Blue green emission from a Cu<sup>+sup>-Doped transparent material prepared by sintering porous glass

A colorless transparent, blue green emission material was fabricated by sintering porous glass impregnated with copper ions. The emission spectral profile obtained from Cu+ -doped high silica glass (HSG) by 267-mn monochromatic light excitation matches that obtained by pumping with an 800-nm femtosecond laser, indicating that the emissions in both cases come from an identical origin. The upconversion emission excited by 800-nm femtosecond laser is considered to be a three-photon excitation process. A tentative scheme of upconverted emission from Cu+ -doped HSG was also proposed. The glass materials presented herein are expected to find application in lamps, high density optical storage, and three-dimensional color displays.

氧化铝透明陶瓷中Cr<sup>3+sup>的发光性能

采用传统无压烧结工艺制备出透明性良好的掺Cr3+氧化铝陶瓷;测定了陶瓷的吸收光谱、发射光谱和激发光谱。结果表明,氧化铝陶瓷吸收峰与红宝石单晶一致,吸收截面大小与单晶相近;陶瓷中Cr3+离子所处格位的晶体场强较单晶弱,但其发射谱仍有较好的锐线发射;陶瓷中微量添加剂以及晶界的存在使得Al2O3晶胞发生畸变,造成其发射峰宽化。

Fabrication and spectral properties of Nd<sup>3+sup>-doped yttrium lanthanum oxide transparent ceramics

Transparent 1 at% Nd3+:Y1.9La0.1O3 ceramics were fabricated with nanopowders prepared by carbonate coprecipitation method. The powder compacts were sintered in H-2 atmosphere at 1550 degrees C for 30 h. The Nd3+:Y1.9La0.1O3 ceramics display uniform grains of about 50 mu m and high transparency. The highest transmittance of the ceramics reaches 67%. The strongest absorption peak is in the wavelength of 820 nm with absorption cross section of 2.48 x 10(-20) cm(2). The absorption is still high at LD wavelength 806 nm with absorption cross section of 1.78 x 10(-20) cm(2) and broad full width at half maximum (FWHM) of about 6.3 nm. The strongest emission peak was centered at 1078 nm with large stimulated emission cross section of 9.63 x 10(-20) cm(2) and broad FWHM of about 7.8 nm. The broad absorption and emission bandwidth of Nd3+:y(1.9)La(0.1)O(3) transparent ceramics are favorable to achieve the miniaturized LD pumping apparatus and ultrashort modelocked pulse laser output, respectively. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Judd-Ofelt analysis of spectra and experimental evaluation of laser performance of Tm<sup>3+sup> doped Lu2SiO5 crystal

This paper reports that the TM3+:Lu2SiO5 (Tm:LSO) crystal is grown by Czochralski technique. The room-temperature absorption spectra of Tm:LSO crystal are measured on a b-cut sample with 4 at.% thulium. According to the obtained Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Omega(2)=9.3155 x 10(-20) cm(2), Omega(4)=8.4103 x 10(-20) cm(2), Omega(6)=1.5908 x 10(-20) cm(2), the fluorescence lifetime is calculated to be 2.03 ms for F-3(4) -> H-3(6) transition, and the integrated emission cross section is 5.81 x 10(-18) cm(2). Room-temperature laser action near 2 mu m under diode pumping is experimentally evaluated in Tm:LSO. An optical-optical conversion efficiency of 9.1% and a slope efficiency of 16.2% are obtained with continuous-wave maximum output power of 0.67 W. The emission wavelengths of Tm:LSO laser are centred around 2.06 mu m with spectral bandwidth of similar to 13.6 nm.

Luminescence characteristics of Yb<sup>3+sup>, La<sup>3+sup> codoped yttrium oxide nanopowders

Luminescence characteristics of Yb3+, La3+ codoped yttrium oxide nanopowders were investigated. The grain size and the crystallinity of (Yb0.05Y0.90La0.05)(2)O-3 nanopowders increase with the increase of calcination temperature. The average grain size of the nanopowders calcined at 1100 degrees C is 66 nm and its cooperative up-conversion luminescence centered at 498 nm was detected due to nanometer size effect and perfect crystallinity. However, the cooperative up-conversion luminescence of (Yb0.05Y0.90La0.05)(2)O-3 transparent ceramics was not detected. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Bulk crystal growth and efficient diode-pumped laser performance of Yb <sup>3+sup>:Sc2SiO5

A bulk crystal of Yb:Sc2SiO5 (Yb:SSO) with favorable thermal properties was successfully obtained by the Czochralski method. The energy level diagrams for Yb:SSO crystal were determined by optical spectroscopic analysis and semi-empirical crystal-field calculations using the simple overlap model. The full width at half maximum of the absorption band centering at 976 nm was calculated to be 24 nm with a peak absorption cross-section of 9.2x10(-21) cm(2). The largest ground-state splitting of Yb3+ ions is up to 1027 cm(-1) in a SSO crystal host. Efficient diode-pumped laser performance of Yb:SSO was primarily demonstrated with a slope efficiency of 45% and output power of 3.55 W.

Efeito do extrato de Euterpe oleracea Mart.(Açaí) sobre a disfunção endotelial, estresse oxidativo e alterações vasculares e renais associados à hipertensão renovascular dois rins, 1 clip (2R,1C)

Estudos recentes mostram que o açaí é rico em polifenóis e uma dieta rica em polifenóis pode estar envolvida na proteção contra o risco cardiovascular. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento crônico de animais hipertensos 2R,1C com extrato hidroalcoólico do caroço do açaí (ASE) sobre o desenvolvimento da hipertensão e disfunção endotelial; estresse oxidativo e sobre as alterações vasculares e renais. Ratos Wistar machos foram utilizados para obtenção da hipertensão renovascular 2R,1C e ratos controles 2R (sham) foram somente submetidos à laparotomia e receberam tratamento diário com veículo ou ASE (200 mg/Kg/dia) durante 40 dias. A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) foi aferida por pletismografia de cauda e os efeitos vasodilatadores da acetilcolina (ACh) e nitroglicerina (NG) foram estudados em leito arterial mesentérico (LAM) perfundido e pré-contraído com norepinefrina. A atividade das enzimas SOD, CAT, GPx, os níveis de MDA, a carbonilação de proteínas e os níveis de nitrito foram avaliados por espectrofotometria. As expressões de enzimas pró e antioxidantes foram avaliadas por western blot. A atividade de MMP-2 foi avaliada por zimografia. Os níveis séricos de creatinina foram avaliados através de kit, por espectrofotometria. As alterações vasculares e renais foram avaliadas por microscopia de luz. A PAS foi maior nos animais 2R,1C, e o tratamento com ASE preveniu o desenvolvimento da hipertensão. O efeito vasodilatador reduzido da ACh em animais 2R,1C foi recuperado pelo ASE. O efeito vasodilatador da NG não foi diferente entre os grupos. O dano oxidativo avaliado pela peroxidação lipídica e carbonilação de proteínas foi maior nos animais 2R,1C, e reduzido pelo tratamento com ASE. As atividades da SOD, CAT e GPx foram menores em amostras de mesentério, plasma, rim e coração de animais 2R,1C e o tratamento com ASE aumentou estas atividades. A produção de NO foi menor no plasma, mesentério e rim dos animais 2R,1C, e o tratamento com ASE aumentou a produção de NO somente no rim e mesentério destes animais. A expressão de SOD-1, 2, eNOS e TIMP-1 foram menores nos animais 2R,1C e o tratamento com ASE aumentou a expressão destas enzimas. A expressão de NOX-4 e MMP-2 e a atividade de MMP-2 foram maiores nos animais 2R,1C e o tratamento com ASE reduziu a expressão destas enzimas e a atividade de MMP-2. Os animais 2R,1C apresentaram um aumento na espessura da camada média da aorta e artéria mesentérica e um aumento na relação média/lúmen da aorta, e estas alterações foram prevenidas pelo ASE. Os níveis séricos aumentados de creatinina nos animais 2R,1C foram reduzidos por ASE. As alterações morfológicas renais nos animais 2R,1C foram prevenidas pelo ASE. Portanto, o tratamento com ASE previne o desenvolvimento da hipertensão, melhora a disfunção endotelial e previne as alterações vasculares e renais em ratos 2R,1C. A redução da atividade antioxidante e o aumento na peroxidação lipídica e carbonilação de proteínas sugerem o envolvimento de um mecanismo deficiente da defesa antioxidante e de um dano oxidativo aumentado, os quais foram revertidos pelo ASE.

Organizing women as women: Hybridity and grassroots collective action in the 21<sup>stsup> century

The Million Mom March (favoring gun control) and Code Pink: Women for Peace (focusing on foreign policy, especially the war in Iraq) are organizations that have mobilized women as women in an era when other women's groups struggled to maintain critical mass and turned away from non-gender-specific public issues. This article addresses how these organizations fostered collective consciousness among women, a large and diverse group, while confronting the echoes of backlash against previous mobilization efforts by women. We argue that the March and Code Pink achieved mobilization success by creating hybrid organizations that blended elements of three major collective action frames: maternalism, egalitarianism, and feminine expression. These innovative organizations invented hybrid forms that cut across movements, constituencies, and political institutions. Using surveys, interviews, and content analysis of organizational documents, this article explains how the March and Code Pink met the contemporary challenges facing women's collective action in similar yet distinct ways. It highlights the role of feminine expression and concerns about the intersectional marginalization of women in resolving the historic tensions between maternalism and egalitarianism. It demonstrates hybridity as a useful analytical lens to understand gendered organizing and other forms of grassroots collective action. © 2010 American Political Science Association.

Coronavirus Main Proteinase (3CL<sup>prosup>) Structure: Basis for Design of Anti-SARS Drugs

A novel coronavirus has been identified as the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The viral main proteinase (Mpro, also called 3CLpro), which controls the activities of the coronavirus replication complex, is an attractive target for therapy. We determined crystal structures for human coronavirus (strain 229E) Mpro and for an inhibitor complex of porcine coronavirus [transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)] Mpro, and we constructed a homology model for SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Mpro. The structures reveal a remarkable degree of conservation of the substrate-binding sites, which is further supported by recombinant SARS-CoV Mpro-mediated cleavage of a TGEV Mpro substrate. Molecular modeling suggests that available rhinovirus 3Cpro inhibitors may be modified to make them useful for treating SARS.

Chemical ablation of gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor action by daily (Pro<sup>3sup>) GIP administration improves glucose tolerance and ameliorates insulin resistance and abnormalities of islet structure in obesity-diabetes.

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (gastric inhibitory polypeptide [GIP]) is an important incretin hormone secreted by endocrine K-cells in response to nutrient ingestion. In this study, we investigated the effects of chemical ablation of GIP receptor (GIP-R) action on aspects of obesity-related diabetes using a stable and specific GIP-R antagonist, (Pro3)GIP. Young adult ob/ob mice received once-daily intraperitoneal injections of saline vehicle or (Pro3)GIP over an 11-day period. Nonfasting plasma glucose levels and the overall glycemic excursion (area under the curve) to a glucose load were significantly reduced (1.6-fold; P <0.05) in (Pro3)GIP-treated mice compared with controls. GIP-R ablation also significantly lowered overall plasma glucose (1.4-fold; P <0.05) and insulin (1.5-fold; P <0.05) responses to feeding. These changes were associated with significantly enhanced (1.6-fold; P <0.05) insulin sensitivity in the (Pro3)GIP-treated group. Daily injection of (Pro3)GIP reduced pancreatic insulin content (1.3-fold; P <0.05) and partially corrected the obesity-related islet hypertrophy and ß-cell hyperplasia of ob/ob mice. These comprehensive beneficial effects of (Pro3)GIP were reversed 9 days after cessation of treatment and were independent of food intake and body weight, which were unchanged. These studies highlight a role for GIP in obesity-related glucose intolerance and emphasize the potential of specific GIP-R antagonists as a new class of drugs for the alleviation of insulin resistance and treatment of type 2 diabetes.