Uso de metamaterial em antenas de microfita com supercondutor

Metamaterials have attracted great attention in recent decades, due to their electromagnetic properties which are not found in nature. Since metamaterials are now synthesized by the insertion of artificially manufactured inclusions in a specified homogeneous medium, it became possible for the researcher to work with a wide collection of independent parameters, for example, the electromagnetic properties of the material. An investigation of the properties of ring resonators was performed as well as those of metamaterials. A study of the major theories that clearly explain superconductivity was presented. The BCS theory, London Equations and the Two-Fluid Model are theories that support the application of superconducting microstrip antennas. Therefore, this thesis presents theoretical, numerical and experimental-computational analysis using full-wave formalism, through the application of the Transverse Transmission Line – LTT method applied in the Fourier Transform Domain (FTD). The LTT is a full wave method, which, as a rule, obtains the electromagnetic fields in terms of the transverse components of the structure. The inclusion of the superconducting patch is performed using the complex resistive boundary condition. Results of resonant frequency as a function of antenna parameters are obtained. To validate the analysis, computer programs were developed using Fortran, simulations were created using the commercial software, with curves being drawn using commercial software and MATLAB, in addition to comparing the conventional patch with the superconductor as well as comparing a metamaterial substrate with a conventional one, joining the substrate with the patch, observing what improves on both cas

Estudo de arranjos de antenas de microfita com Patch quase-fractal para comunicações sem fio

In this dissertation, are presented two microstrip antennas and two arrays for applications in wireless communication systems multiband. Initially, we studied an antenna and a linear array consisting of two elements identical to the patch antenna isolated. The shape of the patch used in both structures is based on fractal geometry and has multiband behavior. Next a new antenna is analyzed and a new array such as initial structure, but with the truncated ground plane, in order to obtain better bandwidths and return loss. For feeding the structures, we used microstrip transmission line. In the design of planar structures, was used HFSS software for the simulation. Next were built and measures electromagnetic parameters such as input impedance and return loss, using vector network analyzer in the telecommunications laboratory of Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. The experimental results were compared with the simulated and showed improved return loss for the first array and also appeared a fourth band and increased directivity compared with the isolated antenna. The first two benefits are not commonly found in the literature. For structures with a truncated ground planes, the technique improved impedance matching, bandwidth and return loss when compared to the initial structure with filled ground planes. Moreover, these structures exhibited a better distribution of frequency, facilitating the adjustment of frequencies. Thus, it is expected that the planar structures presented in this study, particularly arrays may be suitable for specific applications in wireless communication systems when frequency multiband and wideband transmission signals are required.

Estudo da variação da periodicidade e do acoplamento entre superfícies seletivas de frequência com elementos fractais e helicoidais em estruturas de multicamadas

This work aims to investigate the behavior of fractal and helical elements structures in planar microstrip. In particular, the frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) had changed its conventional elements to fractal and helical formats. The dielectric substrate used was fiberglass (FR-4) and has a thickness of 1.5 mm, a relative permittivity 4.4 and tangent loss equal to 0.02. For FSSs, was adopting the Dürer’s fractal geometry and helical geometry. To make the measurements, we used two antennas horns in direct line of sight, connected by coaxial cable to the vector network analyzer. Some prototypes were select for built and measured. From preliminary results, it was aimed to find practical applications for structures from the cascading between them. For FSSs with Dürer’s fractal elements was observed behavior provided by the multiband fractal geometry, while the bandwidth has become narrow as the level of iteration fractal increased, making it a more selective frequency with a higher quality factor. A parametric analysis allowed the analysis of the variation of the air layer between them. The cascading between fractal elements structure were considered, presented a tri-band behavior for certain values of the layer of air between them, and find applications in the licensed 2.5GHz band (2.3-2.7) and 3.5GHz band (3.3-3.8). For FSSs with helical elements, six structures were considered, namely H0, H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5. The electromagnetic behavior of them was analyzed separately and cascaded. From preliminary results obtained from the separate analysis of structures, including the cascade, the higher the bandwidth, in that the thickness of the air layer increases. In order to find practical applications for helical structures cascaded, the helical elements structure has been cascaded find applications in the X-band (8.0-12.0) and unlicensed band (5.25-5.85). For numerical and experimental characterization of the structures discussed was used, respectively, the commercial software Ansoft Designer and a vector network analyzer, Agilent N5230A model.

Bi anisotropia em antenas de microfita retangular e estruturas circulares modificadas

The microstrip antennas in your simplest form consist of a ground plane and a dielectric substrate which supports a conductive tape. As these antennas have some limitations, this work presents a study of anisotropic substrates, as well as some results in microstrip antennas with circular patch, aiming to overcome these limitations, especially in applications at 4G technology. These anisotropic substrates are those in which electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability are represented by tensors of second order. The study consists of a theoretical analysis of substrates and development of a mathematical formalism, the Transverse Transmission Line Method, aimed the application of these substrates in microstrip antennas. Among the substrates used in this study, there are the ferrimagnetic and metamaterials, in which some miniaturizations of the antennas are achieved. For antennas with circular patch, are considered arrays and modified ground planes in order to achieve improvement in parameters, in particular, gain and bandwidth. Several simulations have been made and antennas were constructed so that the measured values could be compared with the simulated values.

Implementação de conversor de polarização linear-circular para antenas de microfita usando metasuperfícies

This work aims to propose a new model of metasurface with simplified basic cell, able to convert linearly polarized signals generated by planar antenna array in circularly polarized signals, for the ISM frequency band (2.45 GHz), with good bandwidth of return loss and axial ratio. To study the behavior of the proposed structure, the metasurface is coupled to three different structures. First, initial tests are made with the metasurface coupled to a microstrip antenna in its simple configuration. Then the metasurface is coupled to an array with two elements of patch type. And later it is coupled to an optimized array, that uses a stub in its main feed, to get a better impedance matching. The structures are analyzed numerically through Ansoft HFSS™, and to validate these results, the structures are characterized experimentally. The characteristics of transmissions simulated and measures are presented. A good agreement between simulated and measured results was obtained. The structure proposed here has the advantage of meeting the desired characteristics, with a simple geometry to be built using a low-cost substrate (FR-4).

Implementação de conversor de polarização linear-circular para antenas de microfita usando metasuperfícies

This work aims to propose a new model of metasurface with simplified basic cell, able to convert linearly polarized signals generated by planar antenna array in circularly polarized signals, for the ISM frequency band (2.45 GHz), with good bandwidth of return loss and axial ratio. To study the behavior of the proposed structure, the metasurface is coupled to three different structures. First, initial tests are made with the metasurface coupled to a microstrip antenna in its simple configuration. Then the metasurface is coupled to an array with two elements of patch type. And later it is coupled to an optimized array, that uses a stub in its main feed, to get a better impedance matching. The structures are analyzed numerically through Ansoft HFSS™, and to validate these results, the structures are characterized experimentally. The characteristics of transmissions simulated and measures are presented. A good agreement between simulated and measured results was obtained. The structure proposed here has the advantage of meeting the desired characteristics, with a simple geometry to be built using a low-cost substrate (FR-4).

G2-Monopoles with Singularities (Examples)

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media DordrechtG2-Monopoles are solutions to gauge theoretical equations on G2-manifolds. If the G2-manifolds under consideration are compact, then any irreducible G2-monopole must have singularities. It is then important to understand which kind of singularities G2-monopoles can have. We give examples (in the noncompact case) of non-Abelian monopoles with Dirac type singularities, and examples of monopoles whose singularities are not of that type. We also give an existence result for Abelian monopoles with Dirac type singularities on compact manifolds. This should be one of the building blocks in a gluing construction aimed at constructing non-Abelian ones.

Development of miniaturized antennas and adaptive tuning solutions for body sensor network applications

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are currently having a revolutionary impact in rapidly emerging wearable applications such as health and fitness monitoring amongst many others. These types of Body Sensor Network (BSN) applications require highly integrated wireless sensor devices for use in a wearable configuration, to monitor various physiological parameters of the user. These new requirements are currently posing significant design challenges from an antenna perspective. This work addresses several design challenges relating to antenna design for these types of applications. In this thesis, a review of current antenna solutions for WSN applications is first presented, investigating both commercial and academic solutions. Key design challenges are then identified relating to antenna size and performance. A detailed investigation of the effects of the human body on antenna impedance characteristics is then presented. A first-generation antenna tuning system is then developed. This system enables the antenna impedance to be tuned adaptively in the presence of the human body. Three new antenna designs are also presented. A compact, low-cost 433 MHz antenna design is first reported and the effects of the human body on the impedance of the antenna are investigated. A tunable version of this antenna is then developed, using a higher performance, second-generation tuner that is integrated within the antenna element itself, enabling autonomous tuning in the presence of the human body. Finally, a compact sized, dual-band antenna is reported that covers both the 433 MHz and 2.45 GHz bands to provide improved quality of service (QoS) in WSN applications. To date, state-of-the-art WSN devices are relatively simple in design with limited antenna options available, especially for the lower UHF bands. In addition, current devices have no capability to deal with changing antenna environments such as in wearable BSN applications. This thesis presents several contributions that advance the state-of-the-art in this area, relating to the design of miniaturized WSN antennas and the development of antenna tuning solutions for BSN applications.

Reconfigurable Matching Networks for RF Amplifiers

This article presents applications of reconfigurable matching networks for RF amplifier design. Two possible solutions are given, one where the switching element is a PIN diode, and the other is based on graphene. Due to the fact that its conductivity depends on applied bias voltage, the graphene-based circuits can be used in microwave circuits as controllable elements. The structure of the proposed switch is very simple and it is particularly convenient for microstrip-based circuits. Because of that, a design of reconfigurable amplifier with the graphene-based switch is presented together with the one which has the PIN diode switch. Both amplifiers have the same specifications, and the one with the PIN diode switch is fabricated. The amplifier utilizing the PIN switch was used as a reference to make a comparison the two types of switches. Results of both amplifiers are very similar which indicates possible future applications of the graphene-based switch.

Análisis de onda completa por el método de los momentos de estructuras microtiras eléctricamente grandes

[EN]In this paper we will present a comparison between numerical and asymptotic evaluation of Sommerfeld kind integrals when working with real microstrip problems. We have focused our atention in the time required for both methods. Asymptotic methods are less time consuming than numerical ones, but when you have to compare the time involved in the computation of the Green's function with the time required to fill the MoM matrix, the former is very little in front of the latter.

La gestion des lisiers par les grands producteurs porcins aux États-Unis : quelles sont les alternatives durables?

Les dernières décennies ont apporté de grandes transformations à l'élevage porcin, qui est dorénavant considérée comme une agro-industrie composée de quelques grands joueurs à l’échelle internationale. Ces changements structurels ont contribué à l’apparition de problèmes associés à la quantité croissante de lisier produite par le secteur porcin aux États-Unis. Certaines préoccupations environnementales telles que les impacts sur les eaux de surface et souterraine, les effets sur la qualité de l’air et des sols sont notamment soulevées. Par contre, lorsque la gestion et l’épandage du lisier sont faits de manière adéquate en prenant soin d’éviter toute forme de pollution, le lisier est un excellent engrais, riche en nutriments essentiels aux cultures. Actuellement, deux méthodes d’entreposage sont généralisées aux États-Unis : les fosses souterraines pour entreposer le lisier non-dilué et les lagunes ouvertes pour le lisier liquide. La majorité des producteurs valorisent toujours leur lisier par épandage aux champs. Malheureusement, les méthodes actuelles de gestion utilisées ne sont pas jugées durables, ni du point de vue environnemental, social ou économique. Pourtant, plusieurs pratiques durables et efficaces existent et peuvent être introduites de façon relativement simple comme entre autres, l’implantation de bandes riveraines et l’épandage du lisier en post-levée avec des engrais verts. De plus, la valorisation énergétique grâce à un digesteur anaérobie est une option forte intéressante en raison des avantages économiques qui peuvent découler de son utilisation. Pour le moment, ces méthodes restent toujours très marginales. Certains freins sont possiblement responsables de l’inaction face aux problèmes environnementaux causés par le lisier. Entre autres, le fait que les producteurs porcins soient maintenant sous contrats avec des firmes intégratrices, le monopole de certaines compagnies agroalimentaire et les emplois précaires offerts par les industries. Ainsi, après l’analyse de la gestion des lisiers aux États-Unis, plusieurs constats et recommandations ont pu être formulés : la nécessité de mettre en place une loi sur la qualité de l’air, les changements nécessaires au Clean Water Act, l’abolition des lagunes dans le but de mettre en place des méthodes plus durables telles les digesteurs anaérobies, la mise en place de moratoire pour les cheptels dans les régions avec des surplus d’éléments nutritifs dans le sol et enfin le retour graduel à une agriculture à plus petite échelle et locale.

(Quantum-) critical dynamics of magnetoelectric materials

In this thesis the critical dynamics of several magnetoelectric compounds at their phase transition were examined. Mostly measurements of the dielectric properties in the frequency range of below 1 Hz up to 5 GHz were employed to evaluate the critical exponents for both magnetic field and temperature-dependent measurements. Most of the materials that are part of this work show anomalous behavior, especially at very low temperatures where quantum fluctuations are of the order of or even dominate those induced thermally. This anomalous behavior manifests in different forms. In Dy2Ti2O7 we demonstrate the existence of electric dipoles on magnetic monopoles. Here the dynamics at the critical endpoint located at 0.36K and in a magnetic field of 1T parallel to the [111] direction are of special interest. At this critical endpoint the expected critical slowing down of the dynamics could not only not be observed but instead the opposite, critical speeding-up by several orders of magnitude, could be demonstrated. Furthermore, we show that the phase diagram of Dy2Ti2O7 in this field direction can be reproduced solely from the dynamical properties, for example the resonance frequency of the observed relaxation that is connected to the monopole movement. Away from this point of the phase diagram the dynamics are slowing-down with reduction of temperature as one would expect. Additional measurements on Y2Ti2O7, a structurally identical but non-magnetic material, show only slowing down with reduction of temperature and no additional features. A possible explanation for the observed critical speeding-up is a coherent movement of magnetic monopoles close to the critical field that increases the resonance frequency by reducing the damping of the process. LiCuVO4 on the other hand behaves normally at its phase transition as long as the temperature is higher than 0.4 K. In this temperature regime the dynamics show critical slowing-down analogous to classical ferroelectric materials. This analogy extends also towards higher frequencies where the permittivity displays a ‘dispersion’ minimum that is temperature-dependent but of the order of 2 GHz. Below 0.4K the observed behavior changes drastically. Here we found no longer relaxational behavior but instead an excitation with very low energy. This low energy excitation was predicted by theory and is caused by nearly gapless soliton excitations within the 1D Cu2+ chains of LiCuVO4. Finally, in TbMnO3 the dynamics of the phase transition into the multiferroic phase was observed at roughly 27 K, a much higher temperature compared to the other materials. Here the expected critical slowing-down was observed, even though in low-frequency measurements this transition into the ferroelectric phase is overshadowed by the so-called c-axis relaxation. Therefore, only frequencies above 1MHz could be used to determine the critical exponents for both temperatureand magnetic-field-dependent measurements. This was done for both the peak frequency as well as the relaxation strength. In TbMnO3 an electromagnetic soft-mode with small optical weight causes the observed fluctuations, similar to the case of multiferroic MnWO4.

Thermodynamics and Heat Transport of doped Spin-Ice Materials

In this thesis the low-temperature magnetism of the spin-ice systems Dy2Ti2O7 and Ho2Ti2O7 is investigated. In general, a clear experimental evidence for a sizable magnetic contribution kappa_{mag} to the low-temperature, zero-field heat transport of both spin-ice materials is observed. This kappa_{mag} can be attributed to the magnetic monopole excitations, which are highly mobile in zero field and are suppressed by a rather small external field resulting in a drop of kappa(H). Towards higher magnetic fields, significant field dependencies of the phononic heat conductivities kappa_{ph}(H) of Ho2Ti2O7 and Dy2Ti2O7 are found, which are, however, of opposite signs, as it is also found for the highly dilute reference materials (Ho0.5Y0.5)2Ti2O7 and (Dy0.5Y0.5)2Ti2O7. The dominant effect in the Ho-based materials is the scattering of phonons by spin flips which appears to be significantly stronger than in the Dy-based materials. Here, the thermal conductivity is suppressed due to enhanced lattice distortions observed in the magnetostriction. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of Dy2Ti2O7 has been investigated concerning strong hysteresis effects and slow-relaxation processes towards equilibrium states in the low-temperature and low-field regime. The thermal conductivity in the hysteretic regions slowly relaxes towards larger values suggesting that there is an additional suppression of the heat transport by disorder in the non-equilibrium states. The equilibration can even be governed by the heat current for particular configurations. A special focus was put on the dilution series Dy2Ti2O7x. From specific heat measurements, it was found that the ultra-slow thermal equilibration in pure spin ice Dy2Ti2O7 is rapidly suppressed upon dilution with non-magnetic yttrium and vanishes completely for x>=0.2 down to the lowest accessible temperatures. In general, the low-temperature entropy of (Dy1-xYx)2Ti2O7, considerably decreases with increasing x, whereas its temperature-dependence drastically increases. Thus, it could be clarified that there is no experimental evidence for a finite zero-temperature entropy in (Dy1-xYx)2Ti2O7 above x>=0.2, in clear contrast to the finite residual entropy S_{P}(x) expected from a generalized Pauling approximation. A similar discrepancy is also present between S_{P}(x) and the low-temperature entropy obtained by Monte Carlo simulations, which reproduce the experimental data from 25 K down to 0.7 K, whereas the data at 0.4 K are overestimated. A straightforward description of the field-dependence kappa(H) of the dilution series with qualitative models justifies the extraction of kappa_{mag}. It was observed that kappa_{mag} systematically scales with the degree of dilution and its low-field decrease is related to the monopole excitation energy. The diffusion coefficient D_{mag} for the monopole excitations was calculated by means of c_{mag} and kappa_{mag}. It exhibits a broad maximum around 1.6 K and is suppressed for T<=0.5 K, indicating a non-degenerate ground state in the long-time limit, and in the high-temperature range for T>=4 K where spin-ice physics is eliminated. A mean-free path of 0.3 mum is obtained for Dy2Ti2O7 at about 1 K within the kinetic gas theory.

Du libéralisme à l’anarcho-capitalisme : l’étatisme contemporain et ses antidotes

L'État est une organisation qui revendique et réussit généralement à faire respecter un monopole ultime de la force sur un territoire donné. Un tel monopole se traduit par l’imposition de sanctions à quiconque utilise la force sans une permission spécifique ou générale du monopoleur. Certes, il y a des conditions d'existence de l’État que cette définition ne saisit pas -une certaine reconnaissance de sa légitimité, par exemple-; elle ne réussit pas la tâche difficile de formuler des conditions suffisantes de l'existence de l’État. Mais elle se rapproche suffisamment de l’acception ordinaire du terme et elle nous servira assez bien pour que l'on s’en satisfasse. La revendication et l'exercice habituel d’un monopole ultime de la force constituent certainement, à tout le moins, des conditions nécessaires de l’existence de l'État. En plus de sa compatibilité avec ce que l'usage général perçoit comme le plus petit commun dénominateur, l'expérience historique ou la nature de l'État, cette définition offre l'avantage important de ne rien présumer de la question de l'État, de son fonctionnement de sa finalité, de son utilité et de sa moralité, bref de sa justification. C'est une pétition de principe trop courante que d'inclure dans la définition de l'État les fondements de sa justification. Tel qu’il est vécu, l’État, et surtout l'État démocratique moderne, ressemble fort à un rituel, un ensemble d'actions, de gestes et d'incantations que l’on répète sans effet et dont la véritable valeur réside dans leur répétition même. On chante l’hymne national; on vote tous les deux , quatre ou sept ans; les projets de loi présentés par la majorité parlementaire sont votés en première, deuxième et troisième lecture; on répète que l'État c'est nous. Ces rites ne sont pas nécessairement inoffensifs : les dieux ont toujours aimé les sacrifices. Mais l'une des fonctions sociales du rite, suggère Kenneth Boulding, est de contrer la frustration agressive que les problèmes insolubles engendrent chez les hommes, en leur fournissant un placebo pour solution. Ainsi agiraient les rituels sociaux , la magie, les cérémonies religieuses et les techniques comptables mêmes. Ajoutons le rituel étatique, qui répond au problème redoutable de légitimer une organisation qui prétend employer la force pour imposer l'harmonie. […]

Le financement du pensionnat Sainte-Marie : une institution indépendante et sous-contrôle, 1930-1960

[…] Dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, on voit l'État québécois abdiquer ses responsabilités en matière d'éducation au profit de l'Église catholique. Durant près d'un siècle, l'État se confinera à un rôle marginal alors que l'Église exercera un monopole quasi-absolu sur le système d'éducation. Du côté des filles, les congrégations religieuses féminines se feront le moteur du développement de l'instruction. Dans ce contexte, la question du financement de l'éducation constitue une variable de première importance. En effet, la faiblesse du développement du système scolaire public a suscité une dynamique particulière dans les rapports entre le réseau d'écoles privées massivement développé par les congrégations enseignantes féminines et le réseau d'écoles publiques. Dans son étude de l'Académie Marie-Rose entre 1876 et 1911, Malouin avance que ce sont les revenus générés par l'école privée qui ont permis à des congrégations religieuses d'assurer, à des coûts dérisoires, l'instruction au secteur public. Est-il possible de reprendre cette hypothèse pour les décennies précédant la réforme scolaire des années 1960? C'est ce à quoi on tentera de répondre par l'examen des mécanismes de financement du pensionnat de Yamaskaville et l'analyse des rapports entre l'école privée et l'école publique.