Relação da apneia obstrutiva do sono com a função endotelial, estresse oxidativo, biomarcadores inflamatórios, perfil metabólico e atividade simpática em indivíduos obesos

Introdução: a apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) é considerada um fator de risco para as doenças cardiovasculares. Os mecanismos responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento da aterosclerose potencializados pela AOS não são completamente conhecidos. Entretanto, existem evidências de que a AOS está associada com aumento no estresse oxidativo, elevação nos mediadores inflamatórios, resistência à insulina, ativação do sistema nervoso simpático, elevação da pressão arterial (PA) e a disfunção endotelial. Objetivo: avaliar a relação da AOS com a função endotelial, o estresse oxidativo, os biomarcadores inflamatórios, o perfil metabólico, a adiposidade corporal, a atividade simpática e a PA em indivíduos obesos. Métodos: estudo transversal envolvendo 53 pacientes obesos, com índice de massa corporal (IMC) ≥ 30 e < 40 Kg/m2, sem distinção de raça e gênero, apresentando idade entre 20 e 55 anos. O estudo do sono foi realizado com o equipamento Watch-PAT 200, sendo feito o diagnóstico de AOS quando índice apneia-hipopneia (IAH) ≥ 5 eventos/h. Todos os participantes foram submetidos à avaliação do (a): adiposidade corporal (peso, % gordura corporal e circunferências da cintura, quadril e pescoço); PA; atividade do sistema nervoso simpático (concentrações plasmáticas de catecolaminas); biomarcadores inflamatórios (proteína C reativa ultrassensível (PCR-us) e adiponectina); estresse oxidativo (malondialdeído); metabolismo glicídico (glicose, insulina e HOMA-IR) e lipídico (colesterol total e frações e triglicerídeos); e função endotelial (índice de hiperemia reativa (RHI) avaliado com o equipamento Endo-PAT 2000 e moléculas de adesão celular). A análise estatística foi realizada com o software STATA versão 10. Resultados: dos 53 pacientes avaliados 20 foram alocados no grupo sem AOS (grupo controle; GC) (IAH: 2,550,35 eventos/h) e 33 no grupo com AOS (GAOS) (IAH: 20,163,57 eventos/h). A faixa etária (39,61,48 vs. 32,52,09 anos) e o percentual de participantes do gênero masculino (61% vs. 25%) foram significativamente maiores no GAOS do que no GC (p=0,01). O GAOS em comparação o GC apresentou valores significativamente mais elevados de circunferência do pescoço (CP) (40,980,63 vs. 38,650,75 cm; p=0,02), glicemia (92,541,97 vs. 80,21,92 mg/dL; p=0,0001), PA sistólica (126,051,61 vs.118,16 1,86 mmHg; p=0,003) e noradrenalina (0,160,02 vs. 0,120,03 ng/mL; p=0,02). Após ajustes para fatores de confundimento, a glicose e a PCR-us foram significativamente mais elevadas no GAOS. Os 2 grupos apresentaram valores semelhantes de IMC, insulina, HOMA-IR, perfil lipídico, adiponectina, PA diastólica, adrenalina, dopamina, moléculas de adesão celular e malondialdeído. A função endotelial avaliada pelo RHI também foi semelhante nos 2 grupos (GAOS:1,850,2 vs. GC:1,980,1; p=0,31). Nas análises de correlação, considerando todos os participantes do estudo, o IAH apresentou associação positiva e significativa com CP e PCR-us após ajustes para fatores de confundimento. A saturação mínima de O2 se associou de forma negativa e significativa com a CP, os níveis séricos de insulina e o HOMA-IR, mesmo após ajustes para fatores de confundimento. Conclusões: o presente estudo sugere que em obesos a AOS está associada com valores mais elevados de glicemia e inflamação; o aumento do IAH apresenta associação significativa com a obesidade central e com a inflamação; e a queda na saturação de oxigênio se associa com resistência à insulina.

Políticas de ação afirmativa e acesso ao ensino superior : os impactos da introdução das leis de reserva de vagas na UERJ

O objetivo desse trabalho de pesquisa foi realizar uma análise sobre o impacto institucional na política de acesso à UERJ, a partir da implementação da Lei n. 3542/2000, que destina 50% das vagas para alunos oriundos da rede pública de ensino e da Lei n. 3708/2001, que prevê 40% das vagas para pretos e pardos, com ênfase maior para afro-descendentes. Por meio dela, tive a intenção de contribuir com o debate sobre a agenda de ações afirmativas para a inclusão da população negra na universidade pública brasileira. De certa maneira, as políticas de ação afirmativa (AA) vieram problematizar o conceito de igualdade de direito, edificado a partir de experiências revolucionárias como nos EUA, França, Inglaterra, Índia, entre outros países. Essas políticas foram concebidas com a intenção de não privilegiar determinados grupos, mas assegurar para todos o mesmo tratamento perante a lei. O espaço da universidade escolhido para desenvolver a pesquisa foi o Conselho Superior de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (Csepe) e o Conselho Universitário (Consun), duas instâncias fundamentais para a gestão da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, à medida que definem e deliberam sobre as políticas a serem implementadas pela Universidade. Nesses Conselhos, pude ler e analisar Atas das sessões do Csepe e do Consun realizadas no período de 2000 a 2003, assim como pautas das reuniões de ambos os Conselhos no período de 1990 a 2003. Por meio dessa leitura e análise, pude identificar singularidades do processo de gestão universitária, refletindo sobre o quanto os caminhos trilhados podem contribuir para a construção de alternativas de democratização do ensino superior público no país e como instrumento de combate ao racismo

Tia, existe flor preta?: educar para as relações étnico-raciais

A pesquisa que se insere na linha Infância, Juventude e Educação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/UERJ, teve por objetivo compreender as enunciações que professoras e estudantes de Pedagogia produziram nas discussões do Ciclo de Palestras Direitos Humanos e Educação Infantil: questões de raça, etnia, sexo e gênero, realizado na UERJ, durante cinco encontros quinzenais, sobre a questão raça e etnia, em 2013. O procedimento metodológico do Ciclo foi de palestras expositivas, sessões reflexivas que produziram amplo debate crítico com os 40 participantes. O material empírico analisado na dissertação foi composto pelas enunciações produzidas pelos participantes relativas às questões étnico-raciais: relatos de preconceito, discriminação e racismo. A pesquisa adotou uma abordagem qualitativa e procurou compreender as enunciações a partir do aporte teórico proposto por Bakhtin. Esta abordagem teórica dialogou com outras que subsidiaram o ciclo de palestras e as presentes no levantamento bibliográfico realizado (2003 2013), que visou observar a materialidade da Lei 10.639/13 e das DCNERER. A partir do corpus de enunciações da pesquisa elegemos três eixos temáticos: (1) As relações étnico-raciais no Brasil; (2) Práticas racistas e antirracistas na Educação Infantil e (3) A formação de professores para a educação das relações étnico-raciais. As análises apontaram que as atividades de problematização e discussão sobre o tema são importantes e necessárias, diante à lacuna de formação e conhecimentos especializados, em contraponto às dificuldades cotidianas e embaraços voltados às questões de raça e etnia vividas por professores e crianças negras ou não, no cotidiano das Instituições de Educação Infantil. Os participantes reconheceram o próprio despreparo para atuar frente às questões em estudo e propuseram estratégias de ação nas suas práticas pedagógicas com as crianças

小麦抗禾谷孢囊线虫（ Heterodera avenae）相关基因的研究

禾谷孢囊线虫严重影响禾谷类作物的产量，在小麦中由禾谷孢囊线虫引起的产量损失可达30-100%。尤其在澳大利亚、欧洲、印度和中东危害严重，目前禾谷孢囊线虫已成为危害我国作物的主要病源。控制禾谷孢囊线虫的方法主要有：作物轮作、杀线虫剂、寄主抗性等等，其中基因工程方法培育抗线虫小麦品种被认为是最经济有效的方法。分离抗禾谷类孢囊线虫基因对揭示抗性基因结构与功能及其表达调控具有重要意义。 尽管小麦是重要的粮食作物，在小麦中已发现的抗禾谷孢囊线虫的基因很少，而比其近缘属如节节麦、易变山羊草、偏凸山羊草中含有丰富的抗源。目前已鉴定出禾谷孢囊线虫抗性位点Cre，并发现了9个禾谷孢囊线虫抗性基因(Cre1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and R) ，其中只有Cre1和Cre8直接从普通小麦中获得。从节节麦中获得的Cre3基因能最有效的控制线虫数量，其次是Cre1和Cre8。这些基因的克隆对于了解禾谷孢囊线虫抗性机制及进一步的育种应用都是非常关键的。然而，目前为止仅有Cre3基因通过图位克隆的方法从节节麦中被分离得到。该基因已被克隆得到的多数线虫抗性基因一样均属于核苷酸结合位点区（NBS）－亮氨酸重复序列区（LRR）基因家族。目前，已有很多抗性基因被分离，这些已知的NBS-LRR类抗性基因的保守序列为应用PCR的方法克隆新的抗性基因提供了可能。 因此本课题的目的是采用保守区同源克隆、3′RACE 和5′RACE 等方法从抗禾谷孢囊线虫小麦-易变山羊草小片段易位系E10 中克隆小麦抗禾谷孢囊线虫基因全序列，进而通过半定量PCR 和荧光定量PCR 研究该基因的表达模式。同时通过mRNA 差别显示技术和任意引物PCR（RAP-PCR）技术分离克隆植物禾谷孢囊线虫抗性基因及其相关基因，为阐明植物抗病性分子机制以及改良作物抗病性和作物育种提供基础，为通过分子标记辅助育种和基因工程方法实现高效、定向转移抗病基因到优良小麦品种奠定了重要的理论和物质基础。主要研究结果： 1． 本实验根据此前从抗禾谷孢囊线虫材料E-10 扩增得到的与来自节节麦的抗禾谷孢囊线虫Cre3 基因及其他的NBS-LRR 类抗性基因的NBS 和LRR 保守区序列设计了两对特异性引物，从E10 中扩增到532bp 和1175bp 的两个目标条带，它们有一个32bp 的共同序列，连接构成总长为1675bp 的NBS-LRR 编码区（命名为RCCN）。根据RCCN设计引物，利用NBS-LRR区序列设计引物，通过5′RACE 和3′RACE 技术采用3′-Full RACE Core Set(TaKaRa)和5'-Full RACE Kit (TaKaRa)试剂盒，反转录后通过嵌套引物GSP1 和GSP2 分别进行两轮基因特异性扩增，分别将NBS_LRR 区向5′端和3′端延伸了1173bp 和449bp，并包含了起始密码子和终止密码子。根据拼接的得到的序列重新设计引物扩增进行全基因扩增的结果与上面获得的一致。拼接后得到全长2775 bp 的基因序列（记作CreZ, GenBank 号：EU327996）。CreZ 基因包括完整的开放阅读框，全长2775 bp，编码924个氨基酸。序列分析表明它与已知的禾谷孢囊线虫抗性基因Cre3的一致性很高，并且它与已经报到的NBS-LRR 类疾病抗性基因有着相同的保守结构域。推测CreZ基因可能是一个新的NBS-LRR 类禾谷孢囊线虫抗性基因，该基因的获得为通过基因工程途径培育抗禾谷孢囊线虫小麦新品种奠定了基础，并为抗禾谷孢囊线虫基因的调控表达研究提供了参考。 2． 通过半定量PCR和SYBR Green荧光定量PCR技术对CreZ基因的相对表达模式进行了研究。以α-tubulin 2作为参照，采用半定量PCR 分析CreZ 基因在不同接种时期1d, 5d, 10, 15d 的E-10的根和叶的的表达情况。在内参扩增一致的条件下，CreZ 在E-10的根部随着侵染时间的增加表达量有明显的增加，在没有侵染的E-10的根部其表达量没有明显变化，而在叶中没有检测表达，说明该基因只在抗性材料的根部表达。SYBR Green定量PCR分析接种前后E10根部基因CreZ基因的表达水平为检测CreZ基因的表达建立了一套灵敏、可靠的SYBRGreen I 荧光定量PCR 检测方法。接种禾谷孢囊线虫后E10根内CreZ基因的相对表达水平显著高于接种前。随接种时间的延长持续增加，最终CreZ基因的相对表达量达到未接种的对照植株的10.95倍。小麦禾谷孢囊线虫抗性基因CreZ的表达量与胁迫呈正相关，表明其与小麦的的禾谷孢囊线虫抗性密切相关，推测CreZ基因可能是一个新的禾谷孢囊线虫候选抗性基因。 3． 针对小麦基因组庞大、重复序列较多，禾谷孢囊线虫抗性基因及其相关基因的片断难以有效克隆的问题，通过mRNA 差别显示技术及RAP-PCR 技术分离克隆植物禾谷孢囊线虫抗性及其相关基因。试验最终得到154 条差异表达条带，将回收得到的差异条带的二次PCR 扩增产物经纯化后点到带正电的尼龙膜上，进行反向Northern 杂交筛选，最终筛选得到102 个阳性差异点。将其中81 个进行测序，并将序列提交到Genbank 中的dbEST 数据库，分别获得登录号(FE192210 -FE192265，FE193048- FE193074 )。序列比对分析发现，其中26 个序列与已知功能的基因序列同源；有28 条EST 序列在已有核酸数据库中未找到同源已知基因和EST，属新的ESTs 序列；另外27 个EST 序列与已知核酸数据库中的ESTs 具有一定相似性，但功能未知。其所得ESTs 序列补充了Genbank ESTs 数据库，为今后进一步开展抗禾谷类孢囊线虫基因研究工作打下了基础。结合本试验功能基因的相关信息，对小麦接种禾谷孢囊线虫后产生的抗性机制进行了探讨。接种禾谷孢囊线虫后植物在mRNA 水平上的应答是相当复杂的，同时植物的抗病机制是一个复杂的过程，涉及到多个代谢途径的相互作用。 The cereal cyst nematode (CCN), Heterodera avenae Woll, causes severe yieldreductions in cereal crops. The losses caused by CCN can be up to 30-100% in somewheat fields. At present, cereal cyst nematode has become the major disease sourcein China and it also damaged heavily in Australia, Europe, India and Middle East.The damage caused by CCN can be mitigated through several methods, includingcrop rotation, nematicide application, cultural practice, host resistance, and others.Of these methods, incorporating resistance genes into wheat cultivars and breedingresistant lines is considered to be the most cost-effective control measure forreducing nematode populations. Although wheat is an economically important crop around the world, far fewergenes resistant to CCN were found in wheat than were detected in its relatives, suchas Aegilops taucchi, Aegilops variabilis and Aegilops ventricosa. Cloning these genesis essential for understanding the mechanism of this resistance and for furtherapplication in breeding. Because of the huge genome and high repeat sequencescontent, the efficient methods to clone genes from cereal crops, are still lacking. A resistance locus, Cre, has been identified and 9 genes resistant to CCN (designatedCre1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and R) have been described, in which Cre1 and Cre8 werederived directly from common wheat. The Cre3 locus, which was derived from Ae.tauschii, has the greatest impact on reducing the number of female cysts, followed byCre1 and Cre8. Cloning these genes is essential for understanding the mechanism ofthis resistance and for further application in breeding. However, to this point, only Cre3, a NBS-LRR disease resistance gene, has been obtained through mappingcloning in Ae. tauschii. The majority of nematode resistance genes cloned so far belong to a super familywhich contains highly conserved nucleotide-binding sites (NBS) and leucine-richrepeat (LRR) domains. To date, many NBS-LRR resistance genes have been isolated.The conserved sequences of these recognized NBS-LRR resistance genes provide thepossibility to isolate novel resistance genes using a PCR-based strategy. The aim of the present study was to clone the resistance gene of CCN fromWheat/Aegilops variabilis small fragment chromosome translocation line E10 whichis resistant to CCN and investigate the espression profiles of this gene withsemi-quantitative PCR and real-time PCR. Another purpose of this study is cloningthe relational resistance gene for CCN by mRNA differential display PCR andRAP-PCR. These works will offer a foundation for disease defence of crop andbreeding and directional transferring resistance gene into wheat with geneengineering. Primary results as following: 1．According to the conversed motif of NBS and LRR region of cereal cystnematode resistance gene Cre3 from wild wheat (Triticum tauschlii) and the knownNBS-LRR group resistance genes, we designed two pairs of specific primers for NBSand LRR region respectively. One band of approximately 530bp was amplified usingthe specific primers for conversed NBS region and one band of approximately 1175bpwas amplified with the specific primers for conversed LRR region. After sequencing,we found that these two sequences included 32bp common nucleotide having 1675bpin total, which was registered as RCCN in the Genbank. Based on the conservedregions of known resistance genes, a NBS-LRR type CCN resistance gene analog wasisolated from the CCN resistant line E-10 of the wheat near isogenic lines (NILs), by5′RACE and 3′ RACE.designated as CreZ (GenBank accession number: EU327996) .It contained a comlete ORF of 2775 bp and encoded 924 amino acids. Sequencecomparison indicated that it shared 92% nucleotide and 87% amino acid identitieswith those of the known CCN-resistance gene Cre3 and it had the same characteristic of the conserved motifs as other established NBS-LRR disease resistance genes. 2． Usingα-tubulin 2 as exoteric reference, semi-quantitative PCR and real-timePCR analysis were conducted. The expression profiling of CreZ indicated that it wasspecifically expressed in the roots of resistant plants and its relative expression levelincreased sharply when the plants were inoculated with cereal cyst nematodes. therelative expression level of the 15days-infected E10 is the 10.95 times as that ofuninfected E10,ultimately. It was inferred that the CreZ gene be a novel potentialresistance gene to CCN. 3．We cloned the relational resistance gene for CCN by mRNA differentialdisplay PCR and arbitrarily primed PCR fingerprinting of RNA from wheat whichpossess huge and high repeat sequence content genomes. Total 154 differentialexpression bands were separated and second amplified by PCR. The products werenylon membrane. The 102 positive clones were filtrated by reverse northern dot blotand 81 of those were sent to sequence. The EST sequences were submitted toGenbank (Genbank accession: FE192210 - FE192265, FE193048 - FE193074). Thesequences alignment analysis indicated 26 of them were identical with known genes;28 were not found identical sequence in nucleic acid database; another 27 ests wereidentical with some known ests, but their functions were not clear. These ESTsenriched Genbank ESTs database and offered foundation for further research ofresistance gene of CCN.

SNAP-23蛋白在鲈鱼巨噬细胞白细胞介素1β分泌过程中的功能

SNARE蛋白家族是所有真核细胞胞吐及分泌作用中的关键因子，由其介导的运输囊泡膜与靶膜的锚靠、融合为胞内蛋白的运出提供了一条重要途径。体外试验表明，Syntaxin6-Syntaxin7-Vti1b，SNAP-23-Syntaxin4等SNARE核心蛋白之间精确的相互作用是哺乳动物巨噬细胞肿瘤坏死因子α (TNF-α)运输和分泌的必备条件，在机体非特异性免疫应答反应过程中起重要作用。 本研究受上述启示，旨在揭示SNARE蛋白在海洋鱼类免疫细胞内重要细胞因子白细胞介素1β (IL-1β)的分泌过程中的作用。参照Percoll密度梯度离心技术，从鲈鱼头肾组织分离纯化巨噬细胞进行稳定培养；利用RT-PCR方法克隆出鲈鱼t-SNARE蛋白SNAP-23和Syntaxin3的部分cDNA序列，再结合先前克隆的VAMP2和已知的鲈鱼IL-1β，TNF-α和IL-8的基因序列，设计特异性引物。利用Real-time PCR技术在mRNA水平上精确测定鲈鱼巨噬细胞中上述6种基因在革兰氏阴性菌脂多糖(LPS)分子刺激下的表达变化，发现SNAP-23基因与三种细胞因子基因的表达正相关；通过免疫印迹检测SNAP-23蛋白表达变化，利用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测IL-1β的分泌水平，在蛋白水平上验证了SNAP-23表达与IL-1β分泌的正相关性；利用5`RACE和3`RACE技术克隆出鲈鱼SNAP-23全长基因，结合定点突变策略和靶向PCR克隆手段，构建鲈鱼SNAP-23野生型融合质粒pEGFP-SNAP-23wt，Cys缺失突变融合质粒pEGFP-SNAP-23ΔCys和模拟E型肉毒神经毒素(BoNT/E)切割突变融合质粒pEGFP-SNAP-23ΔBoNT/E，以及鲈鱼IL-1β野生型融合表达质粒IL-1β-pEGFP和IL-1β-pEYFP。所有融合蛋白均在鲈鱼巨噬细胞内成功表达，结合ELISA实验结果发现，SNAP-23野生型的表达对IL-1β的分泌有促进作用，而Cys缺失突变体的表达则抑制IL-1β向胞外分泌。首次证实了鱼类巨噬细胞内SNAP-23蛋白在IL-1β分泌过程中的重要作用。此外通过与GFP共表达，定位了IL-1β分子在巨噬细胞内的分布，发现新合成的IL-1β分子很可能像TNFα一样经“内质网－胞质－伪足－胞外” 的分泌路径运出胞外。

中国明对虾免疫系统中抗氧化相关基因的克隆与表达分析

对虾病害在世界范围内的广泛传播，给水产养殖和沿海农村经济造成了重大损失。深入开展对虾免疫机制研究并在此基础上寻找对虾疾病防治的有效方法已成为当务之急。研究表明，当对虾等甲壳动物受到外界病原刺激时，其体内的吞噬细胞在吞噬活动中会激活磷酸己糖支路的代谢，引起呼吸爆发，产生多种活性氧分子。另外，受到病原侵染的对虾还会产生其他多种免疫反应，这些免疫反应将消耗大量的能量（ATP），产能的呼吸链会加速运转，由此也会引发大量活性氧的产生。这些活性氧分子可以杀灭入侵的病原微生物，但同时由于活性氧分子反应的非特异性，它们也会对宿主的细胞、组织和器官造成严重伤害，进而导致对虾生理机能的损伤和免疫系统的破坏。所以，消除对虾体内因过度免疫反应产生的过量氧自由基将能够增强其抵御病原侵染的能力，提高免疫力。本论文从中国明对虾体内克隆了线粒体型超氧化物歧化酶（mMnSOD）、胞质型超氧化物歧化酶（cMnSOD）、过氧化氢酶（Catalase）和过氧化物还原酶（Peroxiredoxin）等四种与免疫系统相关的抗氧化酶基因，分析了它们的分子结构特征，组织分布及应答不同病原刺激的表达变化模式，并对其中的mMnSOD基因和Peroxiredoxin基因进行了体外重组表达、分离纯化和酶活性分析。 采用RACE技术从中国明对虾血细胞中克隆了两个超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）基因，通过序列比对分析发现，其中一个为mMnSOD基因，另一个为cMnSOD基因。mMnSOD基因的cDNA全长为1185个碱基，其中开放阅读框为660个碱基，编码220个氨基酸，其中推测的信号肽为20个氨基酸。多序列比对结果显示中国明对虾mMnSOD基因的推导氨基酸序列与罗氏沼虾、蓝蟹的推导氨基酸序列同源性分别为88%和82%。Northern blot结果表明，该基因在对虾的肝胰脏、血细胞、淋巴器官、肠、卵巢、肌肉和鳃等组织中均有表达。半定量RT-PCR结果显示，对虾感染病毒3 h时，该基因在血细胞和肝胰脏中的转录水平显著升高。此外，通过构建原核表达载体，本研究对该基因进行了体外重组表达，并对纯化的重组蛋白进行了质谱鉴定和酶活分析。cMnSOD基因的cDNA全长为1284个碱基，其中开放阅读框为861个碱基，编码287个氨基酸。多序列比对结果显示中国明对虾cMnSOD基因的推导氨基酸序列与斑节对虾和凡纳滨对虾的同源性高达98%和94%。组织半定量结果显示，cMnSOD基因在对虾被检测的各个组织中均有表达。 另外，半定量RT-PCR结果表明，对虾感染病毒23h时，该基因在肝胰脏中的转录上升到正常水平的3.5倍；而感染后59 h时，该基因在血细胞中的转录上升到正常水平的2.5倍。 利用根据其他生物过氧化氢酶保守氨基酸序列设计的简并引物，结合RACE技术，从中国明对虾肝胰脏中克隆到了过氧化氢酶基因的部分片段，片段长1725个碱基。多序列比对结果发现目前所得中国明对虾Catalase基因部分片段的推导氨基酸序列与罗氏沼虾和皱纹盘鲍Catalase氨基酸序列的同源性分别达到95%和73%。通过实时荧光定量PCR技术对中国明对虾Catalase基因在各个组织中的分布情况及病毒感染后该基因在血细胞和肝胰脏中的转录变化进行了研究。结果发现，该基因在肝胰脏、鳃、肠和血细胞中表达水平较高，在卵巢、淋巴器官和肌肉中的表达水平相对较弱；感染病毒23 h和37 h时，对虾血细胞和肝胰脏中该基因mRNA的表达量分别出现显著性上升。 依据中国明对虾头胸部cDNA文库提供的部分片段信息，结合SMART-RACE技术，从中国明对虾肝胰脏中克隆到了过氧化物还原酶基因（Peroxiredoxin）， 该基因的cDNA全长为942个碱基，其中开放阅读框为594个碱基，编码198个氨基酸。中国明对虾Peroxiredoxin基因的推断氨基酸序列与伊蚊、文昌鱼和果蝇等Peroxiredoxin基因的推断氨基酸序列同源性分别为77%、76%和73%。其蛋白理论分子量为22041.17 Da，pI为5.17。Northern blot结果表明，Peroxiredoxin基因在对虾的肝胰脏、血细胞、淋巴器官、肠、卵巢、肌肉和鳃等组织中均有表达。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示，弧菌感染后，该基因在对虾血细胞和肝胰脏中的转录水平都有明显变化并且表达模式不同。另外，对该基因进行了体外重组表达，并对纯化的重组蛋白进行了质谱鉴定和酶活性分析。酶活性分析表明，复性后的重组蛋白能在DTT存在的条件下还原H2O2。

Variability in frontotemporal brain structure: the importance of recruitment of African Americans in neuroscience research.

BACKGROUND: Variation in brain structure is both genetically and environmentally influenced. The question about potential differences in brain anatomy across populations of differing race and ethnicity remains a controversial issue. There are few studies specifically examining racial or ethnic differences and also few studies that test for race-related differences in context of other neuropsychiatric research, possibly due to the underrepresentation of ethnic minorities in clinical research. It is within this context that we conducted a secondary data analysis examining volumetric MRI data from healthy participants and compared the volumes of the amygdala, hippocampus, lateral ventricles, caudate nucleus, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and total cerebral volume between Caucasian and African-American participants. We discuss the importance of this finding in context of neuroimaging methodology, but also the need for improved recruitment of African Americans in clinical research and its broader implications for a better understanding of the neural basis of neuropsychiatric disorders. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This was a case control study in the setting of an academic medical center outpatient service. Participants consisted of 44 Caucasians and 33 ethnic minorities. The following volumetric data were obtained: amygdala, hippocampus, lateral ventricles, caudate nucleus, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and total cerebrum. Each participant completed a 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our primary finding in analyses of brain subregions was that when compared to Caucasians, African Americans exhibited larger left OFC volumes (F (1,68) = 7.50, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The biological implications of our findings are unclear as we do not know what factors may be contributing to these observed differences. However, this study raises several questions that have important implications for the future of neuropsychiatric research.

FROM THE AETHIOPICA TO THE RENAISSANCE: RECOVERING A STAGE TRADITION OF POSITIVE REPRESENTATION OF AFRICANS IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND

This dissertation looks at the connection between Heliodorus's fifth-century prose romance, An Aethiopian History, certain Renaissance texts, and how these texts helped influence an alternate representation of Africans in the early modern world. Through their portrayals of Africans, early modern English playwrights frequently give the impression that Africans, especially black Africans, were people without accomplishments, without culture. Previously, however, this was not the case. Africans were depicted with dignity, as a tradition existed for this kind of representation--and Renaissance Europe had long been acquainted with the achievements of Africans, dating back to antiquity. As the source of several lost plays, the Aethiopica is instrumental in dramatizing Africans favorably, especially on the early modern stage, and helped shape a stage tradition that runs alongside the stereotyping of Africans. This Heliodoran tradition can be seen in works of Greene, Heywood, Jonson, Shakespeare, and others in the motifs of crosscultural and transracial romance, male and female chastity, racial metamorphosis, lost or abandoned babies, wandering heroes, and bold heroines. In Jonson's Masque of Blackness and Masque of Beauty, I establish a connection between these two masques and Heliodorus's Aethiopica and argue for a Heliodoran stage tradition implicit in both masques through the conceit of blanching. In The English Moore, I explore how Richard Brome uses the Heliodoran and Jonsonian materials to create a negative quality of blackness that participates in the dramatic tradition of the degenerate African on the English Renaissance stage. With Othello, I contend that it is a drama that can be seen in the Heliodoran tradition by stressing certain motifs found in the play that derives from the Aethiopica. Reading Othello this way provides us with a more layered and historicized interpretation of Shakespeare's protagonists. Othello's nationality and faith make his exalted position in Venice and the Venetian army credible and logical. His nobility and heroic status become more sharply defined, giving us a fuller understanding of the emphasis he places on chastity--both for himself and for Desdemona. Instead of a traditional, compliant, and submissive Desdemona, a courageous, resourceful, witty, and pure heroine emerges--one who lives by the dictates of her conscience than by the constraints of societal norms. Recovering the tradition of positive portrayal of Africans that originated from the Aethiopica necessitated an examination of eleven plays that I contend helped to frame the dramatic tradition under investigation. Six of these plays are continental dramas, and five are English. Although three of the English plays are lost and the other two are seventeenth-century dramas, their titles and names of their protagonists, like those of the six extant continental plays, share the names of Heliodorus's hero and heroine, making an exploration of the continental plays imperative to facilitate their use as paradigms in reconstructing the three lost English plays. These continental dramas show that plays whose titles derive from the Aethiopica itself or reflect the names of its major characters follow Heliodorus's text closely, enabling an investigation of the Heliodoran tradition on the early modern English stage. Recovering the Heliodoran tradition adds to the exploration of racial politics and the understanding of the dramatic tradition that constrained and enabled Renaissance playwrights' representation of race and gender.

Variaciones termométricas en la planta del pie y piernas valorada en corredores antes y después de correr 30 km

La termometría es una técnica no invasiva que permite cuantificar los cambios en la temperatura cutánea y evaluarla de forma cuantitativa. El aumento significativo de la temperatura puede indicar la existencia de patología. Se ha demostrado que la actividad muscular induce procesos de transferencia de calor entre los músculos y las capas superficiales de tejido. En este estudio queremos cuantificar los cambios de temperatura que se producen en los músculos del pie y miembro inferior tras una carrera de 30 km, para ello hemos utilizado una cámara termográfica de alta resolución. Contamos con la colaboración voluntaria de 32 sujetos sanos a los que procedimos a tomar fotografías de la planta del pie, parte anterior de la pierna, parte posterior de la pierna, parte anterior del muslo y parte posterior del muslo en dos etapas, primero antes de la carrera y segunda toma después de la carrera de 30 km, de esta manera pudimos valorar si había o no variación de temperatura en las zonas seleccionadas. Tras el análisis de los datos obtenidos encontramos significativas variaciones térmicas en Talón, cabeza primer metatarsiano, cabeza segundo metatarsiano, cabeza tercer metatarsiano, cabeza cuarto metatarsiano, cabeza quinto metatarsiano, apófisis estiloides quinto metatarsiano, arco longitudinal interno, maléolo interno, maléolo externo, peroneo lateral largo, vasto interno, vasto externo, recto femoral, tensor de la fascia lata, inserción cuádriceps, gemelo interno, tendón de Aquiles y Biceps femoral.

La incidencia de los valores culturales en el voluntariado: el caso de Europa

La realidad del voluntariado es sumamente compleja hasta el punto de que resulta complicado definir y caracterizar el trabajo voluntario, dada la gran variedad de interpretaciones, motivaciones, variables sociodemográficas y aspectos culturales que configuran el perfil de los voluntarios. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la influencia conjunta de algunas variables sociodemográficas, así como de los valores culturales de índole secular o tradicional, sobre el perfil de los voluntarios en Europa. Además, se investiga qué variables orientan a los voluntarios hacia un determinado tipo de voluntariado u otro. Para ello se ha aplicado principalmente una metodología de regresión logística a partir de la información disponible en la European Value Study. Los resultados obtenidos ayudan a establecer una caracterización del voluntariado en Europa, y confirman la influencia de los valores culturales, en primer lugar, en la realización o no de trabajos de voluntariado, y en segundo lugar, en la elección que hacen estas personas del tipo de actividad con la que están comprometidos. Al analizar dos tipos de voluntariado de motivación supuestamente muy diferente, se concluye que existe un grupo de valores que influyen en ambos, aunque el sentido y la intensidad en la que lo hacen sea diferente; por otra parte, algunos valores tienen influencia o no en la realización de trabajos de voluntariado, dependiendo del tipo específico al que nos refiramos.

Alien gosd in the new epics: Noah remythologised through the ancient astronaut hypothesis in Abel's Montagut's "La gesta d'Utnoa"

Modern scientific world-view has undermined traditional myths, the functional survival of which seems to depend today in the West on a positivist justification. This would place them in the field of real History, through their study and revitalization by pseudoscientific disciplines such as the Atlantis and the ancient astronaut hypotheses. These have inspired new epic poems in (regular) verse that combine classic and/or biblical myths with a (pseudo)scientific modern world-view. For example, the critical rewriting of Noah’s myth by using the ancient astronaut hypothesis as a fictional device to produce a contemporary kind of plausibility allowed Abel Montagut to renew epic poetry, updating it also by adopting science fiction chronotopes in order to structure his fictional construction and to generate a high ethical sense for our time. Thus, his Poemo de Utnoa (1993) / La gesta d’Utnoa (1996), which has become a major classic of the literature in Esperanto thanks to its original version in this language, is a landmark of both science fiction and neo-biblical epics. This poem is written from a secular and purely literary perspective.

Inscribir el declive en el tiempo. Detroit: Auge y crisis de la ciudad industrial

A comienzos del siglo XX, Detroit era una ciudad dinámica en pleno desarrollo. Pronto se convirtió en la cuarta ciudad de Estados Unidos, la capital de la naciente industria automovilística. El crecimiento se prolongó hasta finales de los años 50, cuando, a pesar del auge económico de Estados Unidos y de su área metropolitana, Detroit comenzó a mostrar los primeros signos de estancamiento. La crisis se ha prolongado hasta hoy, cuando Detroit constituye el paradigma de la ciudad industrial en declive. Estas dos imágenes contrapuestas, el auge y la crisis, no parecen explicar por sí mismas las causas de la intensidad y persistencia del declive de Detroit. Analizar las interacciones entre crecimiento económico, políticas públicas locales y desarrollo urbano a lo largo del tiempo permitirá subrayar las continuidades y comprender en qué medida el declive de Detroit ancla sus raíces en el modelo planteado durante la etapa de auge.

Primitivismo y Feminismo en el arte contemporáneo

Para la mentalidad colonialista del siglo XIX la raza negra estaba provista de una extraordinaria sexualidad y lujuria. En la metrópolis el equivalente era la mujer sexuada, la prostituta. En los primeros años del siglo XX este tándem, prostituta-colonizado, sirve a los artistas vanguardistas como elemento de confrontación con la moral imperante. Son las artistas mujeres, con una intención feminista, quienes principalmente utilizan el primitivismo asociado a la mujer en su crítica a los estereotipos. Figura pionera en ello es Hannah Höch, especialmente en su serie De un Museo Etnográfico, en el que asocia figuras femeninas y objetos de arte primitivo. En los años 70 del siglo XX, algunas artistas de la performance, como Carolee Schneemann o Ana Mendieta reivindican el cuerpo femenino con el significado de Origen y Fertilidad que tiene en las culturas primitivas. En este mismo contexto puede inscribirse la escultura Maman de Louise Bourgeois. El elemento de crítica social, que está vigente aún en nuestros días, puede verse en las obras de las Guerrilla Girls.

Beyond Poverty: Social Justice in a Global Marketplace

The social justice paradigm, developed in philosophy by John Rawls and others, reaches limits when confronted with diverse populations, unsound governments, and global markets.Its parameters are further limited by a traditional utilitarian approach to both industrial actors and consumer behaviors. Finally, by focusing too exclusively on poverty, as manifest in insufficient incomes or resources, the paradigm overlooks the oppressive role that gender,race, and religious prejudice play in keeping the poor subordinated. The authors of this article suggest three ways in which researchers in marketing could bring their unique expertise to the question of social justice in a global economy: by reinventing the theoretical foundation laid down by thinkers such as Rawls, by documenting and evaluating emergent “feasible fixes” to achieve justice (such as the global resource dividend, cause-related marketing, Fair Trade, and philanthrocapitalism), and by exploring the parameters of the consumption basket that would be minimally required to achieve human capabilities.