Parâmetros bioquímicos e níveis de IgE total e específicas para aeroalérgenos em mulheres obesas com síndrome dos ovários policísticos

Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) whose classic features (menstrual irregularity of oligo/ amenorrhea type, chronic anovulation, infertility and hyperandrogenism clinical and/ or biochemical), is associated with aspects of metabolic syndrome (MS), as obesity and insulin resistance. The level of obesity determines different levels of inflammation, increasing cytokines participants of metabolic and endocrine functions, beyond modulate the immune response. Metabolic changes, added to the imbalance of sex hormones underlying irregular menstruation observed in (PCOS) can trigger allergic processes and elevation of total and specific IgE antibodies indicate that a sensitization process was started. Objective: To evaluate the influence of PCOS on biochemical parameters and levels of total and specific IgE to aeroallergens in obese women. Methods: After approval by the Committee of Ethics in Research, were recruited 80 volunteers with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and age between 18 and 45 years. Among these, 40 with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria and 40 women without PCOS (control group). All participants were analysed with regard to anthropometric, clinical, gynecological parameters, interviewed using a questionnaire, and underwent blood sampling for realization of laboratory tests of clinical biochemistry: Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL- cholesterol, Triglycerides, Fasting glucose, Urea, Creatinine, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and immunological: total and specific IgE to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Blomia tropicalis, Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides microceras.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 15.0 software through the chi-square tests, Fisher, Student t test and binary logistic regression, with significance level (p <0.05). Results: It was observed in the group of obese women with PCOS that 29 (72.5%) had menstrual cycle variable and 27 (67.5%) had difficulty getting pregnant. According to waist-hip ratio, higher average was also observed in obese PCOS (0.87). Blood level of HDL (36.9 mg/dL) and ALT (29.3 U/L) were above normal levels in obese women with PCOS, with statistically significant relationship. In the analysis of total and specific IgE to D. pteronyssinus high results were also prevalent in obese PCOS, with blood level (365,22 IU/mL) and (6.83 kU/L), respectively, also statistically significant. Conclusions: Observed predominance of cases with high levels of total IgE in the group of obese women with PCOS, 28 (70%) of the participants, whose mean blood concentration of the group was 365.22 IU/mL. In the analysis of Specific IgE between the groups, the allergen Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus showed greater dispersion and average the results of sensitization in the group of obese PCOS, whose mean blood concentration was 6.83 kU/l. Keywords: Obesity, Allergens and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Diagnósticos de enfermagem do domínio nutrição em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise

The study aimed to analyze the nursing diagnoses of the nutrition domain from NANDA International in patients undergoing hemodialysis. This is a transversal study conducted in a university hospital in northeastern Brazil, with 50 hemodialysis patients. The data collection instrument was an interview form and a physical examination, in digital format, applied between the months of December 2013 to May 2014. Data analysis was divided into two stages. In the first, defining characteristics, related factors and risk factors were judged as to their presence by the researcher, according to the data collected. In the second stage, based on data from the first, diagnostic inference by experts was held. The results were organized in tables and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics for the diagnoses that showed higher frequencies than 50%. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee responsible for the research institution (protocol number 392 535), with Certificate Presentation to Ethics Assessment 18710613.4.00005537 number. The results indicate a median of 7 (± 1.51) nursing diagnoses of the nutrition domain per patient. Six diagnoses with greater frequency than 50% were identified, namely: Risk for electrolyte imbalance, Risk for unstable blood glucose level, Excess fluid volume, Readiness for enhanced fluid balance, Readiness for enhanced nutrition and Risk for deficient fluid volume. The defining characteristics, related and risk factors presented an average of 34.78 (± 6.86), 15.50 (± 3.40) and a median of 4 (± 1.93), respectively, and 11 of these components had statistically significant association with the respective diagnoses. Were identified associations between adventitious breath sounds, edema and pulmonary congestion with the diagnosis Excess fluid volume; Expressed desire to increase fluid balance with the nursing diagnosis Readiness for enhanced fluid balance; It feeds regularly, Attitude to food consistent with the health goals, Consume adequate food, expresses knowledge about healthy food choices, expresses desire to improve nutrition, expresses knowledge about liquid healthier choices and following appropriate standard supply with diagnosis Readiness for enhanced nutrition. It is concluded that the diagnosis of the nutrition domain related to electrolyte problems are prevalent in customer submitted to hemodialysis. The identification of these diagnoses contributes to the development of a plan of care targeted to the needs of these clients, providing better quality of life and advance in the practice of care

Estudo da influência dos genes LRP5, TGFB1, IGF1 e IGF1R no metabolismo ósseo de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq

Atividade toxicológica do extrato das folhas de Kalanchoe brasiliensis em camundongos Swiss

The species of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) are widely used in Brazil as a medicinal product to treat cough, boils, gastritis and other diseases. In this scenario stands out K. brasiliensis, popularly known as coirama or saião. This paper aims at the oral exposure of mice to a hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Kalanchoe brasiliensis. The animals (total of 100) were divided into 12 groups (6 males and 6 females) for the acute assessment; and groups of 10 for subchronic evaluation. Test groups were treated with doses of 250 mg / kg, 500 mg / kg, 1000 mg / kg and 2000 mg / kg and the control group received 0.9% saline. The animals were observed for 14 days for acute evaluation and 30 days for subchronic evaluation, and in that period analyzed the appearance of clinical signs, changes in weight and consumption of water and food. After the observation period, histopathological analysis of the organs, biochemical serum and haematological parameters for the assessment of the subchronic groups were processed. Differences and changes in body weight were not observed among the groups, nor consumption of water and food, there were no deaths among the groups in the two types of assays. Histopathological analysis showed some alterations compatible with low acute hepatic toxicity. The results of blood glucose, triglycerides, ALT, urea and creatinine showed differences between the control group and the test concentrations studied (p <0.05), but these differences do not show relevant change in the clinical picture of animals. The results showed that the extract K. brasiliensis has low acute toxicity at the doses used and no toxicity when administered for 30 days. This highlights the importance of this species as future and promising candidate for phytotherapics, so has its pharmacological trials completed.

Efeitos da terapia laser de baixa intensidade associada ao exercício aeróbio no reparo de tenotomia do tendão de aquiles de ratos diabéticos

Diabetes Mellitus (DM ) is a complex disease that requires continuous medical care for the reduction of risk factors in addition to glycemic control. The typical hyperglycemia of this disease produces glycosylation of proteins and so the consequence is the accumulation of glycosylation final products in various human tissues, among them, the tendon. The aerobic exercise (AE) and the low level laser therapy (LLLT) have been used to treat tendinopathies in individuals with or without DM. Objective: The aim of this study was to watch the effect of the LLLT and the AE, in association, in partial tenotomy of the tissue repair of the Achilles tendon (AT) of diabetic rats. Methods: 91 animals were utilized and divided in to the following groups: control group (GC), injured control group (GCL), diabetic group (GD), diabetic group LLLT (GD – TLBI), diabetic group trained (GD - EX) and diabetic group trained laser (GD-EX+TLBI). The animals were submitted to intervention with AE, using a protocol with a progressive increase of time (12 to 60 min) and speed of (4 to 9 m/min), and the LLLT (660 nm laser, 10mW, 4 J/cm², single point for 16 seconds, three times for week). It was analyzed morphological, biomechanical and molecular characteristics. For data showing normal distribution was used one-way ANOVA test and post hoc Tukey and data without normal distribution was used Mann Whitney test and post hoc Dunn's. It was accepted p <0.05 for statistical significance Results: The biomechanical tests indicated major improvement in the GC and GD-EX+TLBI groups when compared with the diabetic groups in the following variables: maximum load, strain, absorbed energy, stress, cross section area, elastic modulus and energy density (p<0.05). The analysis through molecular biology indicated that the association of aerobic exercise and LLLT generated an increase of the collagen I gene expression and modulated the expression of the MMP2 and MMP9 (p<0.05). No observed any major improvement in the morphological variable studied. Conclusion: the LLLT associated with aerobic exercise promotes and increase of the mechanical properties, in the control of collagen I gene expression and of the MMP2 and MMP9 of the diabetic rats.

Resposta clínica periodontal e controle glicêmico em pacientes com e sem diabetes tipo II portadores de periodontite crônica ao tratamento periodontal “full mouth desinfection”

There is a bidirectional association between periodontal disease (PD) and diabetes mellitus, in which diabetes favors the development of PD and PD, if left untreated, can worsen the metabolic control of diabetes. Thus, periodontal disease should be treated to restore periodontal health and reduce the complications of diabetes. Therefore, the objective is assess the effect of full mouth periodontal therapy decontamination (Full Mouth Desinfection - FMD) in diabetic type II patients with chronic periodontitis during 12 months. Thirty-one patients in group one (G1) and 12 in group two (G2) were followed at baseline, 03, 06 09 and 12 months. There following clinical parameters were accessed: probing on bleeding (BOP), visible plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and gingival recession (GR). For diabetic patients, there were also made laboratory tests to evaluate blood parameters: fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin. The results had been analyzed in two ways: all sites in the mouth and another with diseased sites. The Mann-Whitney, Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used with 5% significance. Intergroup analysis of all sites it is clear that there was no significant difference over time concerning PD, BOP, PI, CAL and RG. However, when evaluating the diseased sites, we observed significant difference for CAL and PD, with higher values in G1. The intragroup analysis for all sites showed a statistically significant reduction at PD, PI and BOP in both groups. Intragroup analysis of periodontal affected sites showed a statistically significant reduction in PD, BOP and CAL in both groups. There was also a statistically significant increase in RG values. There was no significant change concerning glycated hemoglobin and fasting glucose in the G1. Therefore, it can be concluded that there were improvements in periodontal parameters over the 12 months of research, but without changes in glycemic levels of diabetic patients. Thus, periodontal therapy proved effective in maintaining oral health.

Influência das alturas iniciais de pasto diferido na recria de cordeiros sobre o desempenho na terminação em confinamento

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance, metabolic and feeding behavior of sheep after ninety days deferred pasture at different heights. The experiment was conducted at Capim Branco experimental farm of the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. During the period of 90 days, from June to September 2013, forty-eight crossbred lambs Santa Inês x Dorper, divided into groups of four animals, occupied twelve pickets deferred pasture with four initial heights (15 cm, 25 cm, 35 cm and 45 cm). During this period we evaluated the structural characteristics of pasture. For confinement, from September to December 2013, 32 of these animals were used (16 males and 16 females), divided into four bays, separated as pasture were using. The consumption was assessed daily, while biometric measurements were made every 21 days. In relation to gender, there were differences in average daily gain weight. Reviews of feeding behavior occurred at the beginning, middle and end of the experiment for 24 hours. The rumination and leisure activities do not present statistical differences, both initial height of pasture and by period. The time spent on intake was higher during the daytime both treatments starting height as the experimental periods, however, rumination activity was more intense at night. Blood glucose was achieved in five periods of the day, while other metabolites have been obtained with a collection made fortnightly. The different initial heights not promoted effects on blood glucose. The harvesting times were not affected. However, there was a reduction of basal blood glucose of animals throughout the experimental period. There was a significant interaction between the initial pasture heights and periods of evaluation of basal glucose. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels were below recommended levels, however the final phase of confinement cholesterol level increased significantly. The values of VLDL and GGT were above the reference range. FA and AST showed average values within the recommended values. Total protein was influenced by different initial heights of pasture. The creatinine and albumin had values below the recommended range. Moreover, the albumin decreased during the confinement time. Uric acid showed close to the recommended maximum. There was stabilization of compensatory growth, with modification of consumption and weight gain at 45 days of experiment.

Índices de obesidade central e fatores de risco cardiovascular na síndrome dos ovários policísticos

Fundamento: A obesidade abdominal apresenta elevada prevalência em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) e está associada a um aumento do risco cardiovascular. Objetivo: Verificar a acurácia da circunferência da cintura (CC), da relação cintura-quadril (RCQ), da relação cinturaestatura (RCEST) e do índice de conicidade (índice C), no que se refere à detecção de fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCV) em mulheres com SOP. Métodos: Por meio de estudo transversal, foram alocadas 102 mulheres (26,5 ± 5 anos) com diagnóstico de SOP, de acordo com o consenso de Rotterdam. O colesterol total (CT), os triglicerídeos (TG), o LDL-colesterol (LDL-C), o HDLcolesterol (HDL-C), a glicemia de jejum, a glicemia após teste oral de tolerância à glicose (TOTG) e a pressão arterial (PA) foram avaliados em todas as pacientes, além das variáveis antropométricas. Resultados: A relação cintura-estatura foi o marcador que apresentou correlações positivas significativas com o maior número de FRCV (PA, TG e glicemia após TOTG), destacando-se ainda a correlação negativa com HDL-C. Todos os marcadores antropométricos avaliados se correlacionaram positivamente com PA, enquanto CC e RCQ apresentaram correlação positiva também com TG. No tocante à acurácia para detecção de FRCV, os indicadores antropométricos considerados apresentaram taxas de sensibilidade superiores a 60%, com destaque para a RCEST, que apresentou sensibilidade superior a 70%. Conclusão: A RCEST demonstrou ser o indicador antropométrico com a melhor acurácia para a predição de FRCV. Nesse sentido, propõe-se a inclusão desse parâmetro de fácil mensuração na avaliação clínica para o rastreamento de mulheres com SOP e FRCV----------------------ABSTRACT Background: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) present a high prevalence of abdominal obesity, which is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. Objective: To verify the accuracy of the waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and the conicity index (CI) in the detection of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in women with PCOS. Methods: The present transversal study allocated 102 women (26.5 ± 5 years) with a diagnosis of PCOS, according to the Rotterdam criteria. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting glucose, glucose after the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated in all patients, in addition to the anthropometric variables. Results: The WHtR was the marker that presented significant positive correlations with the highest number of CVRF (BP, TG and post-OGTT glucose), whereas there was a negative correlation with HDL-C. All the evaluated anthropometric markers were positively correlated with BP, whereas WC and WHR also presented a positive correlation with TG. Regarding the accuracy for the detection of CVRF, the anthropometric markers presented a sensibility > 60%, especially the WHtR, which had a sensibility > 70%. Conclusion: The WHtR showed to be the most accurate anthropometric indicator for the prediction of CVRF. In this sense, we propose the inclusion of this easily-measured parameter in the clinical assessment for the screening of women with PCOS and CVRF

Processo de enfermagem aplicado a um paciente com síndrome de marfan associado a aneurisma aórtico

Trata-se de um caso clínico que teve como objetivo traçar diagnósticos, intervenções e resultados de enfermagem em um paciente com Síndrome de Marfan internado na unidade de terapia intensiva no pós-operatório de correção de aneurisma de aorta. Foi desenvolvido em um Hospital Universitário, localizado no município de Natal-Brasil, em abril de 2011. Entre os principais diagnósticos de enfermagem identificados, destaca-se: Débito Cardíaco Diminuído; Risco de Infecção; Dor Aguda; Risco de Glicemia Instável; Integridade da Pele Prejudicada e Ansiedade. Percebeu-se que a aplicação do processo de enfermagem neste paciente contribuiu para delimitar o campo de atuação específico da enfermagem, bem como identificar os cuidados prioritários, contribuindo para uma melhoria na qualidade da assistência

Índices de obesidade central e fatores de risco cardiovascular na síndrome dos ovários policísticos

Fundamento: A obesidade abdominal apresenta elevada prevalência em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) e está associada a um aumento do risco cardiovascular. Objetivo: Verificar a acurácia da circunferência da cintura (CC), da relação cintura-quadril (RCQ), da relação cinturaestatura (RCEST) e do índice de conicidade (índice C), no que se refere à detecção de fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCV) em mulheres com SOP. Métodos: Por meio de estudo transversal, foram alocadas 102 mulheres (26,5 ± 5 anos) com diagnóstico de SOP, de acordo com o consenso de Rotterdam. O colesterol total (CT), os triglicerídeos (TG), o LDL-colesterol (LDL-C), o HDLcolesterol (HDL-C), a glicemia de jejum, a glicemia após teste oral de tolerância à glicose (TOTG) e a pressão arterial (PA) foram avaliados em todas as pacientes, além das variáveis antropométricas. Resultados: A relação cintura-estatura foi o marcador que apresentou correlações positivas significativas com o maior número de FRCV (PA, TG e glicemia após TOTG), destacando-se ainda a correlação negativa com HDL-C. Todos os marcadores antropométricos avaliados se correlacionaram positivamente com PA, enquanto CC e RCQ apresentaram correlação positiva também com TG. No tocante à acurácia para detecção de FRCV, os indicadores antropométricos considerados apresentaram taxas de sensibilidade superiores a 60%, com destaque para a RCEST, que apresentou sensibilidade superior a 70%. Conclusão: A RCEST demonstrou ser o indicador antropométrico com a melhor acurácia para a predição de FRCV. Nesse sentido, propõe-se a inclusão desse parâmetro de fácil mensuração na avaliação clínica para o rastreamento de mulheres com SOP e FRCV----------------------ABSTRACT Background: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) present a high prevalence of abdominal obesity, which is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. Objective: To verify the accuracy of the waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and the conicity index (CI) in the detection of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in women with PCOS. Methods: The present transversal study allocated 102 women (26.5 ± 5 years) with a diagnosis of PCOS, according to the Rotterdam criteria. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting glucose, glucose after the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated in all patients, in addition to the anthropometric variables. Results: The WHtR was the marker that presented significant positive correlations with the highest number of CVRF (BP, TG and post-OGTT glucose), whereas there was a negative correlation with HDL-C. All the evaluated anthropometric markers were positively correlated with BP, whereas WC and WHR also presented a positive correlation with TG. Regarding the accuracy for the detection of CVRF, the anthropometric markers presented a sensibility > 60%, especially the WHtR, which had a sensibility > 70%. Conclusion: The WHtR showed to be the most accurate anthropometric indicator for the prediction of CVRF. In this sense, we propose the inclusion of this easily-measured parameter in the clinical assessment for the screening of women with PCOS and CVRF

Processo de enfermagem aplicado a um paciente com síndrome de marfan associado a aneurisma aórtico

Trata-se de um caso clínico que teve como objetivo traçar diagnósticos, intervenções e resultados de enfermagem em um paciente com Síndrome de Marfan internado na unidade de terapia intensiva no pós-operatório de correção de aneurisma de aorta. Foi desenvolvido em um Hospital Universitário, localizado no município de Natal-Brasil, em abril de 2011. Entre os principais diagnósticos de enfermagem identificados, destaca-se: Débito Cardíaco Diminuído; Risco de Infecção; Dor Aguda; Risco de Glicemia Instável; Integridade da Pele Prejudicada e Ansiedade. Percebeu-se que a aplicação do processo de enfermagem neste paciente contribuiu para delimitar o campo de atuação específico da enfermagem, bem como identificar os cuidados prioritários, contribuindo para uma melhoria na qualidade da assistência

Cirugía bariátrica en Hospital Nacional Rosales, seguimiento a corto plazo de una cohorte

La obesidad es una epidemia actual y la Organización Mundial de la Salud la ha considerado como enfermedad. Una herramienta para la pérdida de peso es la cirugía, conocida como bariátrica, que incluye métodos restrictivos, malabsortivos y mixtos. En el Hospital Nacional Rosales se realiza cirugía bariátrica desde el año 2005, por lo que los autores se plantean como objetivo evaluar los resultados hasta el año 2010. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de seguimiento de una cohorte evaluando la evolución de los pacientes hasta su cita más larga desde la cirugía, hasta 5 años de evolución. Resultados: entre los años 2005 – 2010 se encontró un total de 33 pacientes operados de cirugía bariátrica, siendo el 81.8% del sexo femenino. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron: bypass con plicatura 63.6%, by pass clásico con 30.3 % y manga gástrica con 6.06%. La mediana de IMC preoperatorio fue de 50 kg/mt². 72.7% tenían síndrome metabólico. La media de la pérdida del exceso de peso final fue de 48.9%, con un mínimo de 13.8% y una máxima de 82.2%. En el 100% de los pacientes diabéticos hubo reducción en los valores de glicemia. La tasa de complicaciones tempranas fue de 27.3%. La mortalidad fue de 4.7% para el by pass con plicatura, 10% para el bypass con reservorio y 50% para la manga gástrica. Conclusión: los resultados se encuentran dentro de los parámetros de eficacia y la morbilidad reportada en la curva de aprendizaje.

Evaluación antropométrica, de presión arterial y hematológica de la población vegetariana

Objetivo: Evaluar los índices antropométricos, los niveles de presión arterial y resultados de análisis hematológicos de la población vegetariana del municipio de Ji-Paraná, Rondônia. Método: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo y cuantitativo, de corte transversal, con muestra compuesta por 65 personas vegetarianas. Resultados: Se identificó 61,6% de eutróficos, 69,2% con circunferencia abdominal dentro de los parámetros normales, 92,3% presentaron niveles de presión arterial normales y 26,2% fueron clasificados como anémicos. Más del 60% de los vegetarianos presentaron niveles plasmáticos de colesterol (Total y LDL) y calcio dentro de los parámetros normales. Lo mismo se observó en relación a los triglicéridos (81,4%), glicemia (96,9%), proteínas totales (93,9%) y albúmina (100%). Conclusión: Se concluye que la alimentación vegetariana diversificada puede proporcionar beneficios a la salud del ser humano.

Estado metabólico previo de los pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social

Las enfermedades crónico-metabólicas se han vuelto en la actualidad en epidemias que afectan la calidad de vida, aumentando la morbilidad y mortalidad, entre ellos el Infarto Agudo del Miocardio (IAM), lo que trae como consecuencia el incremento en los costos en salud que implica el manejo de esta complicación. El objetivo de éste estudio fue valorar el estado metabólico previo de los pacientes que se encontraban adscritos o no a las Clínicas Metabólicas y que ingresaron con diagnóstico de infarto agudo del miocardio al Hospital Médico Quirúrgico del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social. Se trata de un estudio de tipo observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. Se determinó el estado metabólico previo que tenían los pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto agudo del miocardio, ya sea que hubieran tenido o no controles subsecuentes en Unidades Periféricas. Se tomaron en cuenta aquellos que se presentaron al Hospital Médico Quirúrgico de junio a agosto 2014, y la posterior evaluación de los expedientes en las unidades médicas periféricas, correspondientes a Clínicas Metabólicas en donde llevaron sus controles de: indice de masa corporal, presión arterial, glicemia y valores de lípidos. En conclusión podemos determinar, que el 100% de los pacientes que consultaron con un IAM son una población que se encuentra arriba de los 30 años con una incidencia entre 61-75 años con un total del 43%, dentro de éstos el sexo masculino tiene una ligera predominancia con un 57%, del total de estudiados, solo 43% pertenecían a clínicas metabólicas; encontrando alteraciones metabólicas considerables en la mayoría de ellos que pueden ser consideradas como desencadenantes del evento, así como, respuestas al estrés agudo que la condición proporciona, entre ellas podemos mencionar que al momento del IAM el 86% de la población se documentaron valores de glucosa en ayuno > 100mg/dL, 57% con TAG > 150mg/dL, colesterol total con un 62% en valores por arriba a los 200mg/dL y para los pacientes según sexos en la fracción HDL tan solo el 5% en mujeres y un 19% en hombres con valores arriba de 50 y 40 mg/dL respectivamente, considerando este como una variable a favor e incluso protectora para riesgo cardiovascular; en la medición de LDL el 71% se encontró superior a 100 mg/dL siendo este un factor altamente nocivo en el aumento del riesgo cardiovascular. En cuanto al significado clínico de los valores de presión arterial, en el evento agudo, tenemos que éstos valores se presentan con extremos que varían desde la hipotensión asociada al choque cardiogènico, hasta la hipertensión del edema agudo de pulmón, siendo estas fluctuaciones poco valorables para determinar el control previo de dicho componente. Por otra parte podemos establecer que la circunferencia abdominal se encuentra con mayor frecuencia por arriba de los valores esperados según sexo con un 67% frente a un 34% para valores inferiores a los esperados; además de encontrarse que según el IMC el 67% que consultaron con IAM tienen sobre peso y un 19% con obesidad grado 1. Dentro de la variable que más tuvo impacto en cuanto a su modificación “positiva” podríamos referirnos a la presión arterial, aunque los cambios no fueron impactantes, se consideran significativos, tomando en cuenta el apoyo en medidas farmacológicas. En cuanto al perfil lipídico de estos pacientes podemos mencionar que se encuentran niveles altos de Colesterol total y TAG, con niveles bajos de HDL según el sexo y altos de LDL, por lo que el riesgo cardiovascular fue superior y finalizó en un evento cardiovascular que genera un impacto socioeconómico importante.

Causas de descompensación glicémica en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 en la clínica metabólica de llopango del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social.

A pesar de los beneficios ya demostrados de un buen control glicémico, la evidencia sugiere que la hemoglobina glicosilada de la mayoría de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 no se encuentra dentro de metas. Se estima que en Estados Unidos solamente un tercio de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) tienen una hemoglobina glicosilada menor de 7% que es lo que sugieren la mayoría de guías actuales. La población con diabetes mellitus tipo2 (DM2) es heterogénea, y múltiples factores afectan el control glicémico. La adherencia a conductas de autocuidado por parte del paciente, la asistencia de forma regular a sesiones educacionales de autocuidado, el auto monitoreo de la glicemia, y la asistencia a controles médicos se ha demostrado que tienen un efecto positivo en el resultado del tratamiento de la DM2. Mantener el peso corporal, la reducción de peso y el consumo de alimentos con bajo índice glucémico también causa mejoría en los parámetros metabólicos. Los agentes hipoglicemiantes orales son uno de los tratamientos más prescritos para un control intensivo de la glucosa. Sin embargo la no adherencia a estos es una de las principales causas de un mal control glicémico, por lo que se han realizado múltiples estudios tratando de dilucidar porque el paciente descontinúa su tratamiento encontrando que el 42.9% olvida tomar el medicamento, el 30.6% no entiende la importancia de tomar el medicamento y 26.5% lo hace por presentar hipoglicemia asociada. Este estudio es de tipo observacional, analítico de casos y controles definiendo al Control: pacientes con hemoglobina mayor de 7% durante su último control en el año 2013 y Caso: pacientes con hemoglobina menor de 7% durante su último control en el año 2013. La Población en estudio son los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 de clínica metabólica de Ilopango. Tomando como muestra a todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 que cumplan con los criterios de inclusión. La información fue obtenida de la revisión de los expedientes de las clínicas metabólicas de la unidad médica de Ilopango en donde tienen un registro de aproximadamente 6000 pacientes de los cuales 2500 padecen de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, pero únicamente 825 pacientes cuentan con hemoglobina glicosilada de seguimiento, que fue la muestra. Se evaluaron algunos factores como determinantes en el control o descompensación de la AIc cuando se utiliza la medición de la variable del índice de masa corporal, el tener un IMC por arriba de 25 significo que el 90% de los pacientes estuvieron descompensados (OR: 8.797, IC 5.924, 13.18) con un valor de p=<0.0000001 comparada con aquellos pacientes que su IMC es por debajo de 25. Otro hallazgo encontrado fue el tener una patología asociada, como variable de descompensación de A1c (OR=6.996 IC=4.881, 10.16 p <0.0000001) incrementando en un 37% veces más la descompensación en esta variable no se consideró la severidad de la infección ni tampoco la etiología. Además se analizó como determinante de hemoglobina glicosilada mayor de 7%, el cumplimiento de la terapia que se indica a los pacientes, obteniéndose que para aquellos pacientes que cumplen la terapia indicada están más propensos a tener una hemoglobina glicosilada menor de 7% con una fracción prevenible del 4.34% (OR= 0.8229 IC= 0.6256- 1.082 p= 0.08111 ), como un factor protector asociado a los pacientes con DM, aunque estadísticamente no es significativo ya que tiene un valor de p= 0.08.