Beyond the sphere of the English facial approximation literature: Ramifications of German papers on western method concepts

In the English literature, facial approximation methods have been commonly classified into three types: Russian, American, or Combination. These categorizations are based on the protocols used, for example, whether methods use average soft-tissue depths (American methods) or require face muscle construction (Russian methods). However, literature searches outside the usual realm of English publications reveal key papers that demonstrate that the Russian category above has been founded on distorted views. In reality, Russian methods are based on limited face muscle construction, with heavy reliance on modified average soft-tissue depths. A closer inspection of the American method also reveals inconsistencies with the recognized classification scheme. This investigation thus demonstrates that all major methods of facial approximation depend on both face anatomy and average soft-tissue depths, rendering common method classification schemes redundant. The best way forward appears to be for practitioners to describe the methods they use (including the weight each one gives to average soft-tissue depths and deep face tissue construction) without placing them in any categorical classificatory group or giving them an ambiguous name. The state of this situation may need to be reviewed in the future in light of new research results and paradigms.

The application of microwave radiation to analytical and environment chemistry

This review presents the latest advances in the application of microwave energy to analytical chemistry. The fundamental principles of microwave field interaction with the matter are presented and their significance for the chemist is discussed, followed by the basic principles of microwave equipment construction and operation. Examples of the techniques that utilized microwave energy for digestion, extraction, chemical reaction, preconcentration, and desorption of the analytical sample are presented. A separate section describes the examples of usage of microwave technology in catalysis, environmental, and nuclear chemistry and engineering.

The Journal of analytical and applied chemistry.

Contains "A bibliography of analytical chemistry... 1886-92," by H.C. Bolton.

Higher harmonic large-amplitude fourier transformed alternating current voltammetry : analytical attributes derived from studies of the oxidation of ferrocenemethanol and uric acid at a glassy carbon electrode

An analytical evaluation of the higher ac harmonic components derived from large amplitude Fourier transformed voltammetry is provided for the reversible oxidation of ferrocenemethanol (FcMeOH) and oxidation of uric acid by an EEC mechanism in a pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at a glassy carbon (GC) electrode. The small background current in the analytically optimal fifth harmonic is predominantly attributed to faradaic current associated with the presence of electroactive functional groups on the GC electrode surface, rather than to capacitive current which dominates the background in the dc, and the initial three ac harmonics. The detection limits for the dc and the first to fifth harmonic ac components are 1.9, 5.89, 2.1, 2.5, 0.8, and 0.5 µM for FcMeOH, respectively, using a sine wave modulation of 100 mV at 21.46 Hz and a dc sweep rate of 111.76 mV s−1. Analytical performance then progressively deteriorates in the sixth and higher harmonics. For the determination of uric acid, the capacitive background current was enhanced and the reproducibility lowered by the presence of surface active uric acid, but the rapid overall 2e− rather than 1e– electron transfer process gives rise to a significantly enhanced fifth harmonic faradaic current which enabled a detection limit of 0.3 µM to be achieved which is similar to that reported using chemically modified electrodes. Resolution of overlapping voltammetric signals for a mixture of uric acid and dopamine is also achieved using higher fourth or fifth harmonic components, under very low background current conditions. The use of higher fourth and fifth harmonics exhibiting highly favorable faradaic to background (noise) current ratios should therefore be considered in analytical applications under circumstances where the electron transfer rate is fast.

Gas-Phase Transformation of Phosphatidylcholine Cations to Structurally Informative Anions via Ion/Ion Chemistry

Gas-phase transformation of synthetic phosphatidylcholine (PC) monocations to structurally informative anions is demonstrated via ion/ion reactions with doubly deprotonated 1,4-phenylenedipropionic acid (PDPA). Two synthetic PC isomers, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC16:0/18:1) and 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC18:1/16:0), were subjected to this ion/ion chemistry. The product of the ion/ion reaction is a negatively charged complex, \[PC + PDPA - H](-). Collisional activation of the long-lived complex causes transfer of a proton and methyl cation to PDPA, generating \[PC - CH3](-). Subsequent collisional activation of the demethylated PC anions produces abundant fatty acid carboxylate anions and low-abundance acyl neutral losses as free acids and ketenes. Product ion spectra of \[PC - CH3](-) suggest favorable cleavage at the sn-2 position over the sn-1 due to distinct differences in the relative abundances. In contrast, collisional activation of PC cations is absent of abundant fatty acid chain-related product ions and typically indicates only the lipid class via formation of the phosphocholine cation. A solution phase method to produce the gas-phase adducted PC anion is also demonstrated. Product ion spectra derived from the solution phase method are similar to the results generated via ion/ion chemistry. This work demonstrates a gas-phase means to increase structural characterization of phosphatidylcholines via ion/ion chemistry. Grant Number ARC/CE0561607, ARC/DP120102922

Analytical strategies to solve problems in industrial and official laboratories

210 p.

Article: Overview of Analytical Methodologies for Sea Water Analysis: Part I-Metals

A comprehensive, critical and up-to-date review of analytical methods developed during the last decade for metals present in sea water is presented. Separate sections are devoted to singular and multimetal determinations. Furthermore, a critical comparison of relative merits or demerits of a particular procedure is made in terms of sensitivity, selectivity and precision. Various aspects of analysis of sea water samples for metals are summarized, and the future trends are discussed.

Analytical applications of the electrochemiluminescence of tris (2.2 '-bipyridyl) ruthenium and its derivatives

This article presents the state of the art of analytical applications of the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of tris (2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)) and its derivatives. in the last seven years, Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL has attracted much interest from analysts and been successfully exploited as a detector of flow injection analysis (FIA), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and micro total analysis systems (TAS). Immobilization of Ru(bPY)(3)(2+) on a solid surface provides several advantages over the solution-phase ECL procedure, such as the simplicity of experimental design and cost-effectiveness. After a brief discussion of the mechanism of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL, we discuss its applications in FIA, HPLC, CE and TAS and give special attention to the design of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL cells and some immobilization techniques of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+); we focus on papers published after 1997.

Environmental electroanalytical chemistry

This paper mainly reviewed the background, application and development on environmental electroanalytical chemistry, 79 literatures were cited.

Kinetics separation of copper and palladium by sodium hydroxide precipitation and its analytical application

The method of the kinetics separation of copper and palladium by sodium hydroxide precipitation was described. The reaction orders, apparent rate constants, apparent activation energy of the reactions between sodium hydroxide and copper, and palladium were determined, and the introduced error for the determination of palladium with separating copper and-palladium by sodium hydroxide precipitation was calculated, The proposed method has been applied to determine palladium in the aldehyde catalyst with good result.

ADVANCED ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY IN CHINA .1. GENERAL ASPECT AND SOME METHODOLOGIES

The Research on Electroanalytical chemistry in China started mainly from the beginning of new China in 1949. It has already good basis and development nowadays. A review with references to the end of seventies has been published in "Reviews in Analytical Chemistry" 1) and in a book titled "Fifty years of Chinese Chemistry" edited by the Chinese Chemical Society in 1985 2). Since then more than thousand papers have been published, and it is impossible and also not necessary to describe all of them. This review only deals with the main progress of electroanalytical chemistry in China in recent years. Some new developed methodologies will be reviewed by S. Dong in the next article.