Exceptions and Limitations to Intellectual Property Rights with Special Reference to Patent and Copyright Law

This thesis entitled Exceptions and limitations to intellectual property rights with special reference to patent and copyright law.The study on the limitations and exceptions to copyright and patent was mainly characterized by its diversity and flexibility. The unique feature of limited monopoly appended to intellectual property was always a matter of wide controversy.The historical analysis substantiated this instrumentalist philosophy of intellectual property.the study from a legal space characterized by diversity and flexibility and end up in that legal space being characterized by homogeneity and standardization. The issue of flexibility and restrictiveness in the context of TRIPS is the next challenging task. Before devising flexibility to TST, the question to be answered is whether such a mechanism is desirable in the context of TRIPS.In conclusion it is submitted to reorient the intellectual property framework in the context of the noble public interest objectives.

A study of the cost structure of the cashew industry in kerala, karnataka and tamilnadu

Since the world demand for cashew kernels has been rising steadily for several years in the past, conferring significant price increase the processing of cashew remains a highly profitable lndustry. India being the earliest and largest supplier of cashew kernels in the world market it is our prestigious obligations to reestablish her pristine monopoly. Further the added importance ot the indutry in the Socio economic context of the State of Kerala makes various measures impervative in order to bring back to the industry its pristine glory at the late sixties to give a face lift and to stabilize the industry. This present study adopts a comprehensive frame work of analysis compassing the major issues involved in the cultivation, distribution, import, processing and marketing of cashew undcr the private and public sector, migration of the industry and the financial requirements of the industry.

Marketing orientation of small Firms- a study with reference to Trivandrum district

The small business has attracted very little attention of the historians in the ancient times, or public mind inspite of the fact that its impact on the various civilisations has been phenominal. Even in recent times economists considered the small firms as inappropriate, obselate and anacronistic as it cannot assimilate the full potential of technological change in the production system. But today everybody agrees that the small business has a definite role in shaping the human destiny and enhancing the quality of life in any society. In a developing country like India small firms are necessary to generate employment for millions, high standared of personal choice to consumers, provide competition and act as a check to monopoly power; further the small firms provide an important source of innovation and in turn it paves the way for entrepreneur development in the society. In many countries the small enterprises played a significant role in the growth and development of their economic system. Italy and Japan are quoted as classic examples . In India, too, with the abundance of labour and scarce capital resources small firms have been promoted and protected by the government. But one must say that the small firm owners/managers in India have been shy in developing a market orientation in themeselves. Due to this many firms failed and closed. The alarming rate of sickness among the small firms in India may be attributed to the lack of market driven/customer orientation approach among the owner/managers of small business. So the study on the market oreintation of the small firms has never been in the mind of marketing experts and academicians. Thus, an attempt is made to enquire into them systematically and scientifically. For the study, Trivandrum district in Kerala has been selected. The data for the study has been collected by the help of a schedule which has been prepared after consulting the relevant literature and after consultation with experts in the field, academicians and practising managers.

Conceptualisation Of Model For Studying Consumer Purchase Behaviour Of Passenger Cars

Automobile Industry in India is influenced by the presence of national and multi-national manufacturers. The presence of many manufacturers and brands in the state provides many choices to the customer. The current market for car manufacturers has been transformed from a monopoly of one or two manufacturers in the seventies to oligopoly of many manufacturers in the current marketing scenario. The main objective of the research paper is to explore and conceptualize various parameters and develop a model, which influence the purchase patterns of passenger cars in the State of Kerala. Thus, the main purpose of this paper is to come up with a model, which shall facilitate further study on the consumer purchase behaviour patterns of passenger car owners in the State of Kerala, India. The author intends to undertake further quantitative analysis to verify and validate the model so developed. The main methods used for this paper are secondary research on available material, depth interview of car dealers, car financing agencies and car owners in the city of Cochin, in Kerala State in India. The depth interviews were conducted with the use of prepared questionnaire for car dealers, car customers and car financing agencies. The findings resulted in the identification of the parameters that influence the consumer purchase behaviour of passenger cars and the formulation of the model, which will be the basis for the further research of the author. The paper will be of tremendous value to the existing and new car manufacturers both indigenous and foreign, to formalize and strategies their policies towards an effective marketing strategy, so as to market their models in the State, which is known for its high literacy, consumerism and higher educational penetration

Vertikale Integrationsstrukturen kommunaler Verkehrsunternehmen : eine transaktionskostentheoretische Evaluation

Der Markt für öffentlichen Personennahverkehr (ÖPNV) wird liberalisiert, in die gewachsenen Monopolstrukturen werden Marktmechanismen implementiert. Ziel der neuen ordnungspolitischen Rahmenbedingungen ist die Steigerung der Effizienz des defizitären Verkehrsbereichs, der von kommunalen Verkehrsunternehmen dominiert wird. Diese erbringen als Quasi-Monopolisten traditionell die Verkehrsdurchführung, regelmäßig anfallende Defizite werden von der öffentlichen Hand ausgeglichen. Bedingt durch ihre Leistungsstrukturen sind kommunale Verkehrsunternehmen in einem Wettbewerbsmarkt kaum konkurrenzfähig. Charakteristisch für diesen Unternehmenstyp ist der hohe Grad an vertikal integrierten Wertschöpfungsstufen. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Branchen erbringen kommunale Verkehrsunternehmen die wesentlichen Teile der gesamten ÖPNV-Wertschöpfungskette innerhalb der eigenen Unternehmensgrenzen. An dem hohen vertikalen Integrationsgrad setzt die Untersuchung an. Mit dem von Williamson entwickelten Instrumentarium der Transaktionskostentheorie werden die Leistungsbereiche einer transaktionskostentheoretischen Bewertung unterzogen. Als Alternativen zum institutionellen Arrangement der vertikalen Integration – das als Hierarchie bezeichnet wird – stehen die Arrangements Kooperation und Markt zur Verfügung. Die Bewertung zeigt, welche Leistungsbereiche unter transaktionskostentheoretischen Gesichtspunkten hierarchisch institutionalisiert werden sollten und welche alternativ erbracht werden können. Aus den Ergebnissen werden Strategieempfehlungen abgeleitet, die als Arbeitshypothesen einer anschließenden empirischen Überprüfung unterzogen werden. Die befragten ÖPNV-Experten bewerten somit die Marktfähigkeit der Strategieempfehlungen. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse werden für die Erarbeitung eines alternativen Koordinierungsarrangements für kommunale Verkehrsunternehmen herangezogen. Das Modell basiert auf der Grundlage Strategischer Netzwerke. Kommunale Verkehrsunternehmen nehmen in dem Modell die Rolle des Nukleus ein, der eine Vielzahl von Netzwerkpartnern steuert und für die Erbringung der ÖPNV-Leistungen mit diesen kooperiert.

Continuation and discontinuation of local institution in community based natural resource management

Currently the push toward frontier areas, which until twenty years ago were still largely untouched by commercial agriculture, is taking place on a massive scale. This push is being driven not the least by global economic developments, such as the price increase of agriculture commodities like coffee and cocoa. In most cases the indigenous communities become trapped between the state monopoly in natural resource management and the competition for resources by external actors. In this processes the indigenous communities start to lose their access to resources. Another victim in this process is the environment where the natural resources are imbedded. International and national organizations working to conserve environment have became conscious of the important role that indigenous people could fulfill as partners in this endeavour. This partnership in struggle has produced a new discourse on the relationship between indigenous people and their environment. As a further consequence, programs were set up to develop what became known as Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) with its numerous variations. Based on a case study in a village on the eastern border of the Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi, this study questioned the basic assumption behind the concept of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM). Namely the assumption that communities living at the margin of forest are socially and culturally homogenous, still more or less egalitarian, and basically living in harmony with their natural environment. This study was inspired by the persistent critique – although still a minority – on the basic assumption the CBNRM from academicians and practitioners working through the Entitlement perspective. Another inspiration was the mounting critique toward the participatory approach. In its effort the study explore further the usefulness of certain approaches. One of the approach much relied on in this study was the local history of the community studied, through exerting oral and local written documents on local history, legends and local stories. These sources proofed quite capable in bringing the local history into the light. Another was the actor oriented approach, which later came to be supported by the concept of Social Pool Resources. The latter concept proofed to be useful as analytical instrument to integrate social institutions and the common pool resources, as a field of action for the different actors as human agencies.

Difference and equality: A critical theorist analysis of post-modern philosophy

The following paper is a critical theorist analysis of post-structuralist philosophy. It examines the omission of an economic critique in post-structuralism and describes this omission as the result of a particular flaw in Nietzsche's epistemological work, an error which has persisted all the way down through deconstruction, post-colonialism, and cultural studies. The paper seeks to reintroduce an economic critique of capitalism back into the social critique of post-structuralism, with the promise that the combination of the two will prove stronger than either critical theory or post-structuralism alone. To achieve this it reinterprets Marx' concept of metabolism as a critical economic category that mirrors post-structuralism's concept of differance.

The Pursuit of Alternatives

Stories of peoples’ struggles across the globe are testaments to their determination to resist exploitation and injustice, and to imagine and construct their own narratives of economic and political difference. These stories of emancipatory moments demonstrate that something radically different in terms of dominant socio-economic relations and mental conceptions of the world may arise out of and beyond capitalism. The Pursuit of Alternatives: Stories of Peoples’ Economic and Political Struggles Around the World presents a fresh and new perspective on how the ‘process of becoming’ alternatives might take place based on peoples’ lived experiences. The chapters here, by labour activists and academics, explore how various forms of peoples’ economic and political initiatives and struggles in six countries – Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Nigeria, the Philippines, and South Korea – might become ‘actually existing’ spaces and moments for the development of critical consciousness and transformative capacities which are both central in challenging the dominant social, economic and political relations. The stories in this book bring to light today’s language of peoples’ struggles; what inspires people to create their own emancipatory moments and spaces for transformative self-change. While this book does not aim to propose an alternative to capitalism per se, it makes a stimulating contribution to the continuing debate on what alternatives to capitalist relations and arrangements might look like by grounding these alternatives in the everyday lives and struggles of workers, women, aboriginal peoples, the unemployed, and the poor.

How do domestic policies affect the integration of Ethiopian fertiliser markets with world markets?

Frequent shifts in policy on fertiliser markets have occurred in Ethiopia with the aim of facilitating both physical and economic access of farmers to fertiliser. The last shift was the introduction of a monopoly on each stage of the supply chain in 2008. Furthermore, government control of prices and margins as well as stockholding programmes are also present on the markets. This paper evaluates the effect of these policies on the integration of domestic with world markets of fertiliser, using cointegration methods. Time series data of diammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea prices on world, import and retail markets between 1971 and 2012 are used. The findings show high transmission of price signals from world markets to import prices for both DAP and urea. However, between import and retail prices there is no evidence of cointegration for urea, while for DAP full price transmission is concluded. In the retail market, domestic transaction costs associated with storing large volumes of fertiliser act as a buffer between import and retail prices, especially for urea. Therefore, economic benefits could be achieved by reducing the size of stocks and revising the demand estimation process.

Prices versus exams as strategic instruments for competing universities

In this paper we investigate the optimal choice of prices and/or exams by universities in the presence of credit constraints. We first compare the optimal behavior of a public, welfare maximizing, monopoly and a private, profit maximizing, monopoly. Then we model competition between a public and a private institution and investigate the new role of exams/prices in this environment. We find that, under certain circumstances, the public university may have an interest to raise tuition fees from minimum levels if it cares for global welfare. This will be the case provided that (i) the private institution has higher quality and uses only prices to select applicants, or (ii) the private institution has lower quality and uses also exams to select students. When this is the case, there are efficiency grounds for raising public prices

La incidencia de la Reunificación Alemana como factor a destacar en el análisis del desarrollo de la xenofobia en los Nuevos Estados Federados

A partir de las Pasiones, fundamento sociológico de las Relaciones Internaciones en un Prejuicio a la Racionalidad del teórico Marcel Merle; se analizó como la Reunificación Alemana es un factor a destacar, en el análisis del desarrollo de la xenofobia en los nuevos estados federados alemanes (nuevos Länder). De tal forma, se empleó un análisis holístico en el estudio de la nueva realidad social de los nuevos estados tras la transición del sistema socialista al capitalista, haciéndose énfasis en los principales factores políticos, económicos, sociales y culturales. La nueva realidad social en los nuevos estados está marcada por el descontento de su población, en donde son los jóvenes los más afectados y quienes resultan ser los perdedores del capitalismo. La preocupación obedece al desequilibrio en términos económicos entre la parte oriental alemana y la occidental. Esta situación crea un ambiente propicio para que el discurso de la extrema derecha alemana sea aceptado, este discurso se convierte en herramienta política de los partidos políticos y grupos neonazis; la discursiva de extrema derecha contiene un trasfondo ideológico ultranacionalista, que justifica los comportamientos de sus seguidores. Estas influencias desencadenan violencia contra las minorías, dentro de las cuales se encuentran los inmigrantes. Es especialmente en los nuevos estados federados alemanes en donde los actos violentos contra extranjeros han aumentado, estas acciones obedecen a un trasfondo xenófobo.

La Nueva Era : mercado y crisis de sentido. Estudio exploratorio realizado en Bogotá

Es una investigación pionera que pretende comprender el desarrollo del fenómeno social Nueva Era en Bogotá, por ello el objetivo de este estudio es indagar sobre los motivos que tiene los bogotanos para consumir productos y servicios de la Nueva Era. A partir de una metodología de investigación cualitativa donde se utilizaron técnicas de recolección tales como: la entrevista semi-estructurada, el cuestionario y la observación participante donde las unidades de análisis fueron los propietarios y consumidores de tres centros calificados Nueva Era que fueron, Serviteca del Alma, Centro Unifinismo, Wahikarie de Colombia E.U, se logro corroborar la hipótesis que el capitalismo informacional con su economía de mercado y la globalización que han generado una sociedad de red, ha desatado una crisis de sentido en los individuos, el llamado mercado “Nueva Era” es una alternativa para resolver dicha problemática.

Arqueología micropolítica del discurso bibliotecario. La biblioteca escolar ecológica productora de nueva subjetividad : su efecto en las redes sociales y bases de datos documentales.

El análisis micropolítico de los Discursos Bibliotecarios (DB) desinviste a las maquinas codificadoras de las misiones, que la institución bibliotecaria reproduce como valor agregado ligado a un modo de ser con base territorial; desmonta las máquinas axiomáticas de los manifiestos bibliotecarios que producen un valor agregado incluyendo forzadamente como deudores de conocimiento a los que no dominan el saber acumulado; y revela el valor agregado del capitalismo mundial integrado (CMI) que instaura procedimientos tácticos cada vez mas autoreferenciales (normas, pautas y directrices). En oposición a esos dispositivos de alineación, culpabilización, responsabilización y control, proponemos un proceso de singularización bibliotecaria en función de la producción de información ambiental en una Biblioteca Escolar Ecológica en conexión con redes sociales y bases de datos documentales.

Las empresas militares privadas y su repercusión en el régimen internacional sobre el uso de la fuerza

En esta monografía de grado se analiza el uso de empresas militares privadas en escenario de conflictos bélicos y su repercusión en el régimen internacional sobre el uso de la fuerza. Las empresas militares privadas son organizaciones que operan hoy en día a escala global y que se especializan en proveer diversas capacidades militares. Desde comienzos de los años noventa y a raíz del nuevo orden mundial posguerra fría, éstas han estado activas en múltiples zonas de conflicto alrededor del mundo. En esta investigación se evidencia que el régimen internacional que regula el uso de la fuerza es limitado, debido a que no responsabiliza a actores privados (no estatales), como lo son las empresas militares privadas. Se trata, entonces, de un análisis de los mecanismos que ha adoptado la comunidad internacional para hacer frente a este fenómeno, teniendo en cuenta que hoy en día, el monopolio del uso de la fuerza no es competencia única de los Estados.

Artículo “neuromarketing: la herramienta de diferenciación de las empresas contemporáneas”

Este escrito tiene como fin, analizar puntualmente una de esas herramientas poderosas con las que las empresas de hoy en día pueden contar para ganar lugares de posición y preponderancia en los diversos mercados en los que se encuentran. Acá, se referenciará cómo un concepto tan holístico e importante como el “Neuromarketing”, puede llegar a convertirse en un socio o un aliado estratégico de los empresarios, y de qué manera éste puede llegar a ser un elemento diferenciador para hacer a una empresa más competitiva en los duros ambientes mercantiles dados y expresados por el capitalismo mundial. Para ello, en primera instancia se analizará desde un punto de vista general algunos conceptos que resultan siendo relevantes para el escrito, tales como mercadeo, las llamadas “4p”, y posteriormente y de manera puntal al tema central de estudio de este documento, el cual se relaciona con el funcionamiento del cerebro (desde el punto de vista del marketing) para profundizar entonces en el “Neuromarketing”, expresando algunos ejemplos específicos, sus características y rasgos esenciales, así como su utilización, llegada a Colombia y cómo las empresas nacionales pueden llegar a explotar esta poderosa herramienta en pro o a favor de sus ventas y logros corporativos.