzione incendi può essere approcciata secondo due strategie sostanzialmente differenti. Da una parte, l’approccio di tipo deterministico, imperante in Italia, si concretizza nell’emanazione di norme estremamente prescrittive e nel ricorso da parte del progettista a strumenti di calcolo molto semplici. Il pregio maggiore di tale approccio risiede senza dubbio alcuno nella sua estrema semplicità, nella garanzia di una certa omogeneità di applicazione e nella possibilità di erogare in tempi ragionevoli una formazione uniforme ed accettabile ai controllori. Mentre il limite più evidente consiste nella rigidità, talora eccessiva, delle prescrizioni normative e nelle procedure di calcolo da adottare. Dall’altra, un approccio di tipo ingegneristico (Fire Safety Engineering), seguito per lo più nei paesi anglosassoni, si basa sulla predizione della dinamica evolutiva dell’incendio tramite l’applicazione di idonei modelli di calcolo fisicamente basati (physically sound). Punto di forza di questa seconda strategia è la sua estrema flessibilità, che consente la simulazione d’incendi di complessità anche molto elevata. Per contro i limiti più evidenti di tale approccio risiedono nella problematica validazione sperimentale dei modelli in argomento, data la natura distruttiva delle prove che andrebbero condotte, nella spinta preparazione richiesta ai professionisti ed ancor più ai controllori, dato il proliferare negli anni di modelli anche molto diversi tra loro, ed, infine, nel caso di raffinati modelli di campo, in un onere computazionale non sempre sostenibile con i PC di comune diffusione. Allo stato attuale in Italia il ricorso alla Fire Safety Engineering è di fatto circoscritto alle applicazioni per le quali non esiste una specifica norma prescrittiva, su tutte la valutazione del rischio in attività a rischio di incidente rilevante e la Fire Investigation; talora essa è impiegata anche per la valutazione della sicurezza equivalente in occasione di richiesta di deroga a norme prescrittive.

Modellazione avanzata di un incendio in uno stabilimento industriale secondo i principi della fire safety engineering

Lo sviluppo di un incendio all’interno di depositi di liquidi infiammabili costituisce uno scenario particolarmente critico a causa della rilevanza delle conseguenze che ne possono scaturire. L’incendio causato dalla formazione di grandi pozze sviluppatesi a seguito di forature dei contenitori e il rapido coinvolgimento di tutto lo stoccaggio rappresentano uno scenario di incendio tipico di queste realtà. Si ha quindi la necessità di adottare provvedimenti atti a garantire specifici obiettivi di sicurezza tramite l’introduzione di misure antincendio. La prevenzione incendi, sino al 2007, era basata esclusivamente su norme di tipo prescrittivo, in base alle quali si definivano le misure di sicurezza secondo un criterio qualitativo. Successivamente l’ingegneria antincendio si è sempre più caratterizzata da approcci basati su analisi di tipo prestazionale, in grado di dimostrare il raggiungimento dell’obiettivo di sicurezza sulla base del comportamento reale d’incendio ottenuto mediante un’accurata simulazione del fuoco che ragionevolmente può prodursi nell'attività. La modellazione degli incendi è divenuta possibile grazie allo sviluppo di codici di fluidodinamica computazionale (CFD), in grado di descrivere accuratamente l’evoluzione delle fiamme. Il presente studio si inserisce proprio nell’ambito della modellazione CFD degli incendi, eseguita mediante il software Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). L’obiettivo dell’elaborato è studiare l’azione dell’impianto di spegnimento a schiuma sullo sviluppo di un incendio di pozza in un deposito di liquidi infiammabili, in termini di riduzione della potenza termica rilasciata dal fuoco, al fine di determinare le temperature massime raggiunte, in corrispondenza delle quali valutare il comportamento di resistenza strutturale degli edifici. Il presente lavoro è articolato in 6 capitoli. Dopo il Capitolo 1, avente carattere introduttivo, vengono richiamati nel Capitolo 2 i principali concetti della chimica e fisica degli incendi. Nel Capitolo 3 vengono esaminate le normative intese ad unificare l’approccio ingegneristico alla sicurezza antincendio. Il Capitolo 4 fornisce una dettagliata descrizione del software di calcolo, FDS - Fire Dynamics Simulator, adoperato per la modellazione dell’incendio. Nel Capitolo 5 si procede alla progettazione prestazionale che conduce alla determinazione della curva naturale d'incendio in presenza degli impianti di spegnimento automatici. Infine nel Capitolo 6 si riportano le considerazioni conclusive.

Analytical methods applications in safety engineering : a training monograph.

"October 1982."

International congress on automotive safety. Fifth. Proceedings.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

A cost/benefit study of a potential automotive safety program on daylight running lights. Final report.

Mode of access: Internet.