Vergleich der Tibia- first Technik gegenüber der Femur- first Technik bei der navigationsgestützten Implantation eines bikondylären Oberflächenersatzes vom Typ Columbus

Magdeburg, Univ., Med. Fak., Diss., 2011

Assessment of Autonomic Function by Phase Rectification of RRInterval Histogram Analysis in Chagas Disease

Background:In chronic Chagas disease (ChD), impairment of cardiac autonomic function bears prognostic implications. Phase‑rectification of RR-interval series isolates the sympathetic, acceleration phase (AC) and parasympathetic, deceleration phase (DC) influences on cardiac autonomic modulation.Objective:This study investigated heart rate variability (HRV) as a function of RR-interval to assess autonomic function in healthy and ChD subjects.Methods:Control (n = 20) and ChD (n = 20) groups were studied. All underwent 60-min head-up tilt table test under ECG recording. Histogram of RR-interval series was calculated, with 100 ms class, ranging from 600–1100 ms. In each class, mean RR-intervals (MNN) and root-mean-squared difference (RMSNN) of consecutive normal RR-intervals that suited a particular class were calculated. Average of all RMSNN values in each class was analyzed as function of MNN, in the whole series (RMSNNT), and in AC (RMSNNAC) and DC (RMSNNDC) phases. Slopes of linear regression lines were compared between groups using Student t-test. Correlation coefficients were tested before comparisons. RMSNN was log-transformed. (α < 0.05).Results:Correlation coefficient was significant in all regressions (p < 0.05). In the control group, RMSNNT, RMSNNAC, and RMSNNDCsignificantly increased linearly with MNN (p < 0.05). In ChD, only RMSNNAC showed significant increase as a function of MNN, whereas RMSNNT and RMSNNDC did not.Conclusion:HRV increases in proportion with the RR-interval in healthy subjects. This behavior is lost in ChD, particularly in the DC phase, indicating cardiac vagal incompetence.

Determinação do sexo do pinto pela forma do ovo

Este trabalho foi feito afim de determinar uma hipotética correlação existente entre a forma do ôvo e o sexo do pinto. Dois métodos foram utilizados. No primeiro considerou-se apenas a "ponta" do ôvo, dividindo-se um lote de 1100 ovos em dois grupos, um considerado ponteagudo e outro arredondado. Os resultados totais mostraram a nenhuma influência da forma da ponta na determinação do sexo, isto é, a falta de correlação era completa. No segundo método, determinou-se a média da relação entre a largura e o comprimento do ôvo, e adotou-se essa medida como linha divisória de dois grupos : um de ovos grossos com 223 ovos e outro de ovos finos, com 183 ovos. A relação sexual foi respectivamente de 38.60 e 37.07 o que mostra a falta de correlação. Os dez ovos mais compridos e os dez mais redondos, incubados separadamente, confirmaram os resultados anteriores. A determinação do sexo dos pintos foi feita pelo método de JAAP, aperfeiçoado nesta Seção. O Autor conclui, que na população estudada, da raça Rhode I. Red, não existe absolutamente a menor correlação entre a forma do ôvo e o sexo do pinto que êle possa determinar. Acredita que essas conclusões possam se aplicar a todas as variedades industriais, mas acha possível, que em raças muito antigas não provenientes de cruzamentos, talvez nalguma raça de briga, tal correlação possa existir.

Adubação fosfatada na cultura do milho (Zea mays L.) em solos primitivamente cobertos por vegetação de cerrado

Foram realizados dois experimentos em solos sob vegetação de cerrado representativos daqueles que atualmente são usados para fins agrícolas. Estes experimentos foram localizados nas proximidades de Goiânia (Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo) e de Santa Helena (Latossolo Roxo), municípios do Estado de Goiás, Brasil. Fosfato natural de Catalão foi aplicado a lanço, no primeiro ano, nas doses de 0, 150, 300, 600 e 1200 kg/ha de P(2)0(5) total. Este fosfato é uma apatita que contem 38,2% de P2O5total e 3,1% solúvel em ácido cítrico a 2% (relação 1 :100). No segundo ano foi feita uma adubação no sulco de plantio com superfosfato triplo nas doses de 0, 50, 100 e 200 kg/ha de P2O5. Esta segunda aplicação foi efetuada nas parcelas que haviam recebido fosfato de Catalão no ano anterior. No primeiro ano não foi observada resposta significativa, em produção de milho (Zea mays L.), em ambos os locais, devida ao fosfato de Catalão. No segundo ano houve resposta apenas em Goiânia. O superfosfato triplo teve um efeito pronunciado indicando a necessidade de aplicação do fosfato solúvel nesses dois locais.

Microhabitats de mosquitos (Diptera, Culicidae) em internódios de taquara na Mata Atlântica, Paraná, Brasil

During two consecutive years, from January 1985 to December 1986, a comparative study of mosquitoes preferences for breeding habitat was carried out in the Atlantic Forest of the Serra do Mar, Paraná State, Brazil. To achieve it, 1875 bamboo internodes aligned vertically in live green, bamboo plants Merostachys speciosa Munro and Merostachys sp. were used, in which metabolic water was exuded from the plant itself, and presenting different size/pattern holes at their lateral walls, bored by the local sylvan fauna. Another group of 1200 individual internode traps was used as comparative element, carved out with a transversal cut by a saw, filled with local stream water and held in branches at different heights in the vegetal strata nearby. At both microhabitat types, a total of 17 culicid species was registered. Culex (Microculex) neglectus Lutz, 1904, Cx. (Carrollia) soperi Antunes & Lane, 1937, Sabethes (Sabethes) batesi Lane & Cerqueira, 1942 and Sa. (Sabethinus) melanonymphe (Dyar, 1924)colonized exclusively live plant internodes, while Culex (Microculex) elongatus Rozeboom & Lane, 1950, Cx. (Carrollia) iridescens (Lutz, 1905), Cx. (Carrollia) kompi Valencia,1973and Trichoprosopon (Trichoprosopon) soaresi Dyar & Knab, 1907 bred only in internode traps. The remaining nine species colonized both habitats indistinctly. Quantitatively, was detected the abundance of 60.1% at live green internodes, against 39.9% for internode traps. Concerning the different patterns of bored live internode holes, 40.3% of the total computed specimens were collected in square or rectangular holes, 31.9% in two hole internodes, one minute circular, the other wider, and the remaining 28.8% of specimens distributed in other pattern type internodes. The mosquitoes breeding at these microhabitats fall in the culicid entomofauna specialized at locating and detecting peculiar and propitious mesogen conditions for breeding purposes.

Cardite rheumatica especifica com nodulos necroticos macroscopicos

In einem Falle von Rheumatismus infectiosus specificus, der bei einem 10 Jahre alten Kinde in kaum 2 Monaten sich abwickelte, konnten wir ausser dem typischen histologischen Bilde einer spezifischen rheumatischen Karditis auch das Vorhandensein von makroskopischen nekrotischen Knoetchen feststellen, die bei der Veroeffentlichung der vorliegenden Arbeit das Hauptinteresse beanspruchen. Die rheumatischen Veraenderungen finden sich sowohl im Myokard als auch im Peri-und Endokard. Die im Myokard vorgefundenen Veraenderungen lassen sich wie folgt einteilen: 1) Schaedigungen einer spezifischen knoetchenfoermigen Myokarditis, die durch die Gegenwart von zahlreichen, zwischen den Muskelfasern und in der Umgebung der Gefaesse gelegenen, typischen Aschoff'schen Knoetchen ausgepraegt sind. (Fig. 2-3). 2) Schaedigungen einer akuten exsudativen herdfoermigen Myokarditis mit Aschoff'schen Knoetchen. (Fig. 5-6). Derartige Veraenderungen offenbaren sich durch das Vorhandensein von polymorphonukleaeren neutrophilen und besonders eosinophilen Leukocyten, und zwar in nicht zusammenhaengenden Herden zerstreut mit Zerstoerung von Herzfasern. In den entzuendlichen Herden kommen noch typische Aschoff'sche Zellen vor, die sich manchmal in Aschoff'sche Knoetchen umorganisieren. (Fig. 5). Weder narbenfoermige Herde noch Verschwielung werden in irgend einem Teile des Herzmuskels angetroffen. 3) Makroskopisch sichtbare nekrotische Knoetchen. - Diese Knoetchen sind der wichtigste Befund der vorliegenden Arbeit. Bei der makroskopischen Betrachtung des Herzens, findet man an verschiedenen Stellen der Innenseite des linken Ventrikels Knoetchen vorliegen, deren gelbliche Faerbung lebhalf von der der benachbarten Muskulatur absticht. Wenn auch an der Oberflaeche des Endokards leicht hervorragend, sind diese Gebilde glatt, von derber Konsistenz, wobei die groessten 1 mm im Durchmesser aufweisen. (Fig. 1). Aehnliche Knoetchen werden im verdickten Teil der beiden Papillarmuskel der Mitratis angetroffen, jedoch weisen diese groessere Dimensionen und einem Durchmesser von 4 mm auf. Die Trikuspidal-und Mitralklappe sind frei, zart und elastisch, bei makroskopischer Betrachtung sind keinerlei aeltere oder juengere warzenfoermige Auflagerungen festzustellen Indessen die mikroskopische Untersuchung der Mitralis ergab einen akuten entzuendlichen Prozess mit reichlichen polymorphonukleaeren neutrophilen und eosinophilen Zellen, jedoch ohne Aschoff'sche Knoetchen. Die vorgefundene Veraenderung entspricht also dem Bilde einer akuten unspezifischen Valvulitis. Die Knoetchen praegen sich durch das Vorhandensein einer zentral gelegenenn nekrotischen Masse, umgeben von einer durch epithelioide Zellen gebildeten Schicht aus. Eines dieser im verdickten Abschnitt des linken Ventrikels angetroffenen Knoetchen misst in seinen groessten Durchmessern 1700 - 1200 µ (Fig. 7). Die ihn befallende Nekrose ist eine typische Verkaesungsnekrose, mit einer Ausdehnung von 700 - 1000 µ in ihren verschiedenen Durchmessern. In einem bestimmten Abschnitt hat sich die Nekrose noch nicht vollstaendig ausgebildet, wobei zahlreiche Kerne sich in dem Zustand von Karyorhexis befinden. Zwischen dem Rand der nekrotisierten Schicht und der Peripherie des Knoetchens sieht man zahlreiche epithelioide Zellen. (Figs. 7-12), unter denen einige zweikernige, den Aschoff'schen aehnliche Gebilde zu erkennen sind. In der Umgebung des Knoetchens sind weder tuberkuloese Follikel noch milliare Gummata zu beobachten. Aschoff'sche Knoetchen sind in dem Teile, dem das Endokardknoetchen am naechsten liegt, nachzuweisen. Anstossend an die epithelioiden, das Knoetchen in einem regelmaessigen Streifen umgebenden Zellen besteht lymphocytaere Infiltration, wobei auch polymorphonukleaere eosinophile und neutrophile Leukocyten sich vorfinden. Auf gleicher Hoehe des nekrotisierten Knoetchens sind die Herzfasern zum groessten Teil zerstoert. Die noch erkennbar sind, sind zersplittert und nekrotisch, wobei von der Querstreifung nichts mehr zu bemerken ist und ein hyalines und homogenes Aussehen Platz greift. Die bei der makroskopischen Untersuchung am verdickten Teil der Papillarmuskeln der Mitratis festgestellten Knoetchen erscheinen durch Verschmelzung verschiedener anderer kleinerer Knoetchen entstanden und zwar konnten wir bis zu vier solcher Knoetchen nachweisen. (Fig. 9) Diese Knoetchen haben eine laengliche Form, ihre Ausdehnung schwankt in ihren groessten Durchmesser zwischen 700 bis 1200 µ. in ihren kleinsten zwischen 180 bis 400 µ. Ihr morphologischer Aufbau ist dem des bereits geschilderten knoetchens sehr aehnlich. Sie weisen gleichfalls eine zentrale nekrotische Schicht, umgeben von einer anderen epithelioider Zellen, auf, wobei an der Peripherie Infiltration von Lymphocyten und polymorphonuklearen neutrophilen und eosinophilen Zellen besteht. Die nekrotische Schicht indessen laesst nicht deutlich das Bild der Verkaesungsnekrose erkennen. Es sind noch veraenderte, homogene Muskelfasern unter Beibehaltung lineaerer Anordnung zu beobachten. An anderen Stellen wiederum ist die Muskelfaser nicht mehr zu erkennen, es finden sich dann nekrotisierte Gebilde von granulierten Aussehen. Die Herzfasern zeigen, nach Massgabe der Entfernung von der Mitte des Knoetchens, ebenfalls homogenes Aussehen, wobei sie eine gleichmaessige durch Eosin bewirkte Rosafaerbung aufweisen. Die histologischen Unterschiede zwischen den genannten Knoetchen und dem geschilderten ersten Knoetchen beruhen nur darauf, dass sich in den erstaren noch keine staerkere Nekrose abgespielt hat, so dass es den Anschein hat als ob das Entstehen der Knoetchen juengeren Datums sei. Den gleichen Unterschied des nekrotischen Bildes bieten sogar die verschiedenen Knoetchen ein und desselben Abschnittes dar, wobei eine wahrhafte Abstufung in den nekrotischen Herden, die in einigen Knoetchen mehr fortgeschritten, in anderen kaum begonnen erscheint, sich feststellen laesst. Unter Anwendung geeigneter Methodiik konnten wir weder das Vorhandensein von Treponemas, Bakterien, noch von saeurefesten Keimen in keinen der Knoetchen nachweisen. Diese fraglichen Knoetchen muessen als eine weite fortgeschrittene rheumatische Schaedigung aufgefasst werden. An dieser Ansicht halten wir fest, wobei wir uns auf aeusserst bedeutungsvolle Befunde stuetzen, wie den Nachweis der Knoetchen in einem typischen Falle von rheumatischer Myokarditis, den Aufbau der erwaehnten Knoetchen auf Kosten von, den Aschoff'schen Zellen morphologisch aehnlichen Zellen; schliesslich halten die Knoetchen immer eine unmittelbare Beziehung zum Endokard aufrecht, wo die Aschoff'schen Knoetchen sich zahlreich vorfinden. Tuberkuloese Follikel sind nicht anzutreffen noch sind Gummatas oder sonstige Veraenderungen syphílítíscher Art vorhanden. Ausserdem fehlen saeurefeste Keime und Spirochaeten. Aus diesen Gruenden muss die Hypothese, als ob es sich hier um tuberkuloese oder syphilitische Gebilde handle, fallen gelassen werden.

Estudos sobre a Esquistosomose em Pernambuco, Brasil

Os autores referem os resultados dos estudos sobre esquistosomose realisados, em Pernambuco, de Novembro de 1938 a Dezembro de 1939. Não se extendem em discussão, nem comentarios, tampouco, relacionam suas verificações com o que já foi relatado sobre o assunto em trabalhos nacionais e estrangeiros, pelo fato de que, não se trata de um resultado definitivo e sim de atividades que irão proseguir. Os estudos sistematicos em torno da endemia esquistosomica foram executados em duas localidades diversas pela população e pela situação geografica e ecologica. Pontezinha é uma povoação de 1200 habitantes localizada proximo a um conjunto de charcos e lagõas de agua dôce onde pululam caramujos do tipo olivaceus de Spix, e apresenta uma taxa de infestação de 21,4% para individuos do sexo masculino, e de 14,7% para os do sexo feminino. A distribuição por grupos de idade mostra que a incidencia cresce até o grupo de 16 a 20 anos de idade, quando atinge a percentagem de 37,8%, para decrescer em seguida. Em Vitoria a incidencia foi maior nos indivíduos do sexo feminino, atingindo a taxa de 41,4%, dando o sexo masculino a taxa de 36,9%. Por idade a percentagem maxima é atingida pelo grupo de 11 a 15 anos. Vitoria é uma cidade de 1500 habitantes, construida á margem do rio Tapacurá, onde se encontram numerosos caramujos do tipo centimetralis Lutz. A divergencia de incidencia corre por conta dos habitos da população e pela utilização que ela faz do rio, sendo maior em Vitoria porque a proximidade do rio facilita o uso de suas aguas para banho e serviços domesticos, condicionando este ultimo fato, a maior infestação das mulheres. O estudo da frequencia da infestação dos caramujos por cercarias de diversos trematodios, permite suspeitar uma relação inversa entre a taxa de infestação e o diametro maximo atingido pelos caramujos, parecendo este fato confirmar os trabalhos de Vianna Martins sobre a identidade dos hospedeiros intermediarios do Sch. mansoni no BRasil com o Australorbis glabratus (Say, 1818). Os ovos de Sch. mansoni depositados nos tecidos, provocam lesões inflamatorias nodulares que podem pela sua evolução obedecer ás seguintes fases: a) reação inicial sub-aguda ou mais raramente, aguda; b) reação cronica com predominancia de elementos infiltrativos; c) reação cronica com predominancia de histiocitos, formação de célula gigante e proliferação fibro-colagena encistante; d) reação caracterizada pelo englobamento do ovo pelo gigantocito e predominancia de tecido fibro-colageno; e) nodulo caracterizado pelo aspéto encistante do tecido fibro-colageno com célula gigante ou vestigios de casca quitinosa na parte central (ninho encistante); f) cicatriz fibro-colagena. Em todos os orgãos examinados, esses aspétos eram presentes, sendo que variações aparecem: 1º No pulmão o processo inicial surge sob a forma de alveolite aguda mais ou menos difusa. Posteriormente essa lesão toma um aspéto bronco-pneumonico. 2º Na mucosa intestinal a lesão inicial é aguda e difusa. no estadio de cronicidade, ha ulceração, proliferação do tecido de granulação, podendo formar polipos, ou hiperplasia glandular, constituindo algumas vêses, polipo-adenoma. 3º Nos ganglios linfaticos o aspéto reacional é caracterizado por uma disposição epitelioide, muito evidente dos histiocitos que são abundantes. 4º No pancreas, as lesões são as mais pobres em aspétos reacionais. Os AA. mostraram um conjunto de 9 observações de infestação antiga de esquistosomose onde se encontrava um disturbio da formula sanguinea expressivo da frenação medular. Nestes 9 casos, 7 deles apresentavam esplenomegalias de intensidades varias. Oito deles eram portadores de outras infestações verminoticas. Em quatro, realisou-se a ablação esplenica. Em outros quatro, aplicou-se o tratamento anti-esquistosomoso pelos sais de Antimonio. Os sinais sanguineos de hipomielia, manifestaram-se irredutiveis apesar da desinfestação dos outros parasitas intestinais, do tratamento corretivo das sindromes anemicas e da terapeutica anti-esquistosomotica. Somente a esplenectomia conseguiu apagar aquela disfunção hemo-reguladora. Os AA. acreditam que alguns dos casos apresentados sejam de esplenopatias cronicas de origem esquistosomotica. Como tal procuram realçar uma das variedades do acometimento esquistosomoso esplenico moldado na sindrome de hiperesplenia cronica hipomielica. Os requisitos exigidos para esta catalogação estiveram presentes, tal como em verdadeiras esplenopatias cronicas palustres, leishmanioticas ou de outra etiologia semelhante em atuação.

Societal metabolism of societies: the bifurcation between Spain and Ecuador

This paper presents an application of the Multiple-Scale Integrated Assessment of Societal Metabolism to the recent economic history of Ecuador and Spain. Understanding the relationship between the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the throughput of matter and energy over time in modern societies is crucial for understanding the sustainability predicament as it is linked to economic growth. When considering the dynamics of economic development, Spain was able to take a different path than Ecuador thanks to the different characteristics of its energy budget and other key variables. This and other changes are described using economic and biophysical variables (both extensive and intensive referring to different hierarchical levels). The representation of these parallel changes (on different levels and describable only using different variables) can be kept in coherence by adopting the frame provided by MSIASM.

Toxoplasmose congênita

We had the opportunity to study 6 cases of the congenital form of toxoplasmosis, found in a series of 1200 necropsies of fetuses and newborn babies, realized at 3 different hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Among the 6 cases, 4 were premature babies liveborn at the 6th-8th gestational month and 2 were stillborn (1 premature and 1 at term). In all those cases, the diagnosis was based in the detection of the parasite in tissues and in one case it was even isolated the Toxoplasma from the necrotic material found in the cranial cavity. This strain of Toxoplasma, pathogenic to pigeons, to guinea pigs and to mice, is preserved by successive transfers in mice. Some facts observed in those cases present an interest not only strictly anatomic but also have certain value for the better acknowlegment of the disease. First, we want to call the attention to the presence of a sudden high fever, during or just before pregnancy in the 4 cases in which the maternal anamnesis was perfectly studied; this fever that was preceded by a normal beginning of pregnancy, had relatively rapid remission, but in 2 cases was immediately followed by uterine bleeding and premature delivery, although the puerperium had been apparently normal. It is known that are normal the subsequent children of the mothers that delivered a baby with toxoplasmosis and that several women have normal babies before the toxoplasmotic one. We believe that the fever observed in our cases could be indicative of the beginning of maternal infection and those are the reasons why we emphasize the need of careful anamnesis, specially in the cases actually diagnosed as inapparent infection. Another fact to notice is that in 5 of our cases the event premature delivery happened always between the 6th and the 8th months of pregnancy, and the only term fetus was delivered in advanced stage of maceration. The above mentioned facts could agree with the opinion of FRENKEL (1949), when he declared that "primary infection of the pregnant mother appears more likely to be the commoner mode of fetal toxoplasmic infection", but they would disagree with WEINMAN (1952) who believes that the transmission of Toxoplasma to the fetus is more frequent through a pregnant woman with chronic disease and who says "that infection contracted during pregnancy may and probably does happen from time to time"...Still in connection with the transmission of toxoplasmosis, we want to note the verification of inflammatory lesions in the placental villi and in the umbilical cord in 3 of the 4 cases in which such organs were examined at the microscope. In the case n. 1, we found several pseudocysts of Toxoplasma in the placenta, and the fibroblasts of Wharton's jelly were particularly rich in isolated forms and in colonies of Toxoplasma; the easy multiplication of the parasite in that tissue calls the attention and even suggests its utilisation for Toxoplasma's cultivation. The confirmation of Toxoplasma in human placenta was made only recently by CRISTEN et al. (1951) and by NEGHME et al. (1952), in Chile; it is not frequent in the literature, what gives some value to our present verification. Another observation was that provided by the case n. 6. This baby, a premature one of the 6th month, was 14 days old and-died with signs of respiratory disease, the causa mortis have been pneumonia. At the necropsy, we found no gross change that suggested toxoplasmosis, except the presence of some small necrotic focuses in the cerebral nervous substance around the ventricles. As a matter of fact, there was no enlargement of spleen or liver and neither leptomeningitis nor hydrocephalus. Such focuses were attributed to possible anoxia and in fact they are extremely similar to anoxial softenings, even when they are examined at the microscope; its structure composed of a central necrotic zone, surrounded by proliferated neuroglia and by a variable deposit of calcium salts, closely simulated the anoxial softenings, when the microscopical examination is based in the common histological preparations (hematoxilin-eosin, etc.). But when we examine preparations by the Giemsa or by the periodic acid-Schiff methods, we will note the presence of Toxoplasma, with its typical aspect or a little changed by degeneration. When we describe this observation, we wish to evidence the need of the search of Toxoplasma and closed parasites, in the cases of supposed pure anoxial softenings of nervous substance, in children. The frequency with which the congenital toxoplasmosis was anatomically verified should be emphasized, although the disease had not been clinically suspected, and it should be borne in mind that the second case of toxoplasmosis reported in the world was observed in Brazil by MAGARINOS TORRES; this case was the first to be described of the generalized congenital form of the infection, i. e. with myocardial lesions and parasites in skeletal muscles and skin.

Propietats d'absorció bifotònica del tetrafenilporficè i el seu complex de palladi: potencials sensibilitzadors per a Teràpia Fotodinàmica bifotònica.

Estudi elaborat a partir d’una estada a la Universitat de Aarhus, Dinamarca, durant juliol 2006. En el present treball s’investiguen, per primer cop, les propietats de absorció bifotòniques del fotosensibilitzador 2,7,12,17-tetrafenilporficè (TPPo) i del seu complex de pal•ladi (II) (PdTPPo). Ambos compostos han rebut molta atenció com a possibles otosensibilitzadors per a Teràpia Fotodinàmica (TFD). S’utilitza la detecció de la fosforescència de l’oxigen singlet, centrada a 1270 nm i produïda per l’absorció de dos fotons, per quantificar la magnitud de la secció d’absorció bifotònica, "delta", dels porficèns estudiats. Els experiments se han dut a terme en el marge espectral 750-850 nm i a l’infraroig proper a 1100nm. Aquestes longituds d’ona corresponen a les zones d’absorció bifotònica en les bandes de Soret i Q. Les propietats bifotòniques obtingudes es comparen i contrasten amb les dades conegudes de la tetrafenilporfirina (TPP), isòmer estructural del tetrafenilporficè però amb més gran simetria, i es troba que en la banda de Soret (que coincideix amb la regió de la pell més transparent) els valors de delta per el TPPo i PdTPPo son aproximadament 2000 GM en el màxim, pràcticament cent vegades més grans que per la TPP. A més a més, aquestos valors son dos ordres de magnitud més grans que els obtinguts a l’irradiar a 1100 nm (bandes Q). Aquestes observacions es poden explicar mitjançant la amplificació per ressonància deguda a la presència de transicions monofotòniques ressonants en la regió de les bandes Q. Els elevats valors de "delta" obtinguts per els tetrafenilporficèns estudiats junt a les principals característiques que aquestos presenten (elevat rendiment de formació d’oxigen singlet, estabilitat química i fotoquímica, absència de citotoxicitat,...) qualifiquen al TPPo y PdTPPo com a possibles fotosensibilitzadors per a Teràpia Fotodinàmica Bifotònica.

Changes in reproductive roles are associated with changes in gene expression in fire ant queens.

Abstract In species with social hierarchies, the death of dominant individuals typically upheaves the social hierarchy and provides an opportunity for subordinate individuals to become reproductives. Such a phenomenon occurs in the monogyne form of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, where colonies typically contain a single wingless reproductive queen, thousands of workers and hundreds of winged nonreproductive virgin queens. Upon the death of the mother queen, many virgin queens shed their wings and initiate reproductive development instead of departing on a mating flight. Workers progressively execute almost all of them over the following weeks. To identify the molecular changes that occur in virgin queens as they perceive the loss of their mother queen and begin to compete for reproductive dominance, we collected virgin queens before the loss of their mother queen, 6 h after orphaning and 24 h after orphaning. Their RNA was extracted and hybridized against microarrays to examine the expression levels of approximately 10 000 genes. We identified 297 genes that were consistently differentially expressed after orphaning. These include genes that are putatively involved in the signalling and onset of reproductive development, as well as genes underlying major physiological changes in the young queens.

The tectonically controlled emplacement of a vertically sheeted gabbro-pyroxenite intrusion: Feeder-zone of an ocean-island volcano (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands)

The Miocene PX1 gabbro-pyroxenite pluton, Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, is a 3.5 x 5.5 km shallow-level intrusion (0.15-0.2 GPa and 1100-1120 degrees C), interpreted as the feeder-zone to an ocean-island volcano. It displays a vertical magmatic banding expressed in five 50 to 100 metre-wide NNE-SSW trending alkaline gabbro sequences alternating with pyroxenites. This emplacement geometry was controlled by brittle to ductile shear zones, generated by a regional E-W extensional tectonic setting that affected Fuerteventura during the Miocene. At a smaller scale, the PX1 gabbro and pyroxenite bands consist of metre-thick differentiation units, which suggest emplacement by periodic injection of magma pulses as vertical dykes that amalgamated, similarly to a sub-volcanic sheeted dyke complex. Individual dykes underwent internal differentiation following a solidification front parallel to the dyke edges. This solidification front may have been favoured by a significant lateral/horizontal thermal gradient, expressed by the vertical banding in the gabbros, the fractionation asymmetry within individual dykes and the migmatisation of the wall rocks. Pyroxenitic layers result from the fractionation and accumulation of clinopyroxene +/- olivine +/- plagioclase crystals from a mildly alkaline basaltic liquid. They are interpreted as truncated differentiation sequences, from which residual melts were extracted at various stages of their chemical evolution by subsequent dyke intrusions, either next to or within the crystallising unit. Compaction and squeezing of the crystal mush is ascribed to the incoming and inflating magma pulses. The expelled interstitial liquid was likely collected and erupted along with the magma flowing through the newly injected dykes. Clinopyroxene mineral orientation - as evidenced by EBSD and micro X-ray tomography investigations - displays a marked pure-shear component, supporting the interpretation of the role of compaction in the generation of the pyroxenites. Conversely, gabbro sequences underwent minor melt extraction and are believed to represent crystallised coalesced magma batches emplaced at lower rates at the end of eruptive cycles. Clinopyroxene orientations in gabbros record a simple shear component suggesting syn-magmatic deformation parallel to observed NNE-SSW trending shear zones induced by the regional tensional stress field. This emplacement model implies a crystallisation time of 1 to 5 years for individual dykes, consistent with PX1 emplacement over less than 0.5 My. A minimum amount of approximately 150 km(3) of magma is needed to generate the pluton, part of it having been erupted through the Central Volcanic Centre of Fuerteventura. If the regional extensional tectonic regime controls the PX1 feeder-zone initiation and overall geometry, rates and volumes of magma depend on other, source-related factors. High injection rates are likely to induce intrusion growth rates larger than could be accommodated by the regional extension. In this case, dyke intrusion by propagation of a weak tip, combined with the inability of magma to circulate through previously emplaced and crystallised dykes could result in an increase of non-lithostatic pressure on previously emplaced mushy dyke walls; thus generating strong pure-shear compaction within the pluton feeder-zone and interstitial melt expulsion. These compaction-dominated processes are recorded by the cumulitic pyroxenite bands. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Modeling of in-situ crystallization processes in the Permian mafic layered intrusion of Mont Collon (Dent Blanche nappe, western Alps)

The Mont Collon mafic complex is one of the best preserved examples of the Early Permian magmatism in the Central Alps, related to the intra-continental collapse of the Variscan belt. It mostly consists (> 95 vol.%) of ol+hy-nonnative plagioclase-wehrlites, olivine- and cpx-gabbros with cumulitic structures, crosscut by acid dikes. Pegmatitic gabbros, troctolites and anorthosites outcrop locally. A well-preserved cumulative, sequence is exposed in the Dents de Bertol area (center of intrusion). PT-calculations indicate that this layered magma chamber emplaced at mid-crustal levels at about 0.5 GPa and 1100 degrees C. The Mont Collon cumulitic rocks record little magmatic differentiation, as illustrated by the restricted range of clinopyroxene mg-number (Mg#(cpx)=83-89). Whole-rock incompatible trace-element contents (e.g. Nb, Zr, Ba) vary largely and without correlation with major-element composition. These features are characteristic of an in-situ crystallization process with variable amounts of interstitial liquid L trapped between the cumulus mineral phases. LA-ICPMS measurements show that trace-element distribution in the latter is homogeneous, pointing to subsolidus re-equilibration between crystals and interstitial melts. A quantitative modeling based on Langmuir's in-situ crystallization equation successfully duplicated the REE concentrations in cumulitic minerals of all rock facies of the intrusion. The calculated amounts of interstitial liquid L vary between 0 and 35% for degrees of differentiation F of 0 to 20%, relative to the least evolved facies of the intrusion. L values are well correlated with the modal proportions of interstitial amphibole and whole-rock incompatible trace-element concentrations (e.g. Zr, Nb) of the tested samples. However, the in-situ crystallization model reaches its limitations with rock containing high modal content of REE-bearing minerals (i.e. zircon), such as pegmatitic gabbros. Dikes of anorthositic composition, locally crosscutting the layered lithologies, evidence that the Mont Collon rocks evolved in open system with mixing of intercumulus liquids of different origins and possibly contrasting compositions. The proposed model is not able to resolve these complex open systems, but migrating liquids could be partly responsible for the observed dispersion of points in some correlation diagrams. Absence of significant differentiation with recurrent lithologies in the cumulitic pile of Dents de Bertol points to an efficiently convective magma chamber, with possible periodic replenishment, (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Superior outcome of women with stage I/II cutaneous melanoma: pooled analysis of four European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer phase III trials.

PURPOSE: Several studies observed a female advantage in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma, for which behavioral factors or an underlying biologic mechanism might be responsible. Using complete and reliable follow-up data from four phase III trials of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Melanoma Group, we explored the female advantage across multiple end points and in relation to other important prognostic indicators. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed with localized melanoma were included in EORTC adjuvant treatment trials 18832, 18871, 18952, and 18961 and randomly assigned during the period of 1984 to 2005. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for women compared with men, adjusted for age, Breslow thickness, body site, ulceration, performed lymph node dissection, and treatment. RESULTS: A total of 2,672 patients with stage I/II melanoma were included. Women had a highly consistent and independent advantage in overall survival (adjusted HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.83), disease-specific survival (adjusted HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.62 to 0.88), time to lymph node metastasis (adjusted HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.96), and time to distant metastasis (adjusted HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.81). Subgroup analysis showed that the female advantage was consistent across all prognostic subgroups (with the possible exception of head and neck melanomas) and in pre- and postmenopausal age groups. CONCLUSION: Women have a consistent and independent relative advantage in all aspects of the progression of localized melanoma of approximately 30%, most likely caused by an underlying biologic sex difference.

How reliable is the monitoring of permanent vegetation plots? A test with multiple observers

Questions: A multiple plot design was developed for permanent vegetation plots. How reliable are the different methods used in this design and which changes can we measure? Location: Alpine meadows (2430 m a.s.l.) in the Swiss Alps. Methods: Four inventories were obtained from 40 m(2) plots: four subplots (0.4 m(2)) with a list of species, two 10m transects with the point method (50 points on each), one subplot (4 m2) with a list of species and visual cover estimates as a percentage and the complete plot (40 m(2)) with a list of species and visual estimates in classes. This design was tested by five to seven experienced botanists in three plots. Results: Whatever the sampling size, only 45-63% of the species were seen by all the observers. However, the majority of the overlooked species had cover < 0.1%. Pairs of observers overlooked 10-20% less species than single observers. The point method was the best method for cover estimate, but it took much longer than visual cover estimates, and 100 points allowed for the monitoring of only a very limited number of species. The visual estimate as a percentage was more precise than classes. Working in pairs did not improve the estimates, but one botanist repeating the survey is more reliable than a succession of different observers. Conclusion: Lists of species are insufficient for monitoring. It is necessary to add cover estimates to allow for subsequent interpretations in spite of the overlooked species. The choice of the method depends on the available resources: the point method is time consuming but gives precise data for a limited number of species, while visual estimates are quick but allow for recording only large changes in cover. Constant pairs of observers improve the reliability of the records.