Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: a regulator of innate immunity.

For more than a quarter of a century, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been a mysterious cytokine. In recent years, MIF has assumed an important role as a pivotal regulator of innate immunity. MIF is an integral component of the host antimicrobial alarm system and stress response that promotes the pro-inflammatory functions of immune cells. A rapidly increasing amount of literature indicates that MIF is implicated in the pathogenesis of sepsis, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, suggesting that MIF-directed therapies might offer new treatment opportunities for human diseases in the future.

Experimental lagochilascariosis: histopathological study of inflammatory response to larval migration in the Murine model

The goal of this study was to investigate the pattern of inflammatory response induced by Lagochilascaris minor in murine experimental model. For this purpose 115 mice were given 1000-3000 L. minor infective eggs "per os" and 51 uninfected mice were considered as controls. Four hours post-inoculation (PI), 3rd stage larvae were seen passing through the mucosa of terminal ends of small intestine. Six hours PI larvae were observed as an embolus inside the portal vein and also migrating through the liver parenchyma. During the first 24 h larvae-containing eggs of L. minor were observed in the lumen of intestinal tract. Two days PI larvae were seen migrating through lung parenchyma associated with an initial neutrophilic perivasculitis. From the 13th day of this experimental study, L. minor larvae were found mainly in skeletal muscles, in the center of granulomas. Concentric fibrosis with mixed inflammatory infiltrate involved the larvae after the 47th day PI, persistently. This experimental murine study with L. minor indicated that the 3rd stage larvae penetrated via ileum-cecal mucosa reaching the liver and probably other tissues through the hematogenic via. Throughout its pathway the larvae induced a granulomatous reaction, with abundant polimorphonuclear cells.

Neutrophil transepithelial migration: role of toll-like receptors in mucosal inflammation

The symptomatic phases of many inflammatory diseases are characterized by migration of large numbers of neutrophils (PMN) across a polarized epithelium and accumulation within a lumen. For example, acute PMN influx is common in diseases of the gastrointestinal system (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, bacterial enterocolitis, gastritis), hepatobiliary system (cholangitis, acute cholecystitis), respiratory tract (bronchial pneumonia, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis), and urinary tract (pyelonephritis, cystitis). Despite these observations, the molecular basis of leukocyte interactions with epithelial cells is incompletely understood. In vitro models of PMN transepithelial migration typically use N-formylated bacterial peptides such as fMLP in isolation to drive human PMNs across epithelial monolayers. However, other microbial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are major constituents of the intestinal lumen and have potent effects on the immune system. In the absence of LPS, we have shown that transepithelial migration requires sequential adhesive interactions between the PMN beta2 integrin CD11b/CD18 and JAM protein family members. Other epithelial ligands appear to be abundantly represented as fucosylated proteoglycans. Further studies indicate that the rate of PMN migration across mucosal surfaces can be regulated by the ubiquitously expressed transmembrane protein CD47 and microbial-derived factors, although many of the details remain unclear. Current data suggests that Toll-like receptors (TLR), which recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), are differentially expressed on both leukocytes and mucosal epithelial cells while serving to modulate leukocyte-epithelial interactions. Exposure of epithelial TLRs to microbial ligands has been shown to result in transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory mediators whereas ligation of leukocyte TLRs modulate specific antimicrobial responses. A better understanding of these events will hopefully provide new insights into the mechanisms of epithelial responses to microorganisms and ideas for therapies aimed at inhibiting the deleterious consequences of mucosal inflammation.

Failure of neutrophil migration toward infectious focus in severe sepsis: a critical event for the outcome of this syndrome

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response commonly caused by bacterial infection. We demonstrated that the outcome of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) correlates with the severity of the neutrophil migration failure towards infectious focus. Failure appears to be due to a decrease in the rolling and adhesion of neutrophil to endothelium cells. It seems that neutrophil migration impairment is mediated by the circulating inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-8, which induce the nitric oxide (NO) production systemically. It is supported by the fact that intravenous administration of these cytokines reduces the neutrophil migration induced by different inflammatory stimuli, and in severe sepsis the circulating concentrations of the cytokines and chemokines are significantly increased. Moreover, the neutrophil migration failure and the reduction in the rolling/adhesion were not observed in iNOS-/- mice and, aminoguanidine prevented this event. We also demonstrated that the failure of neutrophil migration is a Toll-4 receptor (TLR4) dependent mechanism, since it was not observed in TLR4 deficient mice. Furthermore, it was also observed that circulating neutrophils obtained from septic patients present failure of neutrophil chemotaxis toward fMLP, IL-8, and LTB4 and an increased in sera concentrations of NO3 and cytokines. In conclusion, we demonstrated that, in sepsis, failure of neutrophil migration is critical for the outcome and that NO is involved in the process.

N-cadherin as a therapeutic target in cancer.

During tumor progression, cancer cells undergo dramatic changes in the expression profile of adhesion molecules resulting in detachment from original tissue and acquisition of a highly motile and invasive phenotype. A hallmark of this change, also referred to as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, is the loss of E- (epithelial) cadherin and the de novo expression of N- (neural) cadherin adhesion molecules. N-cadherin promotes tumor cell survival, migration and invasion, and a high level of its expression is often associated with poor prognosis. N-cadherin is also expressed in endothelial cells and plays an essential role in the maturation and stabilization of normal vessels and tumor-associated angiogenic vessels. Increasing experimental evidence suggests that N-cadherin is a potential therapeutic target in cancer. A peptidic N-cadherin antagonist (ADH-1) has been developed and has entered clinical testing. In this review, the authors discuss the biochemical and functional features of N-cadherin, its potential role in cancer and angiogenesis, and summarize the preclinical and clinical results achieved with ADH-1.

Implementación y entrenamiento de un modelo clasificatorio de red neural sobre la base de datos IGBADAT para la clasificación de las rocas basálticas de acuerdo a las clases del sistema de clasificación tradicional de Yoder and Tiller.

Aquest treball vol implementar un projecte de mineria de dades en l'àrea de la petrologia ígnia, especialitat englobada dins la geologia clàssica.

THE CXCR7/CXCR4/CXCL12 AXIS IN HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA: INVOLVEMENT IN MALIGNANT PROGRESSION

Le neuroblastome (NB) est la tumeur maligne solide extra-crânienne la plus fréquente chez le jeune enfant. L'évolution clinique est très hétérogène, et les NBs de haut risque échappent encore aux traitements les plus agressifs. Diverses études ont montré que les chimiokines et leurs récepteurs, particulièrement l'axe CXCR4/CXCL12, sont impliqués dans la progression tumorale. Dans le NB, l'expression de CXCR4 est corrélée à un pronostic défavorable. De récentes études ont identifié l'expression d'un autre récepteur, CXCR7, présentant une forte affinité pour le ligand CXCL12. Cependant, son implication potentielle dans l'agressivité des NBs reste encore inconnue. Notre étude a pour objectif d'analyser le rôle de CXCR7 dans le comportement malin du NB, et son influence sur la fonctionnalité de l'axe CXCR4/CXCL12. Les profils d'expression de CXCR7 et CXCL12 ont d'abord été évalués sur un large échantillonnage de tissus de NB, incluant des tissus de tumeurs primaires et de métastases, provenant de 156 patients. CXCL12 est fortement détecté dans les vaisseaux et le stroma des tumeurs. Contrairement à CXCR4, CXCR7 n'est que très faiblement exprimé par les tumeurs indifférenciées. Néanmoins, l'expression de CXCR7 augmente dans les tumeurs matures, et se trouve spécifiquement associée aux cellules neurales différentiées, telles que les cellules ganglionnaires. L'expression de CXCR7 est faiblement détectée dans un nombre réduit de lignées de NB, mais peut-être induite suite à des traitements avec des agents de différenciation in vitro. La surexpression de CXCR7, CXCR4 et une combinaison des deux récepteurs dans les lignées IGR-NB8 et SH-SY5Y a permis l'analyse de leur fonction respective. En réponse à leur ligand commun, chaque récepteur induit l'activation de la voie ERK 1/2, mais pas celle de la voie Akt. Contrairement à CXCR4, l'expression exogène de CXCR7 réduit fortement la prolifération des cellules de NB in vitro, et in vivo dans un modèle d'injection sous-cutanée de. souris immunodéprimées. CXCR7 altère également la migration des cellules induite par l'axe CXCR4/CXCL12. De plus, l'utilisation d'un modèle orthotopique murin a démontré que la croissance tumorale induite par CXCR4 peut être fortement retardée lorsque les deux récepteurs sont co-exprimés dans les cellules de NB. Aucune induction de métastases n'a pu être observée dans ce modèle. Cette étude a permis d'identifier un profil d'expression opposé et des rôles distincts pour CXCR7 et CXCR4 dans le NB. En effet, contrairement à CXCR4, CXCR7 présente des propriétés non tumorigéniques et peut être associé au processus de différenciation du NB. De plus, nos analyses suggèrent que CXCR7 peut réguler les mécanismes induits par CXCR4. Ces données ouvrent donc de nouvelles perspectives de recherche quant au rôle de l'axe CXCR7/CXCR4/CXCL12 dans la biologie des NBs. - Neuroblastoma (NB) is a typical childhood and heterogeneous neoplasm for which efficient targeted therapy for high-risk tumours is not yet identified. The chemokine CXCL12, and its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 have been involved in tumour progression and dissemination in various cancer models. In the context of NB, CXCR4 expression is associated to undifferentiated tumours and poor prognosis, while the role of CXCR7, the recently identified second CXCL12 receptor, has not yet been elucidated. In this report, CXCR7 and CXCL12 expression were evaluated using a tissue micro-array (TMA) including 156 primary and 56 metastatic NB tissues. CXCL12 was found to be highly associated to NB vascular and stromal structures. In opposite to the CXCR4 expression pattern, the neural-associated CXCR7 expression was extremely low in undifferentiated tumours, while its expression increased in maturated tissues and was specifically associated to the differentiated neural tumour cells. As determined by RT-PCR, CXCR7 expression was only found in a minority of NB cell lines. Moreover, its expression in two CXCR7-negative NB cell lines was further induce upon treatment with differentiation agents in vitro. The relative roles of the two CXCL12 receptors was further assessed by overexpressing individual CXCR7 or CXCR4 receptors, or a combination of both, in the IGR-NB8 and SH-SY5Y NB cell lines. In vitro functional analyses indicated that, in response to their common ligand, both receptors induced activation of ERK 1/2 cascade, but not Akt signaling pathway. CXCR7 strongly reduced in vitro growth, in contrast to CXCR4. Sub-cutaneous implantations of CXCR7-expressing NB cells showed that CXCR7 also drastically reduced in vivo growth. Moreover, CXCR7 impaired CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis, and altered CXCR4-mediated growth when CXCR4/CXCR7-expressing NB cells were engrafted orthotopically in mouse adrenal gland, a CXCL12-producing environment. In such model, CXCR7 alone, or in association with CXCR4, did not induce NB cell metastatic dissemination. In conclusion, the CXCL12 receptors, CXCR7 and CXCR4, revealed opposite expression patterns and distinct functional roles in NB. While CXCR4 favours NB growth and chemotaxis, CXCR7 elicits anti-tumorigenic properties and may be associated with NB differentiation. Importantly, CXCR7 may act as a negative modulator of CXCR4 signaling, further opening new research perspectives for the role of the global CXCR7/CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in NB.

Junctional adhesion molecule-2 (JAM-2) promotes lymphocyte transendothelial migration.

The molecular mechanisms underlying lymphocyte extravasation remain poorly characterized. We have recently identified junctional adhesion molecule-2 (JAM-2), and have shown that antibodies to JAM-2 stain high endothelial venules (HEVs) within lymph nodes and Peyer patches of adult mice. Here we show that mouse lymphocytes migrate in greater numbers across monolayers of endothelioma cells transfected with JAM-2. The significance of these findings to an understanding of both normal and pathologic lymphocyte extravasation prompted us to clone the human homologue of JAM-2. We herein demonstrate that an anti-JAM-2 antibody, or a soluble JAM-2 molecule, blocks the transmigration of primary human peripheral blood leukocytes across human umbilical vein endothelial cells expressing endogenous JAM-2. Furthermore, we show that JAM-2 is expressed on HEVs in human tonsil and on a subset of human leukocytes, suggesting that JAM-2 plays a central role in the regulation of transendothelial migration.

Epidemiology of Chagas disease in non endemic countries: the role of international migration

Human infection with the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi extends through North, Central, and South America, affecting 21 countries. Most human infections in the Western Hemisphere occur through contact with infected bloodsucking insects of the triatomine species. As T. cruzi can be detected in the blood of untreated infected individuals, decades after infection took place; the infection can be also transmitted through blood transfusion and organ transplant, which is considered the second most common mode of transmission for T. cruzi. The third mode of transmission is congenital infection. Economic hardship, political problems, or both, have spurred migration from Chagas endemic countries to developed countries. The main destination of this immigration is Australia, Canada, Spain, and the United States. In fact, human infection through blood or organ transplantation, as well as confirmed or potential cases of congenital infections has been described in Spain and in the United States. Estimates reported here indicates that in Australia in 2005-2006, 1067 of the 65,255 Latin American immigrants (16 per 1000) may be infected with T. cruzi, and in Canada, in 2001, 1218 of the 131,135 immigrants (9 per 1000) whose country of origin was identified may have been also infected. In Spain, a magnet for Latin American immigrants since the 2000, 5125 of 241,866 legal immigrants in 2003 (25 per 1000), could be infected. In the United States, 56,028 to 357,205 of the 7,20 million, legal immigrants (8 to 50 per 1000), depending on the scenario, from the period 1981-2005 may be infected with T. cruzi. On the other hand, 33,193 to 336,097 of the estimated 5,6 million undocumented immigrants in 2000 (6 to 59 per 1000) could be infected. Non endemic countries receiving immigrants from the endemic ones should develop policies to protect organ recipients from T. cruzi infection, prevent tainting the blood supply with T. cruzi, and implement secondary prevention of congenital Chagas disease.

Artificial neural network study of whole-cell bacterial bioreporter response determined using fluorescence flow cytometry.

Genetically engineered bioreporters are an excellent complement to traditional methods of chemical analysis. The application of fluorescence flow cytometry to detection of bioreporter response enables rapid and efficient characterization of bacterial bioreporter population response on a single-cell basis. In the present study, intrapopulation response variability was used to obtain higher analytical sensitivity and precision. We have analyzed flow cytometric data for an arsenic-sensitive bacterial bioreporter using an artificial neural network-based adaptive clustering approach (a single-layer perceptron model). Results for this approach are far superior to other methods that we have applied to this fluorescent bioreporter (e.g., the arsenic detection limit is 0.01 microM, substantially lower than for other detection methods/algorithms). The approach is highly efficient computationally and can be implemented on a real-time basis, thus having potential for future development of high-throughput screening applications.

Migration and information flows. A new lens for the study of contemporary international migration

Aquest document de treball mira d'establir un nou camp d'investigació a la cruïlla entre els fluxos de migració i d'informació i comunicació. Hi ha diversos factors que fan que valgui la pena adoptar aquesta perspectiva. El punt central és que la migració internacional contemporània és incrustada en la dinàmica de la societat de la informació, seguint models comuns i dinàmiques interconnectades. Per consegüent, s'està començant a identificar els fluxos d'informació com a qüestions clau en les polítiques de migració. A més, hi ha una manca de coneixement empíric en el disseny de xarxes d'informació i l'ús de les tecnologies d'informació i comunicació en contextos migratoris. Aquest document de treball també mira de ser una font d'hipòtesis per a investigacions posteriors.