Motivational effects of cannabinoids are mediated by μ-opioid and k-opioid receptor

Repeated THC administration produces motivational and somaticadaptive changes leading to dependence in rodents. Toinvestigate the molecular basis for cannabinoid dependenceand its possible relationship with the endogenous opioid system,we explored Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) activity in mice lacking μ-, δ- or κ-opioid receptor genes. Acute THCinduced hypothermia, antinociception, and ypolocomotion remained unaffected in these mice, whereas THC tolerance and withdrawal were minimally modified in mutant animals. In contrast, profound phenotypic changes are observed in several place conditioning protocols that reveal both THC rewarding and aversive properties. Absence of μ receptors abolishes THC place preference. Deletion of κ receptors ablates THC place aversion and furthermore unmasks THC place preference. Thus, an opposing activity of μ- and κ-opioid receptors in modulating reward pathways forms the basis for the dual euphoric–dysphoric activity of THC.

Right coronary artery flow velocity and volume assessment with spiral K-space sampled breathhold velocity-encoded MRI at 3 tesla: accuracy and reproducibility.

PURPOSE: To evaluate accuracy and reproducibility of flow velocity and volume measurements in a phantom and in human coronary arteries using breathhold velocity-encoded (VE) MRI with spiral k-space sampling at 3 Tesla. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Flow velocity assessment was performed using VE MRI with spiral k-space sampling. Accuracy of VE MRI was tested in vitro at five constant flow rates. Reproducibility was investigated in 19 healthy subjects (mean age 25.4 +/- 1.2 years, 11 men) by repeated acquisition in the right coronary artery (RCA). RESULTS: MRI-measured flow rates correlated strongly with volumetric collection (Pearson correlation r = 0.99; P < 0.01). Due to limited sample resolution, VE MRI overestimated the flow rate by 47% on average when nonconstricted region-of-interest segmentation was used. Using constricted region-of-interest segmentation with lumen size equal to ground-truth luminal size, less than 13% error in flow rate was found. In vivo RCA flow velocity assessment was successful in 82% of the applied studies. High interscan, intra- and inter-observer agreement was found for almost all indices describing coronary flow velocity. Reproducibility for repeated acquisitions varied by less than 16% for peak velocity values and by less than 24% for flow volumes. CONCLUSION: 3T breathhold VE MRI with spiral k-space sampling enables accurate and reproducible assessment of RCA flow velocity.

[Archives de la Parole]. , La parabole de l'enfant prodigue : récit (dravidien, malayālam, province de Madras) / [Sir George Grierson], éd. ; Linguistic survey of India ; [C.K. Gopalamenon], voix

[Traditions. Asie. Inde. Province de Madras [i.e. Chennai]. État du Kérala. Région du Malabar]

[Archives de la Parole]. , Nadar dadā and Dalang dadā : two songs in Kōrwā from Sarguja (C.P.) / [Sir George Grierson], éd. ; Linguistic survey of India ; [Nathu Kōrwā], voix

[Traditions. Asie. Inde. Chhattisgarh. Surguja]

[Archives de la Parole]. , [Chant populaire en khāndeśī] : indo-aryen / [Sir George Grierson], éd. ; Linguistic survey of India ; [K.S. Vani], voix

[Traditions. Asie. Inde. État du Maharashtra. Dhule]

[Archives de la Parole]. , Sīkā me tānge : a song in Chhattīsgaṛhī Hindī from Raipur (C.P.) [i.e. Central Provinces] / [Sir George Grierson], éd. ; Linguistic survey of India ; [Brijlal Raut], voix

[Traditions. Asie. Inde. Chhattisgarh. Raipur]

Autosis is a Na+,K+-ATPase-regulated form of cell death triggered by autophagy-inducing peptides, starvation, and hypoxia-ischemia.

A long-standing controversy is whether autophagy is a bona fide cause of mammalian cell death. We used a cell-penetrating autophagy-inducing peptide, Tat-Beclin 1, derived from the autophagy protein Beclin 1, to investigate whether high levels of autophagy result in cell death by autophagy. Here we show that Tat-Beclin 1 induces dose-dependent death that is blocked by pharmacological or genetic inhibition of autophagy, but not of apoptosis or necroptosis. This death, termed "autosis," has unique morphological features, including increased autophagosomes/autolysosomes and nuclear convolution at early stages, and focal swelling of the perinuclear space at late stages. We also observed autotic death in cells during stress conditions, including in a subpopulation of nutrient-starved cells in vitro and in hippocampal neurons of neonatal rats subjected to cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in vivo. A chemical screen of ~5,000 known bioactive compounds revealed that cardiac glycosides, antagonists of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, inhibit autotic cell death in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, genetic knockdown of the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase α1 subunit blocks peptide and starvation-induced autosis in vitro. Thus, we have identified a unique form of autophagy-dependent cell death, a Food and Drug Administration-approved class of compounds that inhibit such death, and a crucial role for Na(+),K(+)-ATPase in its regulation. These findings have implications for understanding how cells die during certain stress conditions and how such cell death might be prevented.

[Archives de la Parole]. , [The silly weaver girl] : récit (dravidien, malayālam, province de Madras) / [Sir George Grierson], éd. ; Linguistic survey of India ; [K.K. Achyutan], voix

[Traditions. Asie. Inde. Province de Madras [i.e. Chennai]. État du Kérala. Kochi]

K. Iran i la proliferació nuclear

Conté: ¿Irán, potencia nuclear?; El reto nuclear de Irán; Dos respuestas al reto nuclear; Con la vista puesta en Irán; La provocación nuclear norcoreana; Irán y la oferta de Obama

Fantaisie en ut mineur, K 475 / Mozart, comp. ; revue et annotée par Lazare-Lévy ; Lazare-Lévy, p

Titre uniforme : [Fantaisies. Piano. KV 475. Do mineur]