Town and Countryside in early modern Hungary The Case of Sopron, c. 1500-1800

The town of Sopron (Ödenburg) is situated near the western border of Hungary at the junction of major routes of commerce, no further than 70 km from Vienna. As early as in 1291 the town had become a chartered town or free royal town, which meant the most fully-fledged municipial autonomy in this period. The town was subordinated only to the king and could represent itself in parliament from 1445. The surrounding seigniorial towns and villages often lodged an appeal with the Town Court due to its wide legal autonomy. The inhabitants of seigniorial towns and the villagers could have been under the necessity of going to the town, and the legal proceedings they experienced in Sopron may have meant a model pattern for them. The seigniorial town (oppidum) is a settlement under the landlord's authority, with limited legal privileges, concentrated mostly on agricultural production and on the exchange of products of its immediate hinterland. Sopron as a county town was gradually becoming significant during the early modern period. The county (megye) was not only the unit of administration in Hungary, but that of the autonomy of nobility, too. The importance of Sopron as a county town attracted many noblemen dwelling in Sopron county to the town. The county was one of the most densely populated in the 15-18th c., at the beginning of the 18th c., for example, the density was 32 person/km2 and it rose more than 40 p/km2 by the end of the century. The population of Sopron was approximately 3500-3700 in the middle of the 15th c., and due to the decline during the later decades some 3000 persons lived in the town in the early 16th c. According to the first national census the population of Sopron was 12600 in 1784-87. These data place Sopron at the high level of Hungarian urban hierarchy in this period. This paper will explore two significant aspects of the relation between the town and its countryside: the problems of mutual economic dependence and the role of Sopron as a centre of culture.

Uvigerina spp. minor element and derived d18Oseawater records over the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (500-1500 kyr), DSDP Hole 94-607

During the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT), the dominant glacial-interglacial cyclicity as inferred from the marine d18O records of benthic foraminifera (d18Obenthic) changed from 41 kyr to 100 kyr years in the absence of a comparable change in orbital forcing. Currently, only two Mg/Ca-derived, high-resolution bottom water temperature (BWT) records exist that can be used with d18Obenthic records to separate temperature and ice volume signals over the Pleistocene. However, these two BWT records suggest a different pattern of climate change occurred over the MPT-a record from North Atlantic DSDP Site 607 suggests BWT decreased with no long-term trend in ice volume over the MPT, while South Pacific ODP Site 1123 suggests that BWT has been relatively stable over the last 1.5 Myr but that there was an abrupt increase in ice volume at ~900 kyr. In this paper we attempt to reconcile these two views of climate change across the MPT. Specifically, we investigated the suggestion that the secular BWT trend obtained from Mg/Ca measurements on Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi and Oridorsalis umbonatus species from N. Atlantic Site 607 is biased by the possible influence of D[CO3]2- on Mg/Ca values in these species by generating a low-resolution BWT record using Uvigerina spp., a genus whose Mg/Ca values are not thought to be influenced by D[CO3]2-. We find a long-term BWT cooling of ~2-3°C occurred from 1500 to ~500 kyr in the N. Atlantic, consistent with the previously generated C. wuellerstorfi and O. umbonatus BWT record. We also find that changes in ocean circulation likely influenced d18Obenthic, BWT, and d18Oseawater records across the MPT. N. Atlantic BWT cooling starting at ~1.2 Ma, presumably driven by high-latitude cooling, may have been a necessary precursor to a threshold response in climate-ice sheet behavior at ~900 ka. At that point, a modest increase in ice volume and thermohaline reorganization may have caused enhanced sensitivity to the 100 kyr orbital cycle.

Climate variability in the Aegean Sea (marine record M2, Athos basin) during the past 1500 years

We provide new evidence on sea surface temperature (SST) variations and paleoceanographic/paleoenvironmental changes over the past 1500 years for the north Aegean Sea (NE Mediterranean). The reconstructions are based on multiproxy analyses, obtained from the high resolution (decadal to multi-decadal) marine record M2 retrieved from the Athos basin. Reconstructed SSTs show an increase from ca. 850 to 950 AD and from ca. 1100 to 1300 AD. A cooling phase of almost 1.5 °C is observed from ca. 1600 AD to 1700 AD. This seems to have been the starting point of a continuous SST warming trend until the end of the reconstructed period, interrupted by two prominent cooling events at 1832 ± 15 AD and 1995 ± 1 AD. Application of an adaptive Kernel smoothing suggests that the current warming in the reconstructed SSTs of the north Aegean might be unprecedented in the context of the past 1500 years. Internal variability in atmospheric/oceanic circulations systems as well as external forcing as solar radiation and volcanic activity could have affected temperature variations in the north Aegean Sea over the past 1500 years. The marked temperature drop of approximately ~2 °C at 1832 ± 15 yr AD could be related to the 1809 ?D 'unknown' and the 1815 AD Tambora volcanic eruptions. Paleoenvironmental proxy-indices of the M2 record show enhanced riverine/continental inputs in the northern Aegean after ca. 1450 AD. The paleoclimatic evidence derived from the M2 record is combined with a socio-environmental study of the history of the north Aegean region. We show that the cultivation of temperature-sensitive crops, i.e. walnut, vine and olive, co-occurred with stable and warmer temperatures, while its end coincided with a significant episode of cooler temperatures. Periods of agricultural growth in Macedonia coincide with periods of warmer and more stable SSTs, but further exploration is required in order to identify the causal links behind the observed phenomena. The Black Death likely caused major changes in agricultural activity in the north Aegean region, as reflected in the pollen data from land sites of Macedonia and the M2 proxy-reconstructions. Finally, we conclude that the early modern peaks in mountain vegetation in the Rhodope and Macedonia highlands, visible also in the M2 record, were very likely climate-driven.

The biogeographical status of Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursch in sub-Arctic southern Greenland : do pollen records indicate local populations during the past 1500 years?

Peer reviewed

Leitungsgewalt und Kollegialität. Vom benediktinischen Beratungsrecht zum Konstitutionalismus deutscher Domkapitel und des Kardinalkollegs (ca. 500-1500).

Die kirchliche Verfassungsgeschichte des Mittelalters war von einer analogen Entwicklung scheinbar konträrer monarchischer und kollegialer Prinzipien geprägt. Dem Leitungsanspruch von Äbten, Bischöfen und Päpsten standen Beratungsrechte und Mitbestimmungsanliegen ihrer Mönche, Domkapitulare und Kardinäle gegenüber. Die Abhandlung zeigt auf, wie sich letztere im Verlauf der mittelalterlichen Geschichte als mehr oder weniger unabhängige Wahl- und Ratskollegien formierten und um eine Transformation eher unverbindlicher Beratungsfunktionen zu quasi parlamentarischen Rechten bemühten. Einschlägige verfassungsgeschichtliche Dokumente von der Benediktsregel aus dem 6. Jahrhundert bis hin zu bischöflichen und päpstlichen Wahlkapitulationen aus dem 15. Jahrhundert werden hinsichtlich ihrer kulturgeschichtlichen Zusammenhänge und Wirkungen analysiert.

Uusi Saksa, uusi Eurooppa – uusi ulkopolitiikka? Suomi ja Saksan kysymys 1989−1990.

Tämä tutkielma käsittelee Suomen ulkoasianhallinnon suhtautumista Saksojen yhdistymisprosessiin 1989−1990. Jaetusta Saksasta oli vuosien saatossa tullut niin olennainen osa kylmän sodan voimatasapainoa Euroopassa, että vastaus Saksan kysymyksen vaati myös ratkaisua siitä, miten koko Euroopan turvallisuus tulevaisuudessa järjestettäisiin ja kenen tai minkä toimesta tämä tapahtuisi. Siksi yhdistyminen olikin monipolvinen prosessi, jossa erilaiset visiot Euroopan tulevaisuudesta kamppailivat. Voittajaksi selviytyi lopulta Länsi-Saksan liittokanslerin Helmut Kohlin ja Yhdysvaltain ajama malli, jossa DDR liitettiin osaksi Länsi-Saksaa ja yhdistynyt Saksa jäi sekä EY:n että Naton jäseneksi. Suomalaisdiplomaatit suhtautuivat Saksojen kysymyksen kehitykseen alusta asti varsin varovaisesti. Toisen maailmansodan jälkeisen perinnön selvittäminen ja Saksan kysymyksen ratkaiseminen vastasi Suomen tavoitteita poistamalla jännitystä ylläpitäneen tekijän Euroopassa. Lisäksi Saksojen yhdistymiskehitys näytti suomalaisarvioiden mukaan vahvistavan Suomelle tärkeän Euroopan turvallisuus- ja yhteistyökokouksen, Etykin, roolia. Suomen suhtautumista Saksan kysymyksen ratkaisuun voidaankin kuvata Etyk-optimismiksi. Suomalaisten Etyk-optimismi koostui kahdesta osasta, joista ensimmäinen koski turvallisuuspoliittisessa ympäristössä tapahtuneen muutoksen laajuutta: Berliinin muurin murruttua koko toisen maailmansodan jälkeinen Euroopan kahtiajakoon perustunut Jaltan järjestys oli kaatumassa ja edessä oli koko eurooppalaisen turvallisuusjärjestelmän muutos. Ajattelun toinen osa koski ”Jaltan” korvaajaa, joka suomalaisten arvioiden ja toiveiden mukaan rakentuisi Etykin pohjalle. Suomalaisilla olikin koko Saksan yhdistymisprosessin ajan vahva usko siihen, että juuri Etyk on se järjestys, jonka perusteella uusi Eurooppa rakennettaisiin. Saksan kysymyksen ratkaisun synnyttämä uusi turvallisuuspoliittinen ympäristö loi Suomelle myös mahdollisuuden muuttaa asemaansa. Syntyi Operaatio PAX, salainen suunnitelma, jonka avulla Suomi tulkitsi syksyllä 1990 uudelleen Pariisin rauhansopimusta sekä YYA-sopimusta. Operaatio oli irtiotto vanhoista ulko- ja turvallisuuspolitiikan linjoista ja siten myös Suomessa 1990-luvulla tapahtuneen ulkopoliittisen suunnanmuutoksen ensimmäinen askel. Sen avulla Suomi asemoi itseään uuteen kylmän sodan jälkeiseen tilanteeseen.

Factores de riesgo presentes en prematuros menores de 1500 gramos de peso al nacer con displasia broncopulmonar atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Especializado de Maternidad 2011 – 2013.

La investigación se realizó con un universo de 220 pacientes, todos fueron niños prematuros menores de 1500 gramos nacidos entre el año 2011 al año 2013 y atendidos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos e intermedios neonatales del Hospital Nacional Especializado de Maternidad. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad se realizó principalmente basado en la necesidad de oxígeno suplementario por un mínimo de 28 días y según los criterios diagnósticos propuestos por el consenso del Instituto Nacional de la Salud de EE.UU (NICHD/NHLBI/ORD WORSHOP, 2000) (4) Se pudo evidenciar que los prematuros estudiados nacieron con mayor frecuencia a las 29 semanas de edad gestacional (calculadas por el método de Ballard modificado) y con un peso entre los 750 y los 1000 gramos. El tipo de displasia broncopulmonar más frecuentemente diagnosticado fue el de tipo leve y los factores de riesgo relacionados al desarrollo de la enfermedad fueron la presencia de infección materna al momento del parto y la infección posnatal, principalmente la infección asociada a la atención sanitaria (IAAS), la prematurez extrema y el extremado bajo peso al nacer; así como el uso prolongado de oxígeno por más de 55 días. El uso excesivo de líquidos endovenosos y la presencia de un conducto arterioso permeable ocurrieron con menos frecuencia.

L'Art moderne (1500-1800) Essais et esquisses.

Mode of access: Internet.

Changes In Liver Cell Dna Methylation Status In Diabetic Mice Affect Its Ft-ir Characteristics.

Lower levels of cytosine methylation have been found in the liver cell DNA from non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice under hyperglycemic conditions. Because the Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) profiles of dry DNA samples are differently affected by DNA base composition, single-stranded form and histone binding, it is expected that the methylation status in the DNA could also affect its FT-IR profile. The DNA FT-IR signatures obtained from the liver cell nuclei of hyperglycemic and normoglycemic NOD mice of the same age were compared. Dried DNA samples were examined in an IR microspectroscope equipped with an all-reflecting objective (ARO) and adequate software. Changes in DNA cytosine methylation levels induced by hyperglycemia in mouse liver cells produced changes in the respective DNA FT-IR profiles, revealing modifications to the vibrational intensities and frequencies of several chemical markers, including νas -CH3 stretching vibrations in the 5-methylcytosine methyl group. A smaller band area reflecting lower energy absorbed in the DNA was found in the hyperglycemic mice and assumed to be related to the lower levels of -CH3 groups. Other spectral differences were found at 1700-1500 cm(-1) and in the fingerprint region, and a slight change in the DNA conformation at the lower DNA methylation levels was suggested for the hyperglycemic mice. The changes that affect cytosine methylation levels certainly affect the DNA-protein interactions and, consequently, gene expression in liver cells from the hyperglycemic NOD mice.

VO2MAX : uma proposta de teste de campo para jogadores de futebol

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Effect of ionizing radiation on rat parotid gland

A common side effect of radiotherapy used in the treatment of oral cancer is the occurrence of structural and physiological alterations of the salivary glands due to exposure to ionizing radiation, as demonstrated by conditions such as decreased salivary flow. The present study evaluated ultrastructural alterations in the parotid glands of rats receiving a fractionated dose (1,500-cGy) of radiation emitted by a Cesium-137 source and rats that were not subjected to ionizing radiation. After sacrifice, the parotid glands were removed and examined by transmission electron microscopy. Damage such as cytoplasmic vacuolization, dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and destruction of mitochondria, as well as damage to the cellular membrane of acinar cells, were observed. These findings lead to the conclusion that ionizing radiation promotes alterations in the glandular parenchyma, and that these alterations are directly related to the dose level of absorbed radiation. Certain phenomena that appear in the cytoplasm and nuclear material indicate that ionizing radiation causes acinar cell death (apoptosis).

Doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica e fatores associados em São Paulo, SP, 2008-2009

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência e fatores associados à doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de base populacional com 1.441 indivíduos de ambos os sexos e com 40 anos de idade ou mais no município de São Paulo, SP, entre 2008 e 2009. As informações foram coletadas por meio de entrevistas domiciliares e os participantes foram selecionados a partir de amostragem probabilística, estratificada por sexo e idade, e por conglomerados em dois estágios (setores censitários e domicílios). Foi realizada regressão múltipla de Poisson na análise ajustada. RESULTADOS: Dos entrevistados, 4,2% (IC95% 3,1;5,4) referiram doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. Após análise ajustada, identificaram-se os seguintes fatores independentemente associados ao agravo: número de cigarros fumados na vida (> 1.500/nenhum) RP = 3,85 (IC95%: 1,87;7,94), cansar-se com facilidade (sim/não) RP = 2,61 (IC95% 1,39;4,90), idade (60 a 69 anos/50 a 59 anos) RP = 3,27 (IC95% 1,01;11,24), idade (70 anos e mais/50 a 59 anos) RP = 4,29 (IC95% 1,30;14,29), problemas de saúde nos últimos 15 dias (sim/não) RP = 1,31 (IC95% 1,02;1,77), e atividade física no tempo livre (sim/não) RP = 0,57 (IC95% 0,26;0,97). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica é elevada e está associada ao uso do tabaco e idade acima de 60 anos. Os problemas de saúde freqüentes e redução da atividade física no tempo livre podem ser considerados conseqüências dessa doença.