Extração de metais (K, Mg, Ba, Ca, Cr, Mn, Li, Fe) de água produzida utilizando sistema microemulsionado

The produced water is a byproduct formed due to production of petroleum and carries with it a high amount of contaminants such as oil particles in suspension, organic compounds and metals. Thus, these latter pollutants are very difficult to treat because of its high solubility in water. The objective of this work is to use and evaluate a microemulsioned system to remove metals ( K , Mg , Ba , Ca , Cr , Mn , Li , Fe ) of synthetic produced water. For the extraction of metals, it was used a pseudoternary diagram containing the following phases: synthetic produced water as the aqueous phase (AP), hexane as organic phase (OP), and a cosurfactant/surfactant ratio equal to four (C/S = 4) as the third phase, where the OCS (saponified coconut oil) was used as surfactant and n-butanol as cosurfactant. The synthetic produced water was prepared in a bench scale and the region of interest in the diagram for the removal of metals was determined by experimental design called. Ten points located in the phase Winsor II were selected in an area with a large amount of water and small amounts of reagents. The samples were analyzed in atomic absorption spectrometer, and the results were evaluated through a statistical assesment, allowing the efficiency analysis of the effects and their interactions. The results showed percentages of extraction above 90% for the metals manganese, iron, chromium, calcium, barium and magnesium, and around 45% for metals lithium and potassium. The optimal point for the simultaneous removal of metals was calculated using statistical artifact multiple response function (MR). This calculation showed that the point of greatest extraction of metals occurs was the J point, with the composition [72% AP, 9% OP, 19% C/S], obtaining a global extraction percentage about 80%. Considering the aspects analyzed, the microemulsioned system has shown itself to be an effective alternative in the extraction of metals on synthetic produced water remediation

Aplicação de técnicas eletroquímicas na determinação do potencial de corrosividade de ligas de alumínio em água produzida

The resistance of aluminum and their alloys, to the corrosion phenomenon, in aqueous solutions, is a result of the oxide layer formed. However, the corrosion process in the aluminum alloy is associated with the presence a second phase of particles or the presence of chloride ions which promote the disruption of the oxide layer located producing the corrosion process. On the other hand, the term water produced is used to describe the water after the separation of the oil and gas in API separators. The volumes of produced water arrive around 5 more times to the volume of oil produced. The greatest feature of the water is the presence of numerous pollutants. Due to the increased volume of waste around the world in the current decade, the outcome and the effect of the discharge of produced water on the environment has recently become an important issue of environmental concern where numerous treatments are aimed at reducing these contaminants before disposal. Then, this study aims to investigate the electrochemical corrosion behavior of aluminum alloy 6060 in presence of water produced and the influence of organic components as well as chloride ions, by using the electrochemical techniques of linear polarization. The modification of the passive layer and the likely breakpoints were observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). In the pit formation potential around -0.4 to -0.8 V/EAg/AgCl was observed that the diffusion of chloride ions occurs via the layer formed with the probable formation of pits. Whereas, at temperatures above 65 °C, it was observed that the range of potential for thepit formation was -0.4 to -0.5 V/EAg/AgCl. In all reactions, the concentration of Al(OH)3 in the form of a gel was observed

Monitoramento microbiológico e físico-químico de tanques de armazenamento de óleo e água

A injeção da água do mar nos campos marítimos (offshore), processo este conhecido como recuperação secundária de petróleo, gera muitos resíduos e efluentes. Dentre estes, pode-se destacar a água produzida, que consiste de água de formação, água naturalmente presente na formação geológica do reservatório de petróleo, e água de injeção, aquela normalmente injetada no reservatório para aumento de produção. Sete tanques de armazenamento de água/óleo de um terminal foram monitorados quanto à presença de micro-organismos e teores de sulfato, sulfeto, pH e condutividade. Particularmente, as bactérias redutoras de sulfato (BRS), que agem às expensas da atividade de outras espécies, reduzindo sulfato à sulfeto, constituindo-se num problema-chave. Os tanques de óleo codificados como Verde, Ciano, Roxo, Cinza, Vermelho, Amarelo e Azul, apresentaram comportamentos distintos quanto aos parâmetros microbiológicos e físico-químicos. Após este monitoramento, de acordo com valores referência adotados, e levando-se em conta como principais parâmetros classificatórios concentrações de BRS, bactérias anaeróbias totais e sulfeto, os dois tanques considerados mais limpos do monitoramento foram os tanques roxo e ciano. Analogamente, por apresentarem os piores desempenhos frente aos três principais parâmetros, os tanques amarelo e cinza foram considerados os mais sujos de todo o monitoramento. Após esta segregação, esses três principais parâmetros, mais a concentração de sulfato, foram inter-relacionados a fim de se corroborar esta classificação. Foi possível observar que o sulfeto instantâneo não foi o parâmetro mais adequado para se avaliar o potencial metabólico de uma amostra. Por este motivo, foram verificados os perfis metabólicos das BRS presentes nas amostras, confirmando a segregação dos tanques, baseada em parâmetros em batelada

Monitoramento microbiológico e físico-químico de tanques de armazenamento de óleo e água

A injeção da água do mar nos campos marítimos (offshore), processo este conhecido como recuperação secundária de petróleo, gera muitos resíduos e efluentes. Dentre estes, pode-se destacar a água produzida, que consiste de água de formação, água naturalmente presente na formação geológica do reservatório de petróleo, e água de injeção, aquela normalmente injetada no reservatório para aumento de produção. Sete tanques de armazenamento de água/óleo de um terminal foram monitorados quanto à presença de micro-organismos e teores de sulfato, sulfeto, pH e condutividade. Particularmente, as bactérias redutoras de sulfato (BRS), que agem às expensas da atividade de outras espécies, reduzindo sulfato à sulfeto, constituindo-se num problema-chave. Os tanques de óleo codificados como Verde, Ciano, Roxo, Cinza, Vermelho, Amarelo e Azul, apresentaram comportamentos distintos quanto aos parâmetros microbiológicos e físico-químicos. Após este monitoramento, de acordo com valores referência adotados, e levando-se em conta como principais parâmetros classificatórios concentrações de BRS, bactérias anaeróbias totais e sulfeto, os dois tanques considerados mais limpos do monitoramento foram os tanques roxo e ciano. Analogamente, por apresentarem os piores desempenhos frente aos três principais parâmetros, os tanques amarelo e cinza foram considerados os mais sujos de todo o monitoramento. Após esta segregação, esses três principais parâmetros, mais a concentração de sulfato, foram inter-relacionados a fim de se corroborar esta classificação. Foi possível observar que o sulfeto instantâneo não foi o parâmetro mais adequado para se avaliar o potencial metabólico de uma amostra. Por este motivo, foram verificados os perfis metabólicos das BRS presentes nas amostras, confirmando a segregação dos tanques, baseada em parâmetros em batelada

Análise de confiabilidade de uma bomba centrífuga: aplicação na injeção de água para recuperação de petróleo

The oil industry`s need to produce with maximum efficiency, not to mention the safety and the environment aspects, encourages the optimization of processes. It makes them look for a level of excellence in acquisition of equipment, ensuring the quality without prejudice security of facilities and peoples. Knowing the reliability of equipment and that this stands for a system is fundamental to the production strategy to seeks the maximum return on investment. The reliability analysis techniques have been increasingly applied in the industry as strategy for predicting failures likelihood ensuring the integrity of processes. Some reliability theories underlie the decisions to use stochastic calculations to estimate equipment failure. This dissertation proposes two techniques associating qualitative (through expertise opinion) and quantitative data (European North Sea oil companies fault database, Ored) applied on centrifugal pump to water injection system for secondary oil recovery on two scenarios. The data were processed in reliability commercial software. As a result of hybridization, it was possible to determine the pump life cycle and what impact on production if it fails. The technique guides the best maintenance policy - important tool for strategic decisions on asset management.

Otimização do processo de flotação de emulsão óleo/água através do planejamento fatorial completo

In recent decades, the generation of solid and liquid waste has increased substantially due to increased industrial activity that is directly linked to economic growth. For that is the most efficient process, it is inevitable generation of such wastes. In the oil industry, a major waste generated in oil exploration is produced water, which due to its complex composition and the large amount generated, has become a challenge, given the restrictions imposed by environmental laws regarding their disposal, making if necessary create alternatives for reuse or treatment in order to reduce the content of contaminants and reduce the harmful effects to the environment. This water can be present in free form or emulsified with the oil, when in the form of an emulsion of oil-water type, it is necessary to use chemicals to promote the separation and flotation is the treatment method which has proved to be more efficient, for it can remove much of the emulsified oil when compared to other methods. In this context, the object of this work was to study the individual effects and interactions of some physicochemical parameters of operations, based on previous work to a flotation cell used in the separation of synthetic emulsion oil / water in order to optimize the efficiency of the separation process through of the 24 full factorial design with center point. The response variables to evaluate the separation efficiency was the percentage of color and turbidity removal. The independent variables were: concentration of de-emulsifying, oil content in water, salinity and pH, these being fixed, minimum and maximum limits. The analysis of variance for the equation of the empirical model, was statistically significant and useful for predictive purposes the separation efficiency of the floater with R2 > 90%. The results showed that the oil content in water and the interaction between the oil content in water and salinity, showed the highest values of the estimated effects among all the factors investigated, having great and positive influence on the separation efficiency. By analyzing the response surface was determined maximum removal efficiency above 90% for both measured for turbidity as a measure of color when in a saline medium (30 g/L), the high oil concentrations (306 ppm) using low concentrations of de-emulsifying (1,1 ppm) and at pH close to neutral

Comparação entre planejamento estatístico experimental e análise dimensional em operações de mistura e separação para sistema óleo-água

This work aims to determine a better methodology to help predicting some operational parameters to a new design of mixer-settler on treating wastewater produced by petroleum industry, called MDIF (Misturador-Decantador à Inversão de Fases/ Mixer-Settler based on Phase Inversion MSPI). The data from this research were obtained from the wastewater treatment unit, called MSPI-TU, installed on a wastewater treatment plant (WTP) of PETROBRAS/UO-RNCE. The importance in determining the better methodology to predict the results of separation and extraction efficiency of the equipment, contributes significantly to determine the optimum operating variables for the control of the unit. The study was based on a comparison among the experimental efficiency (E) obtained by operating MSPI-TU, the efficiency obtained by experimental design equation (Eplan) from the software Statistica Experimental Design® (version 7.0), and the other obtained from a modeling equation based on a dimensional analysis (Ecalc). The results shows that the experimental design equation gives a good prediction of the unit efficiencies with better data reliability, regarding to the condition before a run operation. The average deviation between the proposed by statistic planning model equation and experimental data was 0.13%. On the other hand, the efficiency calculated by the equation which represents the dimensional analysis, may result on important relative deviations (up 70%). Thus, the experimental design is confirmed as a reliable tool, with regard the experimental data processing of the MSPI-TU

Tratamento de água de produção de petróleo visando o aproveitamento na obtenção de barrilha

The petroleum production is associated to the produced water, which has dispersed and dissolved materials that damage not only the environment, but also the petroleum processing units. This study aims at the treatment of produced water focusing mainly on the removal of metals and oil and using this treated water as raw material for the production of sodium carbonate. Initially, it was addressed the removal of the following divalent metals: calcium, magnesium, barium, zinc, copper, iron, and cadmium. For this purpose, surfactants derived from vegetable oils, such as coconut oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil, were used. The investigation showed that there is a stoichiometric relationship between the metals removed from the produced water and the surfactants used in the process of metals removal. It was also developed a model that correlates the hydrolysis constant of saponified coconut oil with the metal distribution between the resulting stages of the proposed process, flocs and aqueous phases, and relating the results with the pH of the medium. The correlation coefficient obtained was 0.963. Next, the process of producing washing soda (prefiro soda ahs ou sodium carbonate) started. The resulting water from the various treatment approaches from petroleum production water was used. During this stage of the research, it was observed that the surfactant assisted in the produced water treatment, by removing some metals and the dispersed oil entirety. The yield of sodium carbonate production was approximately 80%, and its purity was around 95%. It was also assessed, in the production of sodium carbonate, the influence of the type of reactor, using a continuous reactor and a batch reactor. These tests showed that the process with continuous reactor was not as efficient as the batch process. In general, it can be concluded that the production of sodium carbonate from water of oil production is a feasible process, rendering an effluent that causes a great environmental impact a raw material with large scale industrial use

Análise econômica de sistema de abastecimento de água público fechado: estudo de caso da Cidade Universitária Professor José da Silveira Netto - Belém (PA)

O abastecimento de água é de suma importância não só para a sobrevivência humana, como também para o desenvolvimento de atividades econômicas e institucionais, ou seja, para vida orgânica/biótica e para a vida social. Com relação à disponibilidade desse recurso, o Brasil é um país com enormes reservas potencias para atender a esse fim. A Cidade Universitária Professor José da Silveira Netto, Campus da UFPA, atualmente produz sua água, com a captação através de aquifero subterrâneo, e, em pequena quantidade, também compra da Concessionária Local. Contudo, em relação à produção na Universidade Federal do Pará não há conhecimento quanto aos custos de manutenção da linha de produção, da mão-deobra envolvida, etc. A falta desse conhecimento não permite que o Gestor possa agir de forma estratégica, com relação a essa situação. Este trabalho visa levantar os custos diretos e indiretos da produção de 1m³ de água tratada na Cidade Universitária Professor José da Silveira Netto, comparando-o com os valores cobrados pela Concessionária Local, a fim de demonstrar ao gestor qual a situação mais vantajosa à Administração com relação ao assunto a ser abordado. Ademais, foram criados cenários futuros, tendo em vista que a atividade universitária é dinâmica e crescente, além do que se incorporaram condições como custo de energia e valor da outorga para captação de água, ainda não integrados nos custo atuais de produção. Os resultados demonstram claramente que a opção de produzir água para consumo é a mais vantajosa em termos econômicos para a Instituição, em qualquer cenário proposto. Ressalta-se que o custo por m³ da água produzida varia de R$ 0,31 a R$ 0,45, enquanto que a compra através da Concessionária Local, em torno de R$ 4,30/m³ para o ano de 2011, só se mostrará viável se esse preço for de no máximo de R$ 0,50/m³. Com essas informações e análises devidamente apresentadas de forma clara e tecnicamente consideradas, este trabalho poderá ser utilizado como instrumento de gestão pública capaz de permitir o melhor ou mais adequado sistema de Abastecimento de Água na Cidade Universitária Professor José da Silveira Netto.

Análise espacial do conteúdo de água da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Pardo

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a distribuição espacial, por geoestatística, da produção de água gerada pelo modelo hidrológico matemático SWAT 2009 (Soil and Water Assessment Tool, versão 2009), da parte inicial da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Pardo – SP. Foi utilizado um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) associado a uma interface com o modelo SWAT para a confecção do banco de dados. Para isto, as informações de entrada necessárias para avaliar a produção de lâmina de água (mm), que infiltrou e armazenou em cada sub-bacia gerada pelo SWAT, referem-se a dados tabulares climáticos e de parâmetros físicos e químicos de solo e a planos de informações como: o Modelo Numérico do Terreno (MNT), Mapa de Uso do Solo e Mapa de Solos. A amostragem geoestatística foi representada por uma malha irregular georreferenciada com 43 pontos localizados na parte central de cada sub-bacia representando a quantidade de água produzida. A análise geoestatística foi realizada pela construção dos variogramas e posteriormente a confecção dos mapas interpolados por krigagem. Do resultado obtido observou-se que a produção de água apresentou dependência espacial e que esta ocorreu de forma homogênea, tanto para os maiores como para os menores valores de produção de água encontrados na bacia.

Uso de argilominerais e diatomita como adsorvente de fenóis em águas produzidas na indústria de petróleo

The oil production in Brazil has been increasing each year. Consequently, increasing volumes of water produced are generated with large quantities of contaminants, which brings many problems in disposing of these waters. The concern that the concentrations of contaminants in water produced meet existing laws for disposal of effluents, has been extremely important for the development of different techniques for treatment of water produced. The study of clay minerals as adsorbents of organic contaminants has grown considerably so in order to combine the low cost with the efficiency of environmental preservation and health issues. Thus, this study aims to understand the characteristics of vermiculite clay, sodium bentonite, calcium bentonite and diatomite and evaluate their performance as adsorbents for phenol in the water produced. Through adsorption isotherms it was possible to observe the behavior of these adsorptive clay and diatomite for adsorption of phenol, the main phenolic compound found in water produced. Different concentrations of synthetic solutions of phenol were put in touch with these adsorbents under same conditions of agitation and temperature. The adsorbents were composted adsorptive favorable, but the vermiculite and diatomite showed little capacity for absorption, being suggested for absorbs small concentrations of phenol in the balance isothermal

Modelagem analítica e experimental da filtração em meios porosos

Deep bed filtration occurs in several industrial and environmental processes like water filtration and soil contamination. In petroleum industry, deep bed filtration occurs near to injection wells during water injection, causing injectivity reduction. It also takes place during well drilling, sand production control, produced water disposal in aquifers, etc. The particle capture in porous media can be caused by different physical mechanisms (size exclusion, electrical forces, bridging, gravity, etc). A statistical model for filtration in porous media is proposed and analytical solutions for suspended and retained particles are derived. The model, which incorporates particle retention probability, is compared with the classical deep bed filtration model allowing a physical interpretation of the filtration coefficients. Comparison of the obtained analytical solutions for the proposed model with the classical model solutions allows concluding that the larger the particle capture probability, the larger the discrepancy between the proposed and the classical models

Rejeito de xisto como adsorvente para remoção de fenol em águas produzidas na indústria de petróleo

Produced water is the main effluent linked to the activity of extraction of oil and their caring management is necessary due to the large volume involved, to ensure to minimize the negative impacts of discharges of these waters in the environment. This study aimed to analyze the use of retorted shale, which is a reject from the pyrolysis of pirobituminous shale, as adsorbent for the removal of phenols in produced water. The material was characterized by different techniques (grain sized analysis, thermal analysis, BET, FRX, FT-IR, XRD and SEM), showing the heterogeneity in their composition, showing its potential for the removal of varied compounds, as well as the phenols and their derivatives. For the analysis of the efficiency of the oil shale for the adsorption process, assays of adsorption balance were carried through, and also kinetic studies and dynamics adsorption, in the ETE of the UTPF of Petrobras, in Guamaré-RN. The balance assays shown a bigger conformity with the model of Langmuir and the kinetic model more adjusted to describe the adsorption of phenols in retorted shale was of pseudo-second order. The retorted shale presented a low capacity of adsorption of phenols (1,3mg/g), when related to others conventional adsorbents, however it is enough to the removal of these composites in concentrations presented in the produced water of the UTPF of Guamaré. The assays of dynamics adsorption in field had shown that the concentration of phenol in the effluent was null until reaching its rupture (58 hours). The results showed the possibility of use of the reject for removal of phenols in the final operations of the treatment process, removing as well, satisfactorily, the color and turbidity of the produced water, with more than 90% of removal

Estudo de adsorvente obtido de terras diatomáceas para remoção de metais pesados em águas produzidas: processamento, caracterização e dinâmica em leito fixo

The acceleration of industrial growth in recent decades on all continents aroused the interest of the companies to counter the impacts produced on the environment, spurred primarily by major disasters in the petroleum industry. In this context, the water produced is responsible for the largest volume of effluent from the production and extraction of oil and natural gas. This effluent has in its composition some critical components such as inorganic salts, heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, ), presence of oil and chemicals added in the various production processes. In response to impact, have been triggered by research alternative adsorbent materials for water treatment and water produced, in order to removing oils and acids and heavy metals. Many surveys of diatomaceous earth (diatomite) in Brazil involve studies on the physico-chemical, mineral deposits, extraction, processing and applications. The official estimated Jazi are around 2.5 million tonnes, the main located in the states of Bahia (44%) and Rio Grande do Norte (37,4%). Moreover, these two states appear as large offshore producers, earning a prominent role in research of adsorbents such as diatomite for treatment of water produced. Its main applications are as an agent of filtration, adsorption of oils and greases, industrial load and thermal insulator. The objective of this work was the processing and characterization of diatomite diatomaceous earth obtained from the municipality of Macaíba-RN (known locally as tabatinga) as a low cost regenerative adsorbent for removal of heavy metals in the application of water produced treatment. In this work we adopted a methodology for batch processing, practiced by small businesses located in producing regions of Brazil. The characterization was made by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and specific surface area (BET). Research conducted showed that the improvement process used was effective for small volume production of diatomite concentrated. The diatomite obtained was treated by calcination at temperature of 900 oC for 2 hours, with and without fluxing Na2CO3 (4%), according to optimal results in the literature. Column adsorption experiments were conducted to percolation of the in nature, calcined and calcined fluxing diatomites. Effluent was used as a saline solution containing ions of Cu, Zn, Na, Ca and Mg simulating the composition of produced waters in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The breakthrough curves for simultaneous removal of copper ions and zinc as a result, 84.3% for calcined diatomite and diatomite with 97.3 % for fluxing. The calcined fluxing diatomite was more efficient permeability through the bed and removal of copper and zinc ions. The fresh diatomite had trouble with the permeability through the bed under the conditions tested, compared with the other obtained diatomite. The results are presented as promising for application in the petroleum industry

Modelagem de dados de falhas de equipamentos de sub-superfície em poços de petróleo da Bacia Potiguar

This master´s thesis presents a reliability study conducted among onshore oil fields in the Potiguar Basin (RN/CE) of Petrobras company, Brazil. The main study objective was to build a regression model to predict the risk of failures that impede production wells to function properly using the information of explanatory variables related to wells such as the elevation method, the amount of water produced in the well (BSW), the ratio gas-oil (RGO), the depth of the production bomb, the operational unit of the oil field, among others. The study was based on a retrospective sample of 603 oil columns from all that were functioning between 2000 and 2006. Statistical hypothesis tests under a Weibull regression model fitted to the failure data allowed the selection of some significant predictors in the set considered to explain the first failure time in the wells