Mudança de eixos e símbolos projetivos

O presente trabalho apresenta uma nova dedução das expressões que servem, em cristalografia, à mudança de eixos coordenados, valendo-se o autor da projeção estereográfica.

Insulin secretion is regulated by the glucose-dependent production of islet beta cell macrophage migration inhibitory factor.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), originally identified as a cytokine secreted by T lymphocytes, was found recently to be both a pituitary hormone and a mediator released by immune cells in response to glucocorticoid stimulation. We report here that the insulin-secreting beta cell of the islets of Langerhans expresses MIF and that its production is regulated by glucose in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. MIF and insulin colocalize by immunocytochemistry within the secretory granules of the pancreatic islet beta cells, and once released, MIF appears to regulate insulin release in an autocrine fashion. In perifusion studies performed with isolated rat islets, immunoneutralization of MIF reduced the first and second phase of the glucose-induced insulin secretion response by 39% and 31%, respectively. Conversely, exogenously added recombinant MIF was found to potentiate insulin release. Constitutive expression of MIF antisense RNA in the insulin-secreting INS-1 cell line inhibited MIF protein synthesis and decreased significantly glucose-induced insulin release. MIF is therefore a glucose-dependent, islet cell product that regulates insulin secretion in a positive manner and may play an important role in carbohydrate metabolism.

Developmental expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamine synthetase in serum-free aggregating cell cultures of fetal rat telencephalon.

Serum-free aggregating cell cultures of fetal rat telencephalon were examined by a combined biochemical and double-labeling immunocytochemical study for the developmental expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase (GS). It was found that these two astroglial markers are co-expressed at different developmental stages in vitro. During the phase of cellular maturation (i.e. between days 14 and 34), GFAP levels and GS activity increase rapidly and in parallel. At the same time, the number of immunoreactive cells increase while the long and thick processes staining in early cultures gradually disappear. The present results demonstrate that in this particular cell culture system only one type of astrocytes develops which expresses both GFAP and GS and which attains a relatively high degree of maturation.

Human effector CD8+ T lymphocytes express TLR3 as a functional coreceptor.

TLR are evolutionarily conserved molecules that play a key role in the initiation of innate antimicrobial immune responses. Through their influence on dendritic cell maturation, these receptors are also thought to indirectly shape the adaptive immune response. However, no data are currently available regarding both TLR expression and function in human CD8+ T cell subsets. We report that a subpopulation of CD8+ T cells, i.e., effector, but neither naive nor central memory cells, constitutively expresses TLR3. Moreover, the ligation of the receptor by a specific agonist in TLR3-expressing CD8+ T cells increased IFN-gamma secretion induced by TCR-dependent and -independent stimulation, without affecting proliferation or specific cytolytic activity. These results thereby suggest that TLR3 ligands can not only indirectly influence the adaptive immune response through modulation of dendritic cell activation, but also directly increase IFN-gamma production by Ag-specific CD8+ T cells. Altogether, the present work might open new perspectives for the use of TLR ligands as adjuvants for immunotherapy.

Nitric oxide synthase 2 is required for conversion of pro-fibrogenic inflammatory CD133+ progenitors into F4/80+ macrophages in experimental autoimmune myocarditis.

AIMS: Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) model mirrors important mechanisms of inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy (iDCM). In EAM, inflammatory CD133(+) progenitors are a major cellular source of cardiac myofibroblasts in the post-inflammatory myocardium. We hypothesized that exogenous delivery of macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) can stimulate macrophage lineage differentiation of inflammatory progenitors and, therefore, prevent their naturally occurring myofibroblast fate in EAM. METHODS AND RESULTS: EAM was induced in wild-type (BALB/c) and nitric oxide synthase 2-deficient (Nos2(-/-)) mice and CD133(+) progenitors were isolated from inflamed hearts. In vitro, M-CSF converted inflammatory CD133(+) progenitors into nitric oxide-producing F4/80(+) macrophages and prevented transforming growth factor-β-mediated myofibroblast differentiation. Importantly, only a subset of heart-infiltrating CD133(+) progenitors expresses macrophage-specific antigen F4/80 in EAM. These CD133(+)/F4/80(hi) cells show impaired myofibrogenic potential compared with CD133(+)/F4/80(-) cells. M-CSF treatment of wild-type mice with EAM at the peak of disease markedly increased CD133(+)/F4/80(hi) cells in the myocardium, and CD133(+) progenitors isolated from M-CSF-treated mice failed to differentiate into myofibroblasts. In contrast, M-CSF was not effective in converting CD133(+) progenitors from inflamed hearts of Nos2(-/-) mice into macrophages, and M-CSF treatment did not result in increased CD133(+)/F4/80(hi) cell population in hearts of Nos2(-/-) mice. Accordingly, M-CSF prevented post-inflammatory fibrosis and left ventricular dysfunction in wild-type but not in Nos2(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION: Active and NOS2-dependent induction of macrophage lineage differentiation abrogates the myofibrogenic potential of heart-infiltrating CD133(+) progenitors. Modulating the in vivo differentiation fate of specific progenitors might become a novel approach for the treatment of inflammatory heart diseases.

Geometria integral i convexitat en espais de curvatura holomorfa constant

En aquest treball es tracten qüestions de la geometria integral clàssica a l'espai hiperbòlic i projectiu complex i a l'espai hermític estàndard, els anomenats espais de curvatura holomorfa constant. La geometria integral clàssica estudia, entre d'altres, l'expressió en termes geomètrics de la mesura de plans que tallen un domini convex fixat de l'espai euclidià. Aquesta expressió es dóna en termes de les integrals de curvatura mitja. Un dels resultats principals d'aquest treball expressa la mesura de plans complexos que tallen un domini fixat a l'espai hiperbòlic complex, en termes del que definim com volums intrínsecs hermítics, que generalitzen les integrals de curvatura mitja. Una altra de les preguntes que tracta la geometria integral clàssica és: donat un domini convex i l'espai de plans, com s'expressa la integral de la s-èssima integral de curvatura mitja del convex intersecció entre un pla i el convex fixat? A l'espai euclidià, a l'espai projectiu i hiperbòlic reals, aquesta integral correspon amb la s-èssima integral de curvatura mitja del convex inicial: se satisfà una propietat de reproductibitat, que no es té en els espais de curvatura holomorfa constant. En el treball donem l'expressió explícita de la integral de la curvatura mitja quan integrem sobre l'espai de plans complexos. L'expressem en termes de la integral de curvatura mitja del domini inicial i de la integral de la curvatura normal en una direcció especial: l'obtinguda en aplicar l'estructura complexa al vector normal. La motivació per estudiar els espais de curvatura holomorfa constant i, en particular, l'espai hiperbòlic complex, es troba en l'estudi del següent problema clàssic en geometria. Quin valor pren el quocient entre l'àrea i el perímetre per a successions de figures convexes del pla que creixen tendint a omplir-lo? Fins ara es coneixia el comportament d'aquest quocient en els espais de curvatura seccional negativa i que a l'espai hiperbòlic real les fites obtingudes són òptimes. Aquí provem que a l'espai hiperbòlic complex, les cotes generals no són òptimes i optimitzem la superior.

Tissue-specific segregation of CD1d-dependent and CD1d-independent NK T cells.

NKT cells, defined as T cells expressing the NK cell marker NK1.1, are involved in tumor rejection and regulation of autoimmunity via the production of cytokines. We show in this study that two types of NKT cells can be defined on the basis of their reactivity to the monomorphic MHC class I-like molecule CD1d. One type of NKT cell is positively selected by CD1d and expresses a biased TCR repertoire together with a phenotype found on activated T cells. A second type of NKT cell, in contrast, develops in the absence of CD1d, and expresses a diverse TCR repertoire and a phenotype found on naive T cells and NK cells. Importantly, the two types of NKT cells segregate in distinct tissues. Whereas thymus and liver contain primarily CD1d-dependent NKT cells, spleen and bone marrow are enriched in CD1d-independent NKT cells. Collectively, our data suggest that recognition of tissue-specific ligands by the TCR controls localization and activation of NKT cells.

Les principes régissant l'exécution des peines privatives de liberté ( art. 74 et 75 al. 1 CP)

CHAPITRE PREMIER: INTRODUCTION 1. Considérer l'idéal... L'idéal n'est probablement pas de ce monde, mais il importe de tendre vers lui. Il restera peut-être hors de portée, mais le seul fait de le considérer doit déjà être assimilé à un progrès. Dans le cadre de l'exécution des peines privatives de liberté, l'idéal dont nous parlons ici fait référence à la prise en charge du détenu et à la volonté d'offrir à ce dernier, un jour, la possibilité de réintégrer la société. Le système carcéral se doit dès lors de mettre tout en oeuvre pour permettre au détenu d'acquérir les outils nécessaires à sa future liberté; cette liberté qui, dès les premiers jours d'incarcération déjà, devra être envisagée. L'idéal est donc de voir le détenu évoluer progressivement vers le monde libre, le respect de ce monde et des valeurs qu'il véhicule. C'est l'idéal que dessine le nouveau Code pénal (CP), plus particulièrement au travers des principes qu'il consacre aux articles 74 et 75 al. 1 CP: «le détenu a droit au respect de [sa] dignité»; «l'exercice de [ses] droits ne peut être restreint que dans la mesure requise par la privation de liberté et par les exigences de la vie collective dans l'établissement»; «l'exécution de la peine [...] doit améliorer le comportement social du détenu»; «l'exécution de la peine doit correspondre autant que possible à des conditions de vie ordinaires, assurer au détenu l'assistance nécessaire» et «combattre les effets nocifs de la privation de liberté». De la réalité carcérale à l'idéal législatif, il est toutefois certains écueils. Les différents professionnels qui sont en contact avec les détenus le confirmeront volontiers, pour la plupart. Il existe des détenus qui ne veulent pas se réintégrer diront certains, alors que d'autres mettront en avant l'insuffisance de moyens humains ou financiers. Une réalité doit cependant triompher de toutes les autres: il est nécessaire de faire évoluer le système pénitentiaire. Tout comme la société, dont elle est partie intégrante, la prison doit évoluer avec son temps, et les développements que suit le monde libre se doivent d'aller au-delà des murs. Notre approche de la thématique restera évidemment théorique, mais elle sera dictée par cette volonté progressiste. Si les concepts abordés peuvent parfois paraître naïfs dans leur développement, ils n'en seront pas moins l'expression d'un idéal, celui-là même qu'il est bon de considérer, parfois, pour permettre le progrès. II. La méthodologie La difficulté de traiter des principes régissant l'exécution des peines privatives de liberté est multiple. L'une des premières problématiques est liée au fédéralisme suisse et au fait que l'exécution des peines ressort de la compétence cantonale (art. 123 al. 2 Cst.). Il en résulte des pratiques cantonales parfois différentes. Il est alors non seulement difficile d'aborder l'ensemble des ces différences, mais il peut même être discutable de les tolérer, au sens où elles présentent parfois des inégalités de traitement entre les détenus du pays. L'attribution récente de compétences expresses en la matière à la Confédération (art. 123 al. 3ère phr. Cst.) devrait toutefois permettre, à notre sens, de réduire ces inégalités et, plus généralement, de favoriser une uniformisation des pratiques à travers le pays. Une deuxième difficulté est due à l'évolution législative actuelle. En effet, l'entrée en vigueur du nouveau Code pénal impose une «mise à jour» substantielle aux cantons, dont les normes mais aussi les infrastructures doivent être adaptées au nouveau droit. Au-delà du nombre considérable de bases légales que compte notre pays en matière d'exécution des peines privatives de liberté, il faut en outre jongler avec l'élaboration d'une multitude de nouvelles lois cantonales. Nous renonçons à dresser ici la liste exhaustive des bases légales cantonales concernées, non seulement parce qu'il nous paraît difficile de connaître l'ensemble de ces évolutions législatives récentes ou à venir, mais aussi parce qu'il s'agit avant tout de traiter de problématiques générales soulevées par l'exécution des peines privatives de liberté, ce qui ne nécessite pas une revue exhaustive des différentes législations cantonales. Certaines de ces bases légales seront néanmoins mentionnées, ci et là, pour illustrer ou appuyer quelques-uns de nos propos. La troisième difficulté qu'il faut mentionner ici relève du lien étroit qui existe entre le droit de l'exécution des peines et la criminologie, ainsi que, plus généralement, l'ensemble des sciences s'intéressant à la déviance en tant que maladie (psychiatrie, psychologie, médecine, etc.). Il nous semble en effet difficile de traiter de la prise en charge du détenu par la seule voie juridique et, à ce titre, nous proposerons une analyse empreinte de considérations criminologiques substantielles et notamment de différentes données fournies par des études de criminologie. Dans la limite de nos compétences - plus que restreintes en la matière -, il sera parfois également traité de l'exécution des peines sous l'angle de la psychologie, de la psychiatrie, ou encore de la médecine. Enfin, il faut reconnaître que la thématique traitée est vaste. Les différents principes énumérés aux articles 74 et 75 al. 1 CP ne peuvent en effet être abordés sans que référence soit faite aux nombreuses dispositions traitant de l'exécution des peines privatives de liberté et qui se doivent d'en être la consécration. Cette réalité impose une approche générale du fonctionnement du milieu carcéral et l'analyse de l'exécution d'une peine privative de liberté sur toute sa durée, du premier jour d'incarcération jusqu'à la libération, en passant par les différents aménagements et élargissements possibles qui, très souvent, seront essentiels à la réintégration sociale du détenu. En l'espèce, il nous semble nécessaire de rappeler ici la particularité de la population étudiée, qui se distingue notamment par son hétérogénéité. Or, il ne sera pas toujours possible, dans le cadre de ce travail tout au moins, de s'arrêter sur les spécificités propres à chaque type de détenu(s). On pense ici plus particulièrement aux détenus étrangers - qui sont nombreux dans les prisons suisses -, plus particulièrement lorsque ceux-ci font l'objet d'une mesure d'expulsion au terme de leur peine. Certains se demandent en effet s'il est pertinent de favoriser la resocialisation d'un individu qui ne résidera pas en Suisse une fois libéré, sans parler des difficultés pratiques qu'il peut y avoir à proposer un régime progressif, et plus particulièrement l'ouverture vers l'extérieur, à des gens qui n'ont, aux plus proches alentours (la Suisse est un petit pays) de l'établissement de détention, aucune attache sociale. Il nous semble toutefois ressortir du devoir étatique d'offrir, à ces personnes aussi, une exécution de peine qui, dans toute la mesure du possible, ressemble à celle réservée aux indigènes. C'est dans cette optique, d'ailleurs, que nous tenterons de traiter de quelques unes des principales problématiques soulevées par la mise en application des principes régissant l'exécution des peines privatives de liberté.

Development of a cyanobacterial biolarvicide

Results of studies on a larvicidal cyanobacterium that expresses a Bti cryIVD gene fusion are reported. Genetically altered Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6 is shown to be toxic to larvae of three major genera of disease-bearing mosquitos. Factors affecting expression of Bti genes in cyanobacteria are discussed.

Lymphotoxin beta receptor signaling induces the chemokine CCL20 in intestinal epithelium.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) that overlies Peyer's patches (PPs) exhibits distinct features compared with the adjacent villus epithelium. Besides the presence of antigen-sampling membranous M cells and the down-regulation of digestive functions, it constitutively expresses the chemokine CCL20. The mechanisms that induce FAE differentiation and CCL20 expression are poorly understood. The aim of this work was to test whether lymphotoxin beta receptor signaling (LTbetaR), which plays a central role in PPs' organogenesis, mediates CCL20 gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells. METHODS: CCL20, lymphotoxin beta (LTbeta) and LTbetaR expression were monitored during embryonic development by in situ hybridization of mouse intestine. The human intestinal epithelial cell line T84 was used to study CCL20 expression following LTalpha(1)/beta(2) stimulation. In vivo CCL20 expression following agonistic anti-LTbetaR antibody treatment was studied by laser microdissection and quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: CCL20 was expressed in the FAE before birth at the time when the first hematopoietic CD4(+)CD3(-) appeared in the PP anlage. LTbetaR was expressed in the epithelium during PP organogenesis, making it a putative target for LTalpha(1)beta(2)signals. In vitro, CCL20 was induced in T84 cells upon LTbetaR signaling, either using an agonistic ligand or anti-LTbeta receptor agonistic antibody. LTalpha(1)beta(2)-induced CCL20 expression was found to be NF-kappaB dependent. LTbetaR signaling up-regulated CCL20 expression in the small intestinal epithelium in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that LTbetaR signaling induces CCL20 expression in intestinal epithelial cells, suggesting that this pathway triggers constitutive production of CCL20 in the FAE.

Expression of the gene encoding the high-Km glucose transporter 2 by the early postimplantation mouse embryo is essential for neural tube defects associated with diabetic embryopathy.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Excess glucose transport to embryos during diabetic pregnancy causes congenital malformations. The early postimplantation embryo expresses the gene encoding the high-Km GLUT2 (also known as SLC2A2) glucose transporter. The hypothesis tested here is that high-Km glucose transport by GLUT2 causes malformations resulting from maternal hyperglycaemia during diabetic pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Glut2 mRNA was assayed by RT-PCR. The Km of embryo glucose transport was determined by measuring 0.5-20 mmol/l 2-deoxy[3H]glucose transport. To test whether the GLUT2 transporter is required for neural tube defects resulting from maternal hyperglycaemia, Glut2+/- mice were crossed and transient hyperglycaemia was induced by glucose injection on day 7.5 of pregnancy. Embryos were recovered on day 10.5, and the incidence of neural tube defects in wild-type, Glut2+/- and Glut2-/- embryos was scored. RESULTS: Early postimplantation embryos expressed Glut2, and expression was unaffected by maternal diabetes. Moreover, glucose transport by these embryos showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics of 16.19 mmol/l, consistent with transport mediated by GLUT2. In pregnancies made hyperglycaemic on day 7.5, neural tube defects were significantly increased in wild-type embryos, but Glut2+/- embryos were partially protected from neural tube defects, and Glut2-/- embryos were completely protected from these defects. The frequency of occurrence of wild-type, Glut2+/- and Glut2-/- embryos suggests that the presence of Glut2 alleles confers a survival advantage in embryos before day 10.5. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATIONS: High-Km glucose transport by the GLUT2 glucose transporter during organogenesis is responsible for the embryopathic effects of maternal diabetes.

Effects of flooding and temperature on Aedes albifasciatus development time and larval density in two rain pools at Buenos Aires University City

Aedes albifasciatus is a floodwater mosquito that breeds in temporary waters. This semi-domestic species, widely distributed in Argentina, is a competent vector of the western equine encephalitis. The present study was carried out in two rain pools of the city of Buenos Aires, from April 1998 through March 1999. Samples were taken twice a week during the cold season and daily during the warmer months, starting from October. Immature mosquitoes were collected with a dipper, being the number of dippers proportional to the flooded area. The estimated rainfall thresholds to initiate cohorts of Ae. albifasciatus were: 16-17 mm in the fall-winter period, 25 mm in the spring, and 30 mm in the summer. The development time of the different cohorts and the mean air temperature of their respective periods were estimated in all seasons, ranging from six days (at 24ºC) to 32 days (at 13ºC). The equation that best expresses the relationship between development time and mean air temperature is dt =166,27.e-0,1435.T (R²=0,92). Significantly shorter development times were recorded for larvae of the first three stages as compared to the fourth larval stage and pupae.

Seasonal analysis of the number of aeropiles in Anocentor nitens (Neumann, 1897) (Acari: Ixodidae) from the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Variation between aeropile numbers of the right and left peritrematic plate in male and female Anocentor nitens (Neumann, 1897) is reported from a site in Brazil. From January to December 1998, 146 males and 247 females of A. nitens were recovered from Equus caballus L. in Silva Jardim District, State of Rio de Janeiro. Asymmetry of numbers of aeropiles between right and left plates occurred in 83.6% of the males and 82.2% of the females. Differences in the number of aeropiles between the sexes were not significant. Quantitative variation of aeropiles was correlated to the period of recovery, with significant asymmetry detected in August-September and November-December, mainly in males. Results suggest an adaptation, especially in the male ticks, that expresses itself as greater variation in the number of aeropiles in some periods of the year.

Characterization of the murine high Km glucose transporter GLUT2 gene and its transcriptional regulation by glucose in a differentiated insulin-secreting cell line.

In pancreatic beta-cells, the high Km glucose transporter GLUT2 catalyzes the first step in glucose-induced insulin secretion by glucose uptake. Expression of the transporter has been reported to be modulated by glucose either at the protein or mRNA levels. In this study we used the differentiated insulinoma cell line INS-1 which expresses high levels of GLUT2 and show that the expression of GLUT2 is regulated by glucose at the transcriptional level. By run-on transcription assays we showed that glucose induced GLUT2 gene transcription 3-4-fold in INS-1 cells which was paralleled by a 1.7-2.3-fold increase in cytoplasmic GLUT2 mRNA levels. To determine whether glucose regulatory sequences were present in the promoter region of GLUT2, we cloned and characterized a 1.4-kilobase region of mouse genomic DNA located 5' of the translation initiation site. By RNase protection assays and primer extension, we determined that multiple transcription initiation sites were present at positions -55, -64, and -115 from the first coding ATG and which were identified in liver, intestine, kidney, and beta-cells mRNAs. Plasmids were constructed with the mouse promoter region linked to the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), and transiently and stably transfected in the INS-1 cells. Glucose induced a concentration-dependent increase in CAT activity which reached a maximum of 3.6-fold at 20 mM glucose. Similar CAT constructs made of the human GLUT2 promoter region and the CAT gene displayed the same glucose-dependent increase in transcriptional activity when transfected into INS-1 cells. Comparison of the mouse and human promoter regions revealed sequence identity restricted to a few stretches of sequences which suggests that the glucose responsive element(s) may be conserved in these common sequences.

Comparative immunological recognition of proteins from New Guinea "C" dengue virus type 2 prototype and from a dengue virus type 2 strain isolated in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The protein profiles of the New Guinea "C" dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2)prototype and those of a Brazilian DENV-2 isolated in the State of Rio de Janeiro in 1995 were compared. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the virus from Rio de Janeiro expresses NS5 (93.0 kDa), NS3 (66.8 kDa) E (62.4 kDa) and NS1 (41.2 kDa) proteins differently from the New Guinea "C" virus. The immunoblot revealed specificity and antigenicity for the NS3 protein from DENV-2 Rio de Janeiro mainly in primary infections, convalescent cases, and in secondary infections in both cases and only antigenicity for E and NS1 proteins for both viruses in primary and secondary infections.