Petrogenesis of rift-related tephrites, phonolites and trachytes (Central European Volcanic Province, Rhon, FRG): Constraints from Sr, Nd, Pb and O isotopes

The volcanic rocks of the Rhön area (Central European Volcanic Province, Germany) belong to a moderately alkali basaltic suite that is associated with minor tephriphonolites, phonotephrites, tephrites, phonolites and trachytes. Based on isotope sytematics (87Sr/86Sr: 0.7033–0.7042; 143Nd/144Nd: 0.51279–0.51287; 206Pb/204Pb: 19.1–19.5), the inferred parental magmas formed by variable degrees of partial melting of a common asthenospheric mantle source (EAR: European Asthenospheric Reservoir of Cebriá and Wilson, 1995). Tephrites, tephriphonolites, phonotephrites, phonolites and trachytes show depletions and enrichments in some trace elements (Sr, Ba, Nb, Zr, Y) indicating that they were generated by broadly similar differentiation processes that were dominated by fractionation of olivine, clinopyroxene, amphibole, apatite and titaniferous magnetite ± plagioclase ± alkalifeldspar. The fractionated samples seem to have evolved by two distinct processes. One is characterized by pure fractional crystallization indicated by increasing Nb (and other incompatible trace element) concentrations at virtually constant 143Nd/144Nd ~ 0.51280 and 87Sr/86Sr ~ 0.7035. The other process involved an assimilation–fractional crystallization (AFC) process where moderate assimilation to crystallization rates produced evolved magmas characterized by higher Nb concentrations at slightly lower 143Nd/144Nd down to 0.51275. Literature data for some of the evolved rocks show more variable 87Sr/86Sr ranging from 0.7037 to 0.7089 at constant 143Nd/144Nd ~ 0.51280. These features may result from assimilation of upper crustal rocks by highly differentiated low-Sr (< 100 ppm Sr) lavas. However, based on the displacement of the differentiated rocks from this study towards lower 143Nd/144Nd ratios and modeled AFC processes in 143Nd/144Nd vs. 87Sr/86Sr and 207Pb/204Pb vs. 143Nd/144Nd space assimilation of lower crustal rocks seems more likely. The view that assimilation of lower crustal rocks played a role is confirmed by high-precision double-spike Pb isotope data that reveal higher 207Pb/204Pb ratios (15.62–15.63) in the differentiated rocks than in the primitive basanites (15.58–15.61). This is compatible with incorporation of radiogenic Pb from lower crustal xenoliths (207Pb/204Pb: 15.63–15.69) into the melt. However, 206Pb/204Pb ratios are similar for the differentiated rocks (19.13–19.35) and the primitive basanites (19.12–19.55) implying that assimilation involved an ancient crustal end member with a higher U/Pb ratio than the mantle source of the basanites. In addition, alteration-corrected δ18O values of the differentiated rocks range from c. 5 to 7‰ which is the same range as observed in the primitive alkaline rocks. This study confirms previous interpretations that highlighted the role of AFC processes in the evolution of alkaline volcanic rocks in the Rhön area of the Central European Volcanic Province.

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility in natural olivine single crystals

Mantle flow dynamics can cause preferential alignment of olivine crystals that results in anisotropy of physical properties. To interpret anisotropy in mantle rocks, it is necessary to understand the anisotropy of olivine single crystals. We determined anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) for natural olivine crystals. High-field AMS allows for the isolation of the anisotropy due to olivine alone. The orientations of the principal susceptibility axes are related to the olivine’s crystallographic structure as soon as it contains >3 wt % FeO. The maximum susceptibility is parallel to the c axis both at room temperature (RT) and at 77 K. The orientation of the minimum axis at RT depends on iron content; it is generally parallel to the a axis in crystals with 3–5 wt % FeO, and along b in samples with 6–10 wt % FeO. The AMS ellipsoid is prolate and the standard deviatoric susceptibility, k0, is on the order of 8*10210 m3/kg for the samples with <1wt % FeO, and ranges from 3.1*1029 m3/kg to 5.7*1029 m3/kg for samples with 3–10 wt % FeO. At 77 K, the minimum susceptibility is along b, independent of iron content. The shape of the AMS ellipsoid is prolate for samples with <5 wt % FeO, but can be prolate or oblate for higher iron content. The degree of anisotropy increases at 77 K with p0 7757.160.5. The results from this study will allow AMS fabrics to be used as a proxy for olivine texture in ultramafic rocks with high olivine content.

Magnetic anisotropy in natural amphibole crystals

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) is often used as a proxy for mineral fabric in deformed rocks. To do so quantitatively, it is necessary to quantify the intrinsic magnetic anisotropy of single crystals of rock-forming minerals. Amphiboles are common in mafic igneous and metamorphic rocks and often define rock texture due to their general prismatic crystal habits. Amphiboles may dominate the magnetic anisotropy in intermediate to felsic igneous rocks and in some metamorphic rock types, because they have a high Fe concentration and they can develop a strong crystallographic preferred orientation. In this study, the AMS is characterized in 28 single crystals and I crystal aggregate of compositionally diverse clino- and ortho-amphiboles. High-field methods were used to isolate the paramagnetic component of the anisotropy, which is unaffected by ferromagnetic inclusions that often occur in amphibole crystals. Laue imaging, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, and Mossbauer spectroscopy were performed to relate the magnetic anisotropy to crystal structure and Fe concentration. The minimum susceptibility is parallel to the crystallographic a*-axis and the maximum susceptibility is generally parallel to the crystallographic b-axis in tremolite, actinolite, and hornblende. Gedrite has its minimum susceptibility along the a-axis, and maximum susceptibility aligned with c. In richterite, however, the intermediate susceptibility is parallel to the b-axis and the minimum and maximum susceptibility directions are distributed in the a-c plane. The degree of anisotropy, k', increases generally with Fe concentration, following a linear trend: k' = 1.61 x 10(-9) Fe - 1.17 x 10(-9) m(3)/kg. Additionally, it may depend on the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio. For most samples, the degree of anisotropy increases by a factor of approximately 8 upon cooling from room temperature to 77 K. Fen-oactinolite, one pargasite crystal and riebeckite show a larger increase, which is related to the onset of local ferromagnetic (s.l.) interactions below about 100 K. This comprehensive data set increases our understanding of the magnetic structure of amphiboles, and it is central to interpreting magnetic fabrics of rocks whose AMS is controlled by amphibole minerals.

Variations of clinopyroxene/melt element partitioning during assimilation of olivine/peridotite by low-Mg diorite magma

The effects of crystal chemistry and melt composition on the control of clinopyroxene/melt element partitioning (D) during the assimilation of olivine/peridotite by felsic magma have been investigated in Mesozoic high-Mg diorites from North China. The assimilation resulted in significant increase of Mg, Cr and Ni and only slight (< 30%) decrease of incompatible elements of the magma, and the compositional variations have been mirrored by the normally and reversely zoned clinopyroxene microphenocrysts formed at the early stage of the magma evolution. The Mg# [100 × Mg / (Mg + Fe)] values of the reversely zoned clinopyroxenes increase from 65 to 75 in the core to 85–90 in the high-Mg midsection, and reduce back to 73–79 at the rim. Trace element profiles across all these clinopyroxene domains have been measured by LA-ICP-MS. The melt trace element composition has been constrained from bulk rock analyses of the fine-grained low- and high-Mg diorites. Clinopyroxene/melt partition coefficients for rare earth elements (REE) and Y in the high-Mg group zonings (Mg# > 73–79, DDy < 1.2) are positively correlated with tetrahedral IVAl and increase by a factor of 3–4 as tetrahedral IVAl increases from 0.01 to 0.1 per formula unit (pfu). These systematic variations are interpreted to be controlled by the clinopyroxene composition. In contrast, partition coefficients for low-Mg group zonings (Mg# < 75–79, DDy > 1.2) are elevated by up to an order of magnitude (for REE and Y) or more (for Zr and Hf) at similar IVAl, indicating dominant control of melt composition/structure. DZr and DHf show a larger sensitivity to the compositional change of crystal and melt than DREE. DTi values for the low- and high-Mg zonings show a uniform dependence on IVAl. DSr and DLi are insensitive to the compositional change of clinopyroxene and melt, resulting in Sr depletions in the clinopyroxene zonings with elevated REE without crystallization of plagioclase. Our observations show that crystal chemistry and melt composition/structure may alternatively control clinopyroxene/melt partitioning during the assimilation of peridotite by felsic magma, and may be useful for deciphering clinopyroxene compositions and related crust–mantle processes.

Chemistry of minerals from amphibole-chlorite veins of ODP Site 209-1270

We examined small-scale shear zones in drillcore samples of abyssal peridotites from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. These shear zones are associated with veins consisting of chlorite + actinolite/tremolite assemblages, with accessory phases zircon and apatite, and they are interpreted as altered plagiogranite melt impregnations, which originate from hydrous partial melting of gabbroic intrusion in an oceanic detachment fault. Ti-in-zircon thermometry yields temperatures around 820°C for the crystallization of the evolved melt. Reaction path modeling indicates that the alteration assemblage includes serpentine of the adjacent altered peridotites. Based on the model results, we propose that formation of chlorite occurred at higher temperatures than serpentinization, thus leading to strain localization around former plagiogranites during alteration. The detachment fault represents a major pathway for fluids through the oceanic crust, as evidenced by extremely low d18O of altered plagiogranite veins (+3.0-4.2 per mil) and adjacent serpentinites (+ 2.6-3.7 per mil). The uniform oxygen isotope data indicate that fluid flow in the detachment fault system affected veins and adjacent host serpentinites likewise.

Element concentrations of plagioclase and clinopyroxene in poikilitic olivine gabbros from ODP Hole 153-923A (Table 4)

Ocean Drilling Program Hole 923A, located on the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge south of the Kane Fracture Zone, recovered primitive gabbros that have mineral trace element compositions inconsistent with growth from a single parental melt. Plagioclase crystals commonly show embayed anorthitic cores overgrown by more albitic rims. Ion probe analyses of plagioclase cores and rims show consistent differences in trace element ratios, indicating variation in the trace element characteristics of their respective parental melts. This requires the existence of at least two distinct melt compositions within the crust during the generation of these gabbros. Melt compositions calculated to be parental to plagioclase cores are depleted in light rare earth elements, but enriched in yttrium, compared to basalts from this region of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which are normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB). Clinopyroxene trace element compositions are similar to those predicted to be in equilibrium with N-MORB. However, primitive clinopyroxene crystals are much more magnesian than those produced in one-atmosphere experiments on N-MORB, suggesting that the major element composition of the melt was unlike N-MORB. These data require that the diverse array of melt compositions generated within the mantle beneath mid-ocean ridges are not always fully homogenised during melt extraction from the mantle and that the final stage of mixing can occur efficiently within crustal magma chambers. This has implications for the process of melt extraction from the mantle and the liquid line of descent of MORB