Enteric coated spheres produced by extrusion/spheronization provide effective gastric protection and efficient release of live therapeutic bacteria

We present a novel but simple enteric coated sphere formulation containing probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus casei). Oral delivery of live bacterial cells (LBC) requires live cells to survive firstly manufacturing processes and secondly GI microbicidal defenses including gastric acid. We incorporated live L. casei directly in the granulation liquid, followed by granulation, extrusion, spheronization, drying and spray coating to produce dried live probiotic spheres. A blend of MCC, calcium-crosslinked alginate, and lactose was developed that gave improved live cell survival during manufacturing, and gave excellent protection from gastric acid plus rapid release in intestinal conditions. No significant loss of viability was observed in all steps except drying, which resulted in approximately 1 log loss of viable cells. Eudragit coating was used to protect dried live cells from acid, and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was combined with sodium alginate to achieve efficient sphere disintegration leading to rapid and complete bacterial cell release in intestinal conditions. Viability and release of L. casei was evaluated in vitro in simulated GI conditions. Uncoated spheres gave partial acid protection, but enteric coated spheres effectively protected dried probiotic LBC from acid for 2 h, and subsequently released all viable cells within 1h of transfer into simulated intestinal fluid.

Oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus exhibits interplay between biosynthesis of intracellular sugars and lipids

Patterns of the biosynthesis ofmajor metabolites of the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus NRRL Y-1511 were investigated during cultivation on sugar-based media. When lactose or sucrose was employed as substrate under nitrogen-limited conditions, the yeast strain accumulated high quantities of intra-cellular total sugars (ITS) at the beginning of fermentation (up to 68% w/w), with ITS values progressively decreasing to 20%, w/w, at the end of the fermentation. Decrease in ITS content and consumption of extracellular lactose led to a subsequent rise in lipid accumulation, reaching 29.8% in dry cell weight at 80 g/L of initial lactose concentration. Lactose was a more favorable substrate for lipid production than sucrose. In nitrogen-excess conditions, ITS were produced in significant quantities despite the continuous presence of nitrogen in the medium. Growth on lactose was not followed by secretion of extra-cellular b-galactosidase. High quantities of extra-cellular invertase were observed during growth on sucrose. The composition of ITS was highly influenced by the sugar used as substrate. Cellular lipids contained mainly palmitic and to lesser extent linoleic and stearic acids. This is the first report in the literature that demonstrates the interplay between the biosynthesis of intra-cellular total sugars and lipid synthesis for oleaginous yeast strains.

The effect of targeting tolerance of children's negative emotions among anxious parents of children with anxiety disorders: a pilot randomised controlled trial

Following cognitive behavioural therapy for child anxiety a significant minority of children fail to lose their diagnosis status. One potential barrier is high parental anxiety. We designed a pilot RCT to test claims that parental intolerance of the child’s negative emotions may impact treatment outcomes. Parents of 60 children with an anxiety disorder, who were themselves highly anxious, received either brief parent-delivered treatment for child anxiety or the same treatment with strategies specifically targeting parental tolerance of their child’s negative emotions. Consistent with predictions, parental tolerance of the child’s negative emotions significantly improved from pre- to post-treatment. However, there was no evidence to inform the direction of this association as improvements were substantial in both groups. Moreover, while there were significant improvements in child anxiety in both conditions, there was little evidence that this was associated with the improvement in parental tolerance. Nevertheless, findings provide important clinical insight, including that parent-led treatments are appropriate even when the parent is highly anxious and that it may not be necessary to adjust interventions for many families.

Sympathetic hyperactivity differentially affects skeletal muscle mass in developing heart failure: role of exercise training

Bacurau AV, Jardim MA, Ferreira JC, Bechara LR, Bueno CR Jr, Alba-Loureiro TC, Negrao CE, Casarini DE, Curi R, Ramires PR, Moriscot AS, Brum PC. Sympathetic hyperactivity differentially affects skeletal muscle mass in developing heart failure: role of exercise training. J Appl Physiol 106: 1631-1640, 2009. First published January 29, 2009; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91067.2008.-Sympathetic hyperactivity (SH) is a hallmark of heart failure (HF), and several lines of evidence suggest that SH contributes to HF-induced skeletal myopathy. However, little is known about the influence of SH on skeletal muscle morphology and metabolism in a setting of developing HF, taking into consideration muscles with different fiber compositions. The contribution of SH on exercise tolerance and skeletal muscle morphology and biochemistry was investigated in 3- and 7-mo-old mice lacking both alpha(2A)- and alpha(2C)-adrenergic receptor subtypes (alpha(2A)/alpha(2C)ARKO mice) that present SH with evidence of HF by 7 mo. To verify whether exercise training (ET) would prevent skeletal muscle myopathy in advanced-stage HF, alpha(2A)/alpha(2C)ARKO mice were exercised from 5 to 7 mo of age. At 3 mo, alpha(2A)/alpha(2C)ARKO mice showed no signs of HF and preserved exercise tolerance and muscular norepinephrine with no changes in soleus morphology. In contrast, plantaris muscle of alpha(2A)/alpha(2C)ARKO mice displayed hypertrophy and fiber type shift (IIA -> IIX) paralleled by capillary rarefaction, increased hexokinase activity, and oxidative stress. At 7 mo, alpha(2A)/alpha(2C)ARKO mice displayed exercise intolerance and increased muscular norepinephrine, muscular atrophy, capillary rarefaction, and increased oxidative stress. ET reestablished alpha(2A)/alpha(2C)ARKO mouse exercise tolerance to 7-mo-old wild-type levels and prevented muscular atrophy and capillary rarefaction associated with reduced oxidative stress. Collectively, these data provide direct evidence that SH is a major factor contributing to skeletal muscle morphological changes in a setting of developing HF. ET prevented skeletal muscle myopathy in alpha(2A)/alpha(2C)ARKO mice, which highlights its importance as a therapeutic tool for HF.

Absence of Melatonin Induces Night-Time Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Increased Gluconeogenesis Due to Stimulation of Nocturnal Unfolded Protein Response

It is known that the circadian rhythm in hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression (a limiting catalytic step of gluconeogenesis) and hepatic glucose production is maintained by both daily oscillation in autonomic inputs to the liver and night feeding behavior. However, increased glycemia and reduced melatonin (Mel) levels have been recently shown to coexist in diabetic patients at the end of the night period. In parallel, pinealectomy (PINX) is known to cause glucose intolerance with increased basal glycemia exclusively at the end of the night. The mechanisms that underlie this metabolic feature are not completely understood. Here, we demonstrate that PINX rats show night-time hepatic insulin resistance characterized by reduced insulin-stimulated RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase phosphorylation and increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression. In addition, PINX rats display increased conversion of pyruvate into glucose at the end of the night. The regulatory mechanism suggests the participation of unfolded protein response (UPR), because PINX induces night-time increase in activating transcription factor 6 expression and prompts a circadian fashion of immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein, activating transcription factor 4, and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein expression with Zenith values at the dark period. PINX also caused a night-time increase in Tribble 3 and regulatory-associated protein of mammalian target of rapamycin; both were reduced in liver of PINX rats treated with Mel. Treatment of PINX rats with 4-phenyl butyric acid, an inhibitor of UPR, restored night-time hepatic insulin sensitivity and abrogated gluconeogenesis in PINX rats. Altogether, the present data show that a circadian oscillation of UPR occurs in the liver due to the absence of Mel. The nocturnal UPR activation is related with night-time hepatic insulin resistance and increased gluconeogenesis in PINX rats. (Endocrinology 152: 1253-1263, 2011)

The allergic inflammatory reaction in neonatal streptozotocininduced diabetic rats: evidence of insulin resistance and microvascular dysfunction

To investigate the allergic reaction in neonatal streptozotocin (nSTZ)-induced diabetes mellitus. Male newborn Wistar rats were made diabetic by the injection of streptozotocin (160 mg/kg, i. p.) and used 8 weeks thereafter. Animals were sensitized against ovalbumin (OA, 50 mu g and Al(OH)3, 5 mg, s. c.) and challenged 14 or 21 days thereafter. OA-induced airway inflammation and OA-induced pleurisy models were used to investigate leukocyte migration (total and differential leukocyte counts) and lung vascular permeability (Evans blue dye extravasation). nSTZ-diabetic rats presented glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Relative to controls, nSTZ rats exhibited a 30% to 50% reduction in lung vascular permeability. Leukocyte infiltration in both models of allergen-induced inflammation, and number of pleural mast cells did not differ between groups. Data suggest that the reduction of allergic inflammatory reactions in nSTZ rats is restricted to microvascular dysfunctions and associated, probably, with insulin resistance in lung microvascular endothelium.

Modulation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-9 Expression and Processing by Insulin, Glucose, and Glucocorticoids: Possible Candidate for Hepatic Insulin-Sensitizing Substance

Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP-9), a member of the TGF-beta superfamily predominantly expressed in nonparenchymal liver cells, has been demonstrated to improve glucose homeostasis in diabetic mice. Along with this therapeutic effect, BMP-9 was proposed as a candidate for the hepatic insulin-sensitizing substance ( HISS). Whether BMP-9 plays a physiological role in glucose homeostasis is still unknown. In the present study, we show that BMP-9 expression and processing is severely reduced in the liver of insulin-resistant rats. BMP-9 expression and processing was directly stimulated by in situ exposition of the liver to the combination of glucose and insulin and oral glucose in overnight fasted rats. Additionally, prolonged fasting ( 72 h) abrogated refeeding-induced BMP-9 expression and processing. Previous exposition to dexamethasone, a known inductor of insulin resistance, reduced BMP-9 processing stimulated by the combination of insulin and glucose. Finally, we show that neutralization of BMP-9 with an anti-BMP-9 antibody induces glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in 12-h fasted rats. Collectively, the present results demonstrate that BMP-9 plays an important role in the control of glucose homeostasis of the normal rat. Additionally, BMP-9 is expressed and processed in an HISS-like fashion, which is impaired in the presence of insulin resistance. BMP-9 regulation according to the feeding status and the presence of diabetogenic factors reinforces the hypothesis that BMP-9 might exert the role of HISS in glucose homeostasis physiology. ( Endocrinology 149: 6326-6335, 2008)

Drug Excipient Interaction Study with Polymorphic Forms of Tibolone

Powder mixtures (1:1) of tibolone polymorphic forms I (monoclinic) and II (triclinic) and excipients have been prepared and compacted. The samples were stored at 50 degrees C and 90% RH for one month and subsequently were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results indicate that during the compaction, the applied pressure reduced the chemical stability of tibolone in both polymorph forms. The triclinic form was more chemically unstable, both pure and in contact with excipients, than the monoclinic form. Lactose monohydrate was shown to reduce chemical degradation for both forms. Ascorbyl palmitate was shown to affect the tibolone stability differently depending on the polymorphic form used.

Nickel hydroxide electrodes as amperometric detectors for carbohydrates in flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography

The present paper describes the utilization of nickel hydroxide modified electrodes toward the catalytic oxidation of carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, lactose and sucrose) and their utilization as electrochemical sensor. The modified electrodes were employed as a detector in flow injection analysis for individual carbohydrate detection, and to an ionic column chromatography system for multi-analyte samples aiming a prior separation step. Kinetic studies were performed on a rotating disk electrode (RDE) in order to determine both the heterogeneous rate constant and number of electrons transferred for each carbohydrate. Many advantages were found for the proposed system including fast and easy handling of the electrode modification, low cost procedure, a wide range of linearity (0.5-50 ppm), low detection limits (ppb level) and high sensitivities. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Immigration, security and the public debate on US language policy : a critical discourse analysis of language attitudes in the United States of America

The narrative of the United States is of a "nation of immigrants" in which the language shift patterns of earlier ethnolinguistic groups have tended towards linguistic assimilation through English. In recent years, however, changes in the demographic landscape and language maintenance by non-English speaking immigrants, particularly Hispanics, have been perceived as threats and have led to calls for an official English language policy.This thesis aims to contribute to the study of language policy making from a societal security perspective as expressed in attitudes regarding language and identity originating in the daily interaction between language groups. The focus is on the role of language and American identity in relation to immigration. The study takes an interdisciplinary approach combining language policy studies, security theory, and critical discourse analysis. The material consists of articles collected from four newspapers, namely USA Today, The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and San Francisco Chronicle between April 2006 and December 2007.Two discourse types are evident from the analysis namely Loyalty and Efficiency. The former is mainly marked by concerns of national identity and contains speech acts of security related to language shift, choice and English for unity. Immigrants are represented as dehumanised, and harmful. Immigration is given as sovereignty-related, racial, and as war. The discourse type of Efficiency is mainly instrumental and contains speech acts of security related to cost, provision of services, health and safety, and social mobility. Immigrants are further represented as a labour resource. These discourse types reflect how the construction of the linguistic 'we' is expected to be maintained. Loyalty is triggered by arguments that the collective identity is threatened and is itself used in reproducing the collective 'we' through hegemonic expressions of monolingualism in the public space and semi-public space. The denigration of immigrants is used as a tool for enhancing societal security through solidarity and as a possible justification for the denial of minority rights. Also, although language acquisition patterns still follow the historical trend of language shift, factors indicating cultural separateness such as the appearance of speech communities or the use of minority languages in the public space and semi-public space have led to manifestations of intolerance. Examples of discrimination and prejudice towards minority groups indicate that the perception of worth of a shared language differs from the actual worth of dominant language acquisition for integration purposes. The study further indicates that the efficient working of the free market by using minority languages to sell services or buy labour is perceived as conflicting with nation-building notions since it may create separately functioning sub-communities with a new cultural capital recognised as legitimate competence. The discourse types mainly represent securitising moves constructing existential threats. The perception of threat and ideas of national belonging are primarily based on a zero-sum notion favouring monolingualism. Further, the identity of the immigrant individual is seen as dynamic and adaptable to assimilationist measures whereas the identity of the state and its members are perceived as static. Also, the study shows that debates concerning language status are linked to extra-linguistic matters. To conclude, policy makers in the US need to consider the relationship between four factors, namely societal security based on collective identity, individual/human security, human rights, and a changing linguistic demography, for proposed language intervention measures to be successful.

Emotioner och värdegrundsarbete : Om lärare, fostran och elever i en mångkulturell skola

This thesis explores aspects of teachers’ obligation to implement and discuss what are referred to in the Swedish national school curricula as “fundamental values” (“värdegrunden” in Swedish). The aim is to describe and analyze dilemmas in interpretations of and teachers’ work with these fundamental values. Four questions are related to this aim. The first addresses difficulties discussed in conversations between seven upper secondary teachers, during nine meetings over the course of one year. In these conversations the teachers reflected upon how to interpret the fundamental values in relation to their daily practice. The second question focuses on the considerable diversity of Swedish schools and examines the work of the teachers through a perspective of intersectionality. The third question concerns how Martha Nussbaum’s theory of emotions as judgments of value could be used for an understanding of the identified dilemmas. The fourth question focuses on ways in which the participating teachers’ discussions may contribute to a wider discussion about possible aims and circumstances of teachers’ work with the fundamental values. Chapter 2 introduces the theoretical framework of the study, Martha Nussbaum’s (2001) ethical thinking on emotions as judgments of value. She argues that emotions have four common cognitive components. They have (1) external objects, and are directed towards these objects. They are (2) intentional, reflecting a person’s particular point of view, his or her special way of beholding the object, and (3) consist of judgments, i.e. views of how things in the world are. According to Nussbaum’s Aristotelian ethics, emotions also (4) mirror the individual’s vision of what a good human life is like, and the vulnerability of it. The concept of eudaimonia, a fulfilled or flourishing life, is central. Chapter 3 focuses on ideas of ethnicity, and on the specific obligation mentioned in the curriculum of counteracting xenophobia and intolerance in a multicultural society. Chapter 4 discusses various aspects of the teachers’ thoughts on religiosity within Swedish society (often depicted as one of most secular in the world) and within the educational system that is non-denominational. Chapter 5 draws attention to different ways in which the teachers view and teach pupils about sexual orientation. Chapter 6 presents conclusions on potential advantages of and challenges involved in Nussbaum’s Aristotelian theory of emotions, when applied to teachers’ views of and practical work with the fundamental values described in the curriculum. One advantage is that emotions may be intellectually scrutinized and morally assessed, on grounds that are known beforehand and discussed in a democratic process. The non-productive division between emotions, on the one hand, and intellectual and moral capabilities, on the other, is transcended by Nussbaum’s theory. An important challenge is to reflect upon when to discuss the cognitive content of pupils’ emotions, and when it is appropriate to state what is right or wrong, and try to influence pupils accordingly. Keywords: Emotions, vulnerability, values education, religious education, teaching, Martha Nussbaum, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation.

Comparação de diferentes etapas de enriquecimento seletivo no isolamento de Salmonella sp. a partir de fezes de suínos de terminação

A detecção de Salmonella sp. é fundamental nos programas de controle de salmonelose. Métodos de detecção mais eficientes permitem uma melhor determinação do nível de infecção dos rebanhos, um melhor entendimento da epidemiologia da infecção por Salmonella sp. e o desenvolvimento de programas de controle do patógeno, que visem a segurança biológica do alimento. Nos métodos convencionais, o enriquecimento seletivo é uma etapa crítica, pois inibe a microbiota competitiva e permite a multiplicação de Salmonella sp. Vários caldos de enriquecimento seletivo têm sido comparados quanto à eficiência na recuperação de Salmonella sp. a partir de alimentos, contudo existem poucos estudos relativos a fezes de suínos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar caldos de enriquecimento seletivo para o isolamento de Salmonella sp. a partir de fezes de suínos. Numa primeira fase, amostras de fezes foram contaminadas artificialmente e os caldos Rappaport-Vassiliadis incubado a 42°C (RV), Tetrationato Müller-Kauffmann a 37°C (TMK37) e 42°C (TMK42), e Selenito Cistina (SC) a 37°C foram testados, em associação com meios sólidos seletivos: Rambach (RA), Xilose Lisina Tergitol 4 (XLT4), e Verde Brilhante Vermelho de Fenol Lactose Sacarose (VB). Na segunda fase os caldos RV, TMK37 e TMK42, semeados nos meios XLT4 e VB, foram testados com amostras naturalmente contaminadas. Na primeira fase o RV, TMK42 e TMK37 foram mais eficientes que o SC. No isolamento de Salmonella sp. em amostras naturalmente contaminadas os caldos TMK42 e RV foram superiores ao TMK37. O desempenho destes influenciou diretamente a capacidade seletiva e indicadora dos meios sólidos seletivos. No presente estudo, a associação TMK42/XLT4 demonstrou ser mais sensível, e a RV/XLT4 mais específica. O ágar VB também é recomendado para aumentar a probabilidade de detecção do patógeno. Desta forma os caldos RV e TMK42 e o ágar XLT4 e o VB foram considerados os mais indicados para a implantação de protocolos de detecção de Salmonella sp. em fezes suínas.

Estudo do índice crioscópico do leite tipo B "in natura" produzido na bacia leiteira do Vale do Taquari, RS.

O índice crioscópico é um dos parâmetros analíticos de precisão utilizados para determinar a qualidade físico-química do leite. É um valor diretamente ligado ao extrato seco do leite, mais especificamente em relação a presença, maior ou menor, de lactose e cloretos. A adição de água ao leite, como mecanismo de fraude, altera os valores do índice crioscópico. Em virtude disto, o mesmo é utilizado como um dos critérios para desclassificação de leite. O problema se estabelece quando os padrões determinados em legislação não condizem com as características reais do leite produzido. O presente trabalho objetivou comparar os resultados do índice crioscópico do leite tipo B “in natura” da bacia leiteira do Vale do Taquari com o valor estabelecido na legislação vigente, bem como observou as alterações deste parâmetro ao longo de um ano. O projeto foi desenvolvido no período de março de 2001 a fevereiro de 2002, com a participação de 10 propriedades produtoras de leite tipo B, onde as coletas foram realizadas mensalmente, perfazendo um total de 573 amostras no período. Os resultados analíticos foram obtidos mediante as análises de acidez, temperatura, densidade, gordura, extrato seco total (EST), extrato seco desengordurado (ESD) e índice crioscópico (IC). Quanto ao comportamento do índice crioscópico, o diagnóstico confirmou a necessidade imprescindível da implementação de parâmetros legais regionais, respeitando as características específicas de cada região. A pesquisa apresentou para o leite tipo B “in natura” do Vale do Taquari, um índice crioscópico médio de –0,537 °H, enquadrando-se no parâmetro estabelecido pela Instrução Normativa Nº 51 de 18/09/02, ou seja, máximo de –0,530 °H. Este índice também apresentou Valor médio mais baixo nos meses de junho e julho e as variações mensais individuais foram significativas. Estes comportamentos indicam que a alimentação ofertada ao rebanho influencia nestas alterações.

Variação dos perfis metabólico, hematológico e lácteo em ovinos leiteiros na serra gaúcha

A ovinocultura no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), tem mostrado mudanças no tipo de exploração nos últimos 20 anos. A produção de lã, que por muito tempo movimentou a economia do setor primário, cedeu lugar para a produção de cordeiros. Recentemente, a ovinocultura leiteira começa a dar seus primeiros passos dentro do sistema de produção ovina. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo apresentar a variação dos perfis metabólico, hematológico e lácteo em ovinos leiteiros na Serra Gaúcha e discutir seus resultados. O trabalho foi realizado em ovelhas da raça Lacaune, criadas em regime de confinamento no município de Bento Gonçalves (RS). As observações se estenderam pelo período de dois anos consecutivos. Para determinação do perfil bioquímico foram coletadas amostras de sangue por venipunção jugular sem anticoagulante. O mesmo procedimento foi empregado na coleta de amostras para o hemograma, utilizando-se, nesse caso, tubos contendo EDTA, como anticoagulante. As amostras foram coletadas de sete animais ao acaso nos seguintes períodos fisiológico: (a) ovelhas vazias; (b) início, (c) meio e (d) final da gestação e (e) aos 7, (f) 30, (g) 60 e (h) 140 dias de lactação. Durante os mesmos períodos da lactação foram coletadas amostras para a determinação dos componentes físico-químicos do leite. Os valores dos parâmetros físico-químicos do leite estudados discordam com os resultados citados pela literatura em outros países. A acidez em °Dornic (°D) foi maior que a relatada em outros estudos. Os valores de proteína e gordura foram inferiores aos citados na literatura. Os parâmetros com variação estatística (P<0,05) no período da lactação foram: pH, acidez em °D, densidade, proteína, lactose, gordura, ESTe ESD. O perfil metabólico apresentou as maiores variações com relação à média no final da gestação e início da lactação. Não foi observada diferença significativa nos parâmetros analisados entre o grupo de ovelhas vazias e prenhes, com exceção do cálcio que foi maior nas ovelhas vazias (P<0,05). Dentre os parâmetros do metabolismo nitrogenado, apenas a uréia mostrou variação durante a gestação e a lactação (P<0,05). Os valores de glicose e fructosamina diminuíram e os de BHB aumentaram significativamente (P<0,05) no final da gestação. Durante a lactação a glicose diminuiu e o colesterol aumentou significativamente (P<0,05) com o avanço do período. O nível de magnésio aumentou no final da lactação e o fósforo apresentou um diminuição nos valores aos 30 dias após o parto (P<0,05). Os parâmetros hematológicos mostraram não haver diferença significativa nos diferentes períodos fisiológicos estudados, com exceção dos neutrófilos segmentados que aumentaram com o avanço da gestação. Os dados encontrados servem como referência para estudos sobre nutrição, metabolismo e qualidade do leite em ovelhas leiteiras.

Modelagem da composição química do leite através de indicadores metabólicos em vacas leiteiras de alta produção

A lactação é um processo fisiológico complexo que ainda não foi compreendido na sua totalidade. Inúmeros fatores intervêm na síntese e secreção do leite, sendo os mais importantes a nutrição e o metabolismo endógeno dos nutrientes. A qualidade do leite é valorizada tanto pela sua composição química, como pelo conteúdo de células somáticas. No entanto, visando a comercialização do leite, as maiores mudanças e melhoras na qualidade podem ser atingidas através da manipulação da dieta dos animais, em especial em vacas leiteiras de alta produção. Avaliar os processos de absorção de alimentos, bem como o metabolismo catabólico e anabólico direcionado para a síntese do leite, têm sido uma grande preocupação na pesquisa de nutrição e bioquímica da produção animal. O principal objetivo da presente pesquisa foi gerar modelos matemáticos que pudessem explicar a participação de diferentes metabólitos sobre a composição química do leite. Neste intuito foram coletadas amostras de fluído ruminal, sangue, urina e leite de 140 vacas da raça Holandesa nas primeiras semanas de lactação e mantidas sob sistema semi-intensivo de produção e dieta controlada. Os animais foram selecionados de sistemas de produção no ecossistema do Planalto Médio de Rio Grande do Sul e foram amostrados em dois períodos climáticos críticos. No fluido ruminal foram avaliados o pH e o tempo de redução do azul de metileno. No sangue foram determinados os metabólitos: glicose, colesterol, β-hidroxibutirato (BHB), triglicerídeos, fructosamina, ácidos graxos não esterificados (NEFA), proteínas totais, albumina, globulina, uréia, creatinina, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio. As enzimas: aspartato amino transferase (AST), gama glutamil transferase (GGT) e creatina kinase (CK). Os hormônios: cortisol, insulina, triiodotironina (T3), tiroxina (T4), e leptina. Foi efetuado hemograma, para conhecer: hematócrito, hemoglobina, e contagem total e diferencial de células brancas. Na urina foram dosados: corpos cetônicos, pH e densidade. No leite foi determinada: proteína, gordura, lactose, sólidos totais, sólidos não gordurosos, contagem de células somáticas e uréia. Para a determinação de cada um dos metabólitos ou compostos foram usadas técnicas específicas validadas internacionalmente. Os diferentes valores obtidos constituíram os parâmetros básicos de entrada para a construção dos diversos modelos matemáticos executados para predizer a composição do leite. Mediante procedimentos de regressão linear múltipla algoritmo Stepwise, procedimentos de correlação linear simples de Pearson e procedimentos de análise computacional através de redes neurais, foram gerados diferentes modelos para identificar os parâmetros endógenos de maior relevância na predição dos diferentes componentes do leite. A parametrização das principais rotas bioquímicas, do controle endócrino, do estado de funcionamento hepático, da dinâmica ruminal e da excreção de corpos cetônicos aportou informação suficiente para predizer com diferente grau de precisão o conteúdo dos diferentes sólidos no leite. O presente trabalho é apresentado na forma de quatro artigos correspondentes aos parâmetros energéticos, de controle endócrino, modelagem matemática linear múltipla e predição através de Artificial Neural Networks (ANN).