Actitudes hacia la variedad cal�� y sus hablantes : Un estudio socioling����stico de las opiniones��de adolescentes andaluces

Cal�� is a language/variety spoken by the Spanish Cal�� (i.e. the Roma). The variety belongs to a group oflanguages referred to as ���Para-Romani���, characterized by Romani vocabulary, but largely non-Romani morphology, phonology and syntax, in the case of Cal�� deriving from Spanish. Much research has been carried out regarding the vocabulary and the grammar of this variety.The conclusions drawn in those studies indicate that Cal�� is on its way to extinction. However, thereis an expressed interest in reintroducing the variety, in a form called ���Roman��-Cal�����. Language attitudes play a decisive role for the destiny of endangered languages. In order for arevitalization project to be successful, the attitudes towards the variety being reintroduced have to bepositive. The aim of this study is to measure the attitudes that both Cal�� and non-Cal�� have towards Cal��and Cal�� speakers, a type of study never carried out in the past. The methods applied are both direct andindirect. In part one, 231 informants listened to different recordings of voices acting as either a ���Spanishspeaking person��� or a ���Cal�� speaking person���, a technique referred to as ���matched guise���. Firstly,the informants were asked to write down their first three impressions of the speakers. Secondly, nineshort questions related to the voices were asked, to which the subjects expressed their answers on attitudescales. They were also asked to match the voices with photos of people. Furthermore, theinformants have answered questions regarding what variety is spoken at home, as well as if he or she hasany knowledge of, or contact with, any language/variety, apart from Spanish. 182 informants continuedwith part two of the questionnaire, which consisted of 20 items ��� positive and negative statementstowards Cal�� and Cal�� speakers. The informants have rated their agreement or disagreement to thesestatements on a Likert scale. Another exercise measured the willingness of the informants to use Cal��words for naming various objects. In addition, the subjects were tested on their knowledge of some Cal��words, as well as asked whether they thought it was ���useful��� to know how to speak Cal��. Variousstatistical methods have been used in order to establish whether or not the results are statisticallysignificant. The results of the analysis indicate that the attitudes differ towards Cal�� and Cal��speakers, depending on the informant���s (a) ethnicity (b) contact with Cal�� as well as with Cal��speakers, and (c) gender. It is those who ��� in their own opinion ��� belong to the ethnic group Cal��, as wellas those who claim that they have some contact with the variety and its speakers, who show positiveattitudes in both parts of the study. The women also show more positive attitudes than the men. It is alsopossible to note positive attitudes towards the variety and its speakers among the subjects with a highlevel of knowledge of Cal�� words, as well as among those with the highest willingness to use Cal��. These observations suggest that a revitalization project of the variety Cal�� has a clear chance ofbeing successful.

Fr��n nationsbyggare till global marknadsnomad : Om medborgarskap i svensk utbildningspolitik under 1990-talet

I den h��r avhandlingen ��r intresset riktat mot svensk utbildningspolitik och medborgarskap. I tider av globalisering, och med ett etablerat svenskt medlemskap i Europeiska unionen, har det nationella policyskapandet kring utbildningens medborgardanande funktion hamnat under ��kat tryck. I studien unders��ks hur detta hanteras i svensk utbildningspolitik under 1990-talet, en tid som utm��rker sig genom betydande f��r��ndringar p�� utbildningsomr��det i Sverige. Fr��gan ��r, mera precist, vilken riktning f��r skolans, enligt lag bef��sta, uppdrag att fostra demokratiska medborgare som utstakas i svensk utbildningspolitik vid denna tid. Genom att f��sta vikt vid m��l, visioner och motiv som formuleras i utbildningspolitiska 1990-talstexter klarl��ggs f��rst��elser av medborgarskap som karakt��riserar svensk utbildningspolitik under denna tid. ��ven en bredare historisk analys g��rs, ur vilken historiska m��ls��ttningar med skolans medborgarfostran som f��reg��r 1990-talets framtr��der. Studiens syfte ��r kritiskt. F��rst��elserna granskas utifr��n vad de innesluter och vad de utesluter, vilka m��jliga konsekvenser de kan t��nkas f�� f��r olika individer och grupper i samh��llet, och om det finns ��ppningar f��r t��nkbara alternativ. Studien visar p�� tv�� historiska skiften vad g��ller medborgarskapets inneh��ll och mening i det inhemska policyskapandet. Det f��rsta skiftet ��ger rum under 1990-talets tidiga del. D�� bryts en etablerad samh��llsbyggande medborgarroll upp, till f��rm��n f��r andra mera marknadsorienterade medborgarroller. Under 1990-talets senare del, d�� marknadsorienteringen f��rst��rks i neoliberal riktning, sker ett andra skifte; en historiskt vedertagen gemenskapstanke ��� nationen ��� bryts upp som grund f��r medborgerlig gemenskap. Denna tanke ers��tts av en annan som ��r globaliseringsinriktad, vilken visar sig ha andra inne- och uteslutande mekanismer f��r olika individer och samh��llsgrupper. Utifr��n dessa forskningsr��n tecknas avslutningsvis n��gra konturer till ett alternativt s��tt att t��nka kring medborgarskap och gemenskap. Detta alternativ tar form i ambitionen att, i h��gre grad ��n vad som blir synligt i svensk utbildningspolitik, resonera kring m��jligheter f��r ett medborgarskap bortom f��rhandstecknade indelningsgrunder f��r ett ���vi���. Språk som politisk och samh��llelig f��r��ndringskraft ges en central betydelse i avhandlingen. I analysen av texternas tal om skolans medborgarfostrande roll unders��ks p��g��ende politiska mots��ttningar n��r det g��ller att vinna tal- och tolkningsf��retr��de till skolans fostransm��l. Utg��ngarna av dessa mots��ttningar belyses genom tre omr��den f��r medborgarfostran som urskilts som centrala; ett politiskt, ett kulturellt samt ett ekonomi- och arbetslivsriktat. Genom dessa har r��dande medborgarskapsdiskurser tagit form, ur vilka de utbildningspolitiska f��rst��elserna av medborgarskap gestaltas och diskuteras.

Una mujer libre en Don Quijote de la Mancha : Libertad, opresi��n y rebeli��n en la historia de Marcela y Gris��stomo - un an��lisis del feminismo

Esta tesina tiene como objetivo considerar la historia de Marcela y Gris��stomo desde una perspectiva feminista en la obra de Miguel de Cervantes El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha. La investigaci��n se enfocar�� en la situaci��n de Marcela y su voluntad de poder decidir sobre su propia vida y su destino. Como ayuda a nuestra investigaci��n nos apoyaremos en reconocidos te��ricos literarios feministas que nos ayudar��n a analizar la imagen estereotipada de la mujer, entre ellos Simone de Beauvoir. El objetivo de nuestro estudio ha sido investigar el personaje de Marcela y la visi��n estereotipada de la mujer en ese momento concreto, y buscar la respuesta al porqu�� de su manera de actuar. En el trabajo tambi��n hemos querido investigar si Marcela fue una v��ctima de la visi��n patriarcal existente y si se deja regir por las normas y expectativas de la sociedad de su ��poca. Como resultado de nuestra investigaci��n podremos afirmar que Marcela s�� fue una v��ctima del sistema patriarcal y, pese a no ser un ejemplo representativo de la imagen de la mujer en aquel momento, fue juzgada por los hombres y por la sociedad. Tambi��n hemos podido demostrar c��mo los hombres y la sociedad reaccionaron durante esa ��poca a la elecci��n de Marcela

Das Bildzitat Eine Untersuchung von Paul Klees Die Revolution des Viaduktes in drei Texten der deutschprachigen Prosa

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung des Bildzitates und seiner Form. Ausgangspunkt ist ein Kunstwerk, Paul Klees Revolution der Viadukte, und dessen Versprachlichung, dem sognannten Bildzitat, in drei Texten der deutschen Prosa. Als literaturwissenschaftliche Methode wurde ein intermedialer Ansatz nach Rajewsky, sowie von Berndt, Tonger-Erk gew��hlt. Eine Auswahl des Kunstwerkes und der Texte, die das Kunstwerk zitieren, wurde basierend auf dem Material der Datenbank ��ber literarische Bildzitate in Wien getroffen. Die Analyse der Bildzitate in SAID: Das Rot l��chelt, das Blau schweigt. Geschichten ��ber Bilder, Uwe Timm: Der Freund und der Fremde und Gertrud Leutenegger: Vorabend erfolgt nach folgender Fragestellung: 1. Welches sind die grundlegenden Charakteristika des Bildes, die in den literarischen Bildzitaten hervorgehoben werden? 2. Mit welchen sprachlichen Mitteln wird dies hervorgehoben? 3. Welche Rolle spielt der Titel des Gem��ldes? Wie der Resultatteil zeigt werden von den Autoren Stilmittel ��hnlich die des Gem��ldes (Kontrast, Repetition) verwendet. Der Titel des Gem��ldes und die Bildzitate werden im Text als verst��rkendes Element verwendet. The pictorial quote An analysis of Paul Klees Revolution of the viaduct in three German prose texts. This essay explores the quotation of images in literature. Starting point is Paul Klee's painting The revolution of the viaduct and its verbal expression, which is known as 'image quotation', in three German prose texts. The textual analysis of these works - SAID's Das Rot l��chelt,das Blau schweigt. Geschichten ��ber Bilder, Uwe Timm's Der Freund und der Fremde and Gertrud Leutenegger's Vorabend - is based on theories of intermediality. This essay shows that the authors employ stylistic devices similar to those in the painting, such as contrast and repetition, and use them as intermedial references.

Epistemic Modality in Linguistic and Literature Essays in English : A comparative corpus-based study of modal verbs in student claims

This study is a corpus-based comparison between student essays written in the subject areas of English linguistics and literature at undergraduate level. They are 200 Bachelor degree theses submitted at a variety of university departments (such as English, Language and Literature, Humanities, Social and Intercultural Studies) in Sweden. The comparison concerns frequencies of core modal verbs and how often they occur together with the I, we and it subject pronouns and in the structures this/the [essay, study, project, thesis] when students attempt to communicate their personal claims. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the essays show few similarities in the ways that core modal verbs appear in both disciplines. The results indicate mainly distinct differences, especially in relation to clusters and variation of performative verbs. Specific patterns in the ways that students use core modal verbs as hedges have also been identified.

Comparison of Authentic and Simplified Texts : A case study of Wuthering Heights

The aim of this essay is to explore in what way Graded Readers are different from authentic texts against the background of English as a Second Language (ESL) and the use of authentic and simplified text in ESL teaching. The material used for this purpose is the authentic text of Wuthering Heights by Emily Bront�� and two upper-intermediate Graded Readers from two different publishers. The study uses the software readability-score and manual analysis to examine the texts with regards to lexical choice, language structure and story. The study showed that the Graded Readers are simplified in all aspects studied. Moreover, the Graded Readers differ from each other as well, most notably in the style of the text due to sentence structure and story simplification. This could imply that different authors of Graded Readers adopt different styles when simplifying text and that the grading levels are not comparable between different publishers.

M��moire de Licence, universit�� de Dal��carlie Les rapports hommes-femmes dans Les Liaisons dangereuses de Choderlos de Laclos

Ce m��moire a pour but de faire une analyse du roman de Choderlos de Laclos Les Liaisons dangereuses et de r��pondre �� quatre questions primordiales, �� savoir : -Quelle repr��sentation de l���homme et de la femme appara��t dans le roman de Choderlos de Laclos et quelle est la nature des relations entre les personnages des deux sexes ? - S���agit-il d���une condamnation ou d���une illustration du libertinage ? -Quels ont ��t�� les effets moraux de ce livre sur la soci��t�� du XVIII��me si��cle ? -Quelle ��tait l���attitude de l���auteur par rapport aux femmes ? Afin de r��pondre �� ces quatre questions primordiales, nous avons d��cid�� de faire une analyse du roman, mais aussi de nous int��resser �� la sociologie de la litt��rature et plus exactement sur l���horizon d���attente et la r��ception de l���oeuvre. Nous avons aussi utilis�� la correspondance ��crite entre Choderlos de Laclos et Mme Riccoboni afin d�����tablir l���attitude de l���auteur par rapport aux femmes. Pour conclure, nous d��montrerons que l���auteur ��tait en avance sur son temps et n�����tait aucunement misogyne et oeuvrait pour l���am��lioration de ��ducation des femmes.

��Neurodid��ctica aplicada? : Una investigaci��n sobre las aplicaciones de la neurodid��ctica en la ense��anza de espa��ol y en concreto en el libro de texto Caminando 3.

This thesis analyzes the teaching material Caminando 3 from a neurodidactic perspective. The discipline of neurodidactics is young and controversial and the aim of this investigation is to present an understanding of the use of practical applications of neurodidactics in written material of education in Spanish as a second language. The methods applied are a quantitative and objective analysis of measurable aspects in Caminando 3 and a qualitative, subjective analysis which is interpreting fundamental understandings of language learning which Caminando 3 reflects in its structure and content. The results show that there are several aspects in Caminando 3 which are supported by the evidences and advices of the neurodidactic theories and simultaneously there are details in exercises and parts of the layup containing a level of repetition and prediction which are directly harmful to the process of acquisition, according to neurodidactic theories. The conclusion is that a more dynamic teaching book can be produced with guidelines that can be created using these results. Further investigations will have to measure the knowledge and success of the pupils to decide whether neurodidactics is a successful complement to traditional didactics of second language learning.

Actitudes ling����sticas hacia el espa��ol andino en La Paz, Bolivia : Un estudio comparativo entre tres universidades en la ciudad de La Paz y la ciudad de El Alto.

En este estudio se analizan las actitudes ling����sticas hacia el espa��ol andino en universitarios con diferentes contextos socioling����sticos y socioecon��micos de tres universidades en La Paz, Bolivia, en relaci��n con el espa��ol andino. Se utiliza una encuesta que incluye dos t��cnicas: pares falsos donde los informantes opinan sobre cuatro voces, dos del espa��ol andino y dos del espa��ol est��ndar y se mide el ��ndice de solidaridad y de estatus; y un cuestionario de diferenciaci��n sem��ntica que mide las actitudes hacia las diferentes clases de transferencia del aymara al espa��ol andino. El an��lisis de los resultados indica que la actitud hacia los hablantes del espa��ol est��ndar es m��s positiva que la actitud hacia los hablantes del espa��ol andino, hay m��s solidaridad y m��s que todo se le asigna m��s estatus. Son los mismos hablantes del espa��ol andino que muestran las actitudes menos positivas.

Aprendizaje de vocabulario en clase de lengua extranjera : Una revisi��n de literatura

El vocabulario es una parte esencial en el aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera. Aunque el estudio de vocabulario es un proceso complejo, existen estrategias de aprendizaje que pueden facilitar este proceso. El prop��sito de este estudio es hacer una revisi��n literaria de diferentes investigaciones sobre las estrategias de aprendizaje que utilizan los alumnos para aprender palabras en la asignatura de lengua extranjera. Los resultados obtenidos mediante una comparaci��n de dos estudios emp��ricos, uno realizado en Suecia y otro en Espa��a, mostraron que tanto los alumnos suecos como los espa��oles sol��an usar la mayor parte del tiempo estrategias cl��sicas de aprendizaje que conllevan la repetici��n de las palabras, tanto de forma escrita como le��da, junto con su traducci��n. La conclusi��n a la que llegan los autores es que los profesores deben promover que los alumnos utilicen estrategias de aprendizaje variadas.

The Human Animal : An Ecocritical Study of Wilderness by Roddy Doyle

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Cr��olization in a Caribbean Landscape: : Representations of Deteriorating Landscapes and Internal Exile in Edwidge Danticat's Claire of the Sea Light

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Teaching EFL to Newly Arrived Adolescents : A Literature Review on EFL Teaching in Multilingual Classrooms

The Swedish curriculums point out that language is crucial to social interactions, learning and individual development as well as essential to uphold a democratic and multicultural country. However, a recent report from the Swedish National Agency for Education depicts the language introduction programs for immigrant adolescents in Sweden as a school form in great need of development (Skolverket, 2016a). This systematic literature review, which draws on sociocultural theory, contributes to the field of how to teach English to newly arrived adolescents in Sweden. The main findings, gathered from six studies from around the world, suggest several different areas for improvement concerning EFL teaching. A specific pedagogy for EFL learners is suggested as well as targeted professional development for EFL teachers. Additionally, the results point out challenges faced by EFL teachers in multilingual classrooms. Further research could investigate how EFL teachers deal with these challenges. Furthermore, further research could investigate EFL textbooks for multilingual students at upper secondary school in terms of language, culture, identity texts and difficulty level.

American or British English? : Attitudes towards English dialects among Swedish pupils

The two major varieties of English are American and British English. In Swedish compulsory school both varieties are taught. This essay examines the preferences and attitudes of pupils in 9th grades towards the two varieties, and if there are any gender differences. Previous research has shown that pupils are becoming more and more positive towards American English than they have been in earlier studies. This essay is based on a quantitative study carried out through questionnaires handed-out to 84 9th graders. The results show that the pupils prefer American English in speaking and for educational purposes. However, British English is viewed as more intelligent, professional, beautiful and correct. These findings mostly correspond to previous research but also show some contrasting features such as pupils wanting to speak British English rather than American English.