Caratterizzazione fluidodinamica di reattori agitati meccanicamente tramite tecniche di diagnostica ottica: effetto del comportamento reologico delle fasi.

Il lavoro di tesi si è posto l'obiettivo di studiare il comportamento fluidodinamico di un reattore agitato meccanicamente, scale-down di un digestore anaerobico per la produzione di biogas, attraverso tecniche di diagnostica ottica. Le tecniche utilizzate sono state la Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV, e la Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence, PLIF. Le prove sono iniziate utilizzando acqua all’interno del reattore e sono proseguite utilizzando una soluzione di acqua e Carbometilcellulosa (CMC) a concentrazione di CMC progressivamente crescente per aumentare la viscosità apparente della soluzione non newtoniana con lo scopo di simulare il più realisticamente possibile la viscosità del contenuto reale del digestore. Tutte le diverse soluzioni sono state indagate per diverse velocità e diversi sensi di rotazione. Le prove di diagnostica ottica sono state progressivamente affiancate da prove al reometro di campioni di soluzione per il calcolo della viscosità apparente. La PIV ha fornito la misura del campo di moto di un piano, è stato scelto di analizzare un piano verticale. Il metodo di diagnostica ottica ho previsto l’utilizzo di quattro componenti: una sezione per il test otticamente trasparente contenente la soluzione inseminata con piccole particelle di tracciante (particelle di argento e vetro cavo) che seguono il flusso, una sorgente di illuminazione pulsata (laser), un dispositivo di registrazione (una telecamera digitale ad alta definizione) ed un software per la cross-correlazione delle immagini acquisite (DynamicStudio). La PLIF è stata implementata per lo studio del tempo caratteristico di miscelazione nel reattore. La strumentazione utilizzata è stata la stessa della PIV con un tracciante diverso a base di Rodhamina-6G. Lo studio ha riguardato il tempo necessario all’omogeneizzazione del tracciante mediante un’analisi del coefficiente di variazione, CoV, delle immagini acquisite.

Experimental analysis of the aerodynamic and mixing performance of a ventilation device

Numerous types of acute respiratory failure are routinely treated using non-invasive ventilatory support (NIV). Its efficacy is well documented: NIV lowers intubation and death rates in various respiratory disorders. It can be delivered by means of face masks or head helmets. Currently the scientific community’s interest about NIV helmets is mostly focused on optimising the mixing between CO2 and clean air and on improving patient comfort. To this end, fluid dynamic analysis plays a particularly important role and a two- pronged approach is frequently employed. While on one hand numerical simulations provide information about the entire flow field and different geometries, they exhibit require huge temporal and computational resources. Experiments on the other hand help to validate simulations and provide results with a much smaller time investment and thus remain at the core of research in fluid dynamics. The aim of this thesis work was to develop a flow bench and to utilise it for the analysis of NIV helmets. A flow test bench and an instrumented mannequin were successfully designed, produced and put into use. Experiments were performed to characterise the helmet interface in terms of pressure drop and flow rate drop over different inlet flow rates and outlet pressure set points. Velocity measurements by means of Particle Image Velocimetry were performed. Pressure drop and flow rate characteristics from experiments were contrasted with CFD data and sufficient agreement was observed between both numerical and experimental results. PIV studies permitted qualitative and quantitative comparisons with numerical simulation data and offered a clear picture of the internal flow behaviour, aiding the identification of coherent flow features.

Characterization Of Single Use Reactor Used For The Manufacturing Of Formulated Products Within The Pharmaceutical Industry

Mixing is a fundamental unit operation in the pharmaceutical industry to ensure consistent product quality across different batches. It is usually carried out in mechanically stirred tanks, with a large variety of designs according to the process requirements. A key aspect of pharmaceutical manufacturing is the extensive and meticulous cleaning of the vessels between runs to prevent the risk of contamination. Single-use reactors represent an increasing trend in the industry since they do not require cleaning and sterilization, reducing the need for utilities such as steam to sterilize equipment and the time between production batches. In contrast to traditional stainless steel vessels, single-use reactors consist of a plastic bag used as a vessel and disposed of after use. This thesis aims to characterize the fluid dynamics features and the mixing performance of a commercially available single-use reactor. The characterization employs a combination of various experimental techniques. The analysis starts with the visual observation of the liquid behavior inside the vessel, focusing on the vortex shape evolution at different impeller speeds. The power consumption is then measured using a torque meter to quantify the power number. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is employed to investigate local fluid dynamics properties such as mean flow field and mean and rms velocity profiles. The same experimental setup of PIV is exploited for another optical measurement technique, the Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF). The PLIF measurements complete the characterization of the reactor with the qualitative visualization of the turbulent flow and the quantitative assessment of the system performance through the mixing time. The results confirm good mixing performances for the single-use reactor over the investigated impeller speeds and reveal that the filling volume plays a significant role in the fluid dynamics of the system.