A rela����o gramatical objeto direto : implica����es para o ensino de l��ngua materna

This paper attempts to investigate the discourse manifestations of the grammatical relation direct object with respect to the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties that underlie this element. The research adopts theoretical orientation of the functionalism from North American and Brazilian schools inspired in Giv��n (1995, 2001), Hopper and Thompson (1980), Chafe (1979), Furtado da Cunha, Oliveira, Martelotta (2003) inter alia. From functionalism, the research uses principles of iconicity, markedness and informativity and it analize categories of transitivity, grounding and animacy. This research is anchored in prototype model (TAYLOR 1995); construction grammar model (GOLDBERG 1996, 2002). Both theoretical orientations share the view that language is a malleable living organism subject to socio-cultural context. Grammar is then the result of created, maintained, and systematized linguistic patterns developed from and used for language use. According to a functional linguistics and cognitivist linguistics verbs are stored in the speakers lexicon in syntactic-semantic frames which are more frequent. These frames carry information concerning obligatory and optional arguments and the semantic roles these arguments take in the clause. The analysis focuses on the semantic type of the verbs and its relationship with the argument encoded as a direct object observing the aspectual nature of verbs. Direct objects are classified according to their morphology (lexical or pronominal noun phrase), semantic role, informational content and animacy. This study discusses pedagogical implications with relation to how the grammatical concepts touched on this paper are treated in school textbooks. The empirical data come from Corpus Discurso & Gram��tica: a l��ngua falada e escrita na cidade do Natal (FURTADO DA CUNHA, 1998). This corpus is composed of texts that contain spoken and written modalities. These modalities are in turn organized according to different types: personal narratives, retold narrative, description of preferred place, procedural place, procedural description and report on argumentation. The sample data totals 40 texts produced by four language consultants of the last graduation date. The paper shows that the same syntactic structures (formed through Subject-Verb-Object) correspond to different semantic-pragmatic structures in relation to specific communicative purposes even verb is an event, process or state. The argument structure are not aleatory but are related to experience; that is the way humans conceptualize the world and talk about it

Vou estar fazendo ... um estudo funcionalista de uma (nova) forma perifr��stica de futuro

The work in evidence analyzes the use in the ways periphasis of gerund - FPG - (to go+to be+gerund) in the speech (gender class) of the teachers of Natal, Caic�� and Serra Negra do Norte, potiguares cities. For that, she opted to constitute corpus, once the data found in other corpora they were inexpressive for the research. The study tries to elucidate the reasons that take the speaker to use a form of larger future in detriment of the more it tans; it investigates as it feels the manifestation of the grammaticalization and demarcation - beginnings givonianos. Besides Giv��n (1979, 1984, 1990, 1995 e 2001), other authors served as light: Cunha (1986); Bechara (2007); Cunha and Cintra (2007); Perini (2006); Neves (2000, 2006) Silva (2005); Furtado da Cunha and Tavares (2007); Gibbon (2000); Torres (2009). After the study, the results that point the appearance in a new way of future expression emerged, marked and with tendency the grammaticalization

Estrat��gias de relativiza����o no portugu��s brasileiro e implica����es para o ensino: o caso das cortadoras

This work consists of a cognitive-functional approach of relativization strategies of Brazilian Portuguese (BP), this is, standard relatives (with preposition or without it) and non-standard relatives (copiadora and the deletion pattern), and it emphasizes the last one. We investigate the use of the relative construction strategies in spoken and written texts produced by speakers from different school levels in a specific situation: a face-to-face interviewing. Our database is the corpora Discurso & Gram��tica: a l��ngua falada e escrita na cidade do Natal e a l��ngua falada e escrita na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. We contrast the use of the standard relative to the deletion pattern in prepositional context, by considering cognitive, social and interactional motivations for the use of the deletion pattern instead of the standard one. Our research leads us to verify that the deletion pattern is fixing as the preferred relativization strategy in prepositional contexts, and, in this way, it brings out a grammaticalization process in working. For this reason, we propose to take this relative construction as a common way to structure a relative clause, in the same way we take the standard pattern. Finally, we discuss the treatment of questions related to the processes of teaching and learning of Portuguese language and some suggestions are given in terms of class activities. We expect that the development of this research may give both support for the Portuguese teachers and suggestions to improve the teaching and learning process of Portuguese language, contributing in special to the treatment of the syntax of complex clauses.

Conectores sequenciadores e e a�� em contos e narrativas de experi��ncia pessoal escritos por alunos de ensino fundamental: uma abordagem sociofuncionalista

In this dissertation, based on two theoretical frameworks, American functionalism and variationist sociolinguistics, I take as subject the sequence connectors E and A��, which has the grammatical function of indicating retroactive-propeller sequenciation of information. I analyze the variable use of these connectors in texts written by students from two public schools in the city of Natal, RN, attending at the time of data collection (the year 2012), two distinct levels of basic education: the sixth and the ninth year. The students who contributed to this research wrote, as part of their activities in the classroom, texts of two narrative genres: narrative of personal experience (non-fictional) and short story (fictional). In addition, these students and their Portuguese teachers answered a test of linguistic attitude in which they gave their opinions regarding the appropriateness of the use of connectors E and A�� in contexts of speech and writing marked by distinct degrees of formality. The results obtained by means of quantitative analysis showed different tendencies of linguistic, social and stylistic distribution of connectors E and A�� in the narrative texts written by the students. I related these results to the action of two principles: the principle of persistence, linked to the process of change by grammaticalization, and the principle of stylistic markedness. Besides, I took into account the answers provided by students and teachers to the test of linguistic attitude for refine the interpretation of the results

As constru����es adverbiais em mente: an��lise funcionalista e implica����es para o ensino de l��ngua materna

This research aims at investigating the constructions with adverbials in ly, based on the view of contemporaneous linguistic functionalism, such as proposed by Giv��n, Hopper, Thompson, Traugott, Furtado da Cunha, as well as the cognitivist notion of language, through construction grammar support upon the patterns of Goldberg and the prototypes theory. The cognitive functional approach adopted here considers the change as a proper and inherent phenomenon of language and understands the linguistic phenomenon as resulting from effective use of language. Another aspect to be considered to the realization of this study is the fact that the formation adjective + ly is a word construction mechanism really productive, which generates interests on linguistic description. In a particular way, our leading objective is to exam the constructions with adverbials in ly in the context of language in use, in its oral and written forms, looking for to apprehend the meaning multiple manifestations forged in the use. Bearing this in mind, we worked with data from the Corpus Discurso & Gram��tica (Natal). There are, in the data, adverbs ended in ly that take the signification of mode, as foreseen in traditional models, but there are also other significations, for instance, the modalizador in its different manifestations. The results show that this adverb is a linguistic mark that carries in its constitution the multiss��mico and multifunctional character, which interferes extremely in the ordination of this category, assuming a position sometimes pre-verbal, sometimes post-verbal. Other aspect observed refers to the relationship between the adverb and the verb, with emphasis on the compatibility or restriction between them, option which is related to the semantic aspect. The data in analysis legitimate the use in different constructions with adverb ended in ly in various genres, as follows: personal experience narrative, retold narrative, local description, proceeding account, opinion account, both in oral as in written language

AI, LA, ALI e AQUI: gramaticaliza����o de um paradigma emergente no dom��nio funcional da especifica����o nominal

In the light of the Functional Linguistic Theory, in its North-American version (HOPPER, 1987, 1991, 1998, 2008, 2010; GIV��N, 2001; LEHMANN, 2002; HOPPER; TRAUGOTT, 2003; FURTADO DA CUNHA; OLIVEIRA; MARTELOTTA, 2003, among others), the general objective of this research is to demonstrate, based on morphosyntactic and semantic-pragmatic properties, that AQUI (HERE), A��, ALI and L�� (THERE) are part of an emerging paradigm in Brazilian Portuguese recently constituted and still developing of forms indicating specificity in indefinite noun phrases (NP). The data that make up the corpus of this research were collected in the following large Brazilian oral corpora: the Corpus Discurso & Gram��tica: a l��ngua falada e escrita na cidade de Natal (FURTADO DA CUNHA, 1998), the Banco Conversacional de Natal (FURTADO DA CUNHA, 2010), the Projeto Varia����o Lingu��stica no Estado da Para��ba VALPB (HORA, 2005) and the Projeto Varia����o Lingu��stica Urbana na Regi��o Sul do Brasil VARSUL (VANDRESEN, 2002). Firstly, the behavior of the specificity markings AQUI, A��, ALI and L�� is described with respect to many factors of morphosyntactic and semantic-pragmatic nature: type of construction in which the markers appeared; existence or not of intervening material between the specificity marker item and the NP s nuclear noun; type of noun to which AQUI, A��, ALI and L�� are linked; syntactic function of the specified SN; informational status of the NP to which the specificity markers AQUI, A��, ALI and L�� are attached; occurrence of conversational implicatures (GRICE, 1982) in the context of use of these specificity markers. Next, a possible grammaticalization trajectory is outlined, according to which AQUI, A��, ALI and L�� would had gone from an early spatial deictic indication to the specificity indication. The results point to the existence of forms with varying degree of emergence in this new paradigm of nominal specification, with A�� being, probably, the item most grammaticalized, followed by L��, then ALI and AQUI, which permanence in the paradigm do not yet appear to be consolidated

Robots, intencionalidade e intelig��ncia artificial

O artigo aborda problemas filos��ficos relativos �� natureza da intencionalidade e da representa����o mental. A primeira parte apresenta um breve hist��rico dos problemas, percorrendo rapidamente alguns epis��dios da filosofia cl��ssica e da filosofia contempor��nea. A segunda parte examina o Chinese Room Argument (Argumento do Quarto do Chin��s) formulado por J. Searle. A terceira parte desenvolve alguns argumentos visando mostrar a inadequa����o do modelo funcionalista de mente na constru����o de robots. A conclus��o (quarta parte) aponta algumas alternativas ao modelo funcionalista tradicional, como, por exemplo, o conexionismo.

O Turismo como um tema de pesquisa: um di��logo epistemol��gico a partir das produ����es dos programas de p��s-gradua����o stricto sensu da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, no per��odo de 2007 a 2011

The study consists in an analysis of researches with tourism issues, in Master s and Doctoral level, investigating their epistemological trends, regarding the type of study that is being produced and the methods used. It is characterized as exploratory, documental and bibliographical, having undertaken a cross-sectional study which covers the period from 2007 to 2011. It analyzes the context of academically production in tourism, the nature of these researches, the methodological aspects adopted in these theses and dissertations, the philosophical inclinations and the coherence and contribution of the same. This research uses, the Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD) and the secretariats of the Academic Centers of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) as means to collect data. It employs the technique of sampling by judgment and undertakes the research in various Academic Centers in UFRN, using the method of content analysis. It shows that, from the 643 studies analyzed, 43 of them have themes related to tourism, which characterized this study sample. This study realizes that PPGA is the largest producer of researches on tourism issues, ahead of PPGTur, which ranks the third position, in this aspect. Also realizes that all surveys analyzed are crosssectional and the theme further investigated, with 21% of the sample, is related to the marketing aspects of tourism, with the theme Directors of Hotels and Restaurants (DHR) . This research demonstrates that all sample surveys make use of interviews, and these are, mostly, structured. Also realizes that most of these studies, with 21% of the sample, employ the method of content analysis. The references in Portuguese are surveyed about five times more than the ones in other languages. It estimates that more than half of the sample is characterized as positivist, associated with aspects of functionalism. A minority of 21% of these researches seeks to identify and recommend solutions to the tourism issues, or even represent part of them. This research concludes that the studies in tourism are mostly unifocal, being driven by issues related to the touristic trade. PPGTur produces a number still unrepresentative of studies. The theses and dissertations of the sample are limited and/or unable to analyze the changes of the phenomenon caused by the time. The studies from the sample present criteria and make use of other methods and techniques to associate with the interviews and content analysis to obtain more solid and reliable data and results. They use a low number of references in languages other than Portuguese. Most of these studies, characterized as positivist-functionalist, investigate the functioning, planning, coordination and expectations in organizations, leaving aside other issues, also relevant for tourism. The number of studies aimed at identifying solutions to the problems of tourism, or that even represents part of them, is not expressive

Motiva����es em competi����o na varia����o sociolingu��stica: o plural dos predicativos na variedade de S��o Jos�� de Rio Preto

O objetivo deste trabalho �� o de submeter a um tratamento variacionista, de base quantitativa, dados de marca����o vari��vel de plural no SN e no SA em contexto de predicativo, obtidos em c��rpus coletado na regi��o de S��o Jos�� do Rio Preto. O trabalho procura examinar se a marca����o de pluralidade nos predicativos pode ser explicada com base em motiva����es exclusivamente formais, ou exclusivamente funcionais, ou ainda, com base na intera����o entre ambas, que consistiriam, assim, em motiva����es em competi����o. Os resultados indicam que nem as motiva����es funcionais, nem as motiva����es formais regem solitariamente o fen��meno, que aparece fortemente condicionado por uma restri����o externa espec��fica, o grau de escolaridade. Por essa raz��o, a explica����o mais plaus��vel para a marca����o de pluralidade nos predicativos �� a de que h�� motiva����es em competi����o, nos termos de Du Bois (1985), e �� a marca����o de pluralidade o bem limitado, pelo qual for��as m��ltiplas, as motiva����es formais ou internas e funcionais ou externas, competem entre si.

Hipotaxe e Gramaticaliza����o: uma An��lise das Constru����es de Tempo e de Condi����o

O trabalho estuda constru����es de ora����es hipot��ticas temporais e constru����es de ora����es hipot��ticas condicionais, com a finalidade de investigar o grau de gramaticaliza����o que se verifica nesses dois tipos de enunciados. A hip��tese �� que quanto maior a integra����o da ora����o hipot��tica �� nuclear, maior o grau de gramaticaliza����o. Essa maior integra����o foi medida segundo tr��s grupos de fatores, e os resultados mostraram que, em duas das vari��veis avaliadas, as ora����es condicionais s��o as mais integradas a seu n��cleo, mas, em outra ordem de avalia����o, as ora����es temporais s��o as mais integradas. Dentro da base funcionalista em que o trabalho se move, esses resultados podem ser interpretados segundo o princ��pio da exist��ncia de competi����o de motiva����es no jogo da linguagem, entendendo-se que cada enunciado que se produz �� o resultado do equil��brio dessas press��es.

Uma reflex��o cr��tica sobre a teoria sociolingu��stica

Um dos postulados da lingu��stica do in��cio do s��culo XX �� o de que o objeto da lingu��stica deveria identificar-se com a parte homog��nea dos fen��menos observ��veis. Na segunda metade desse s��culo, a sociolingu��stica representou uma ruptura significativa com o formalismo te��rico mediante a introdu����o do conceito de vari��vel lingu��stica, mas, ao mesmo tempo, dele se aproximou ao adotar o conceito de regra vari��vel. Este trabalho pretende discutir criticamente essa posi����o encarecendo a necessidade de repropor mais plenamente o falante enquanto agente condutor de seu pr��prio discurso e, consequentemente, a no����o de vari��vel lingu��stica como o espa��o privilegiado da constru����o do significado social da linguagem.

Consideracoes sobre o methodo de interpretacao funcionalista na geografia.

Functionalism, in its postulates and in its methods, can be seen not only as a reaction to geographical positivism and evolutionism but as a reflection of political tendencies and interests in the 20th century. Brazilian academic geography of the functionalist school showed itself resolute in attacking Darwinist interpretations, but concerned itself very little with theoretical systematization, methodology, discussion or reflection. -J.Naylon

O pensamento e o metodo na obra de Pierre Monbeig - analise dos trabalhos produzidos no Brasil nas decadas de 30 e 40.

Examines the historiography of the geographical ideas in Brazil starting from the analysis of Monbeig's work which has two essential elements: the positivist-functionalist discourse, and the ideals of the politic liberalism that are his main preoccupation. The preoccupation of geography as a science is constant in all his discourse. -English summary

A constru����o de sentidos na avalia����o de m��ltipla escolha do SARESP

P��s-gradua����o em Estudos Lingu��sticos - IBILCE

A no����o de modelo na ci��ncia cognitiva: do funcionalismo �� sist��mica

Coordena����o de Aperfei��oamento de Pessoal de N��vel Superior (CAPES)