Estudo da ativação da superfície de alumínio por íons de mercúrio e formação do amálgama Hg-Al: identificação do produto e cinética de reação

The activation of aluminum surface has the most various purposes as for example the search for the surface activation mechanism and the corrosion products by mercury ions. The objective of this work is to study the reactivity of the surface of aluminum metal when activated by mercury ions (Hg2+), with the consequent formation of an Al-Hg amalgam. Results demonstrate that the kinetics of the reaction, by measuring the mass change with time of the corrosion product formed between Al and Hg, and analysis by infrared spectroscopy (IR) that the product of the reaction between the amalgam, located on the surface, and the atmospheric oxygen is Al2O3 (aluminum hydroxide). The results also indicate that the kinetics of the reaction between the amalgam (Hg-Al) and atmospheric oxygen is of first order and reach a region where there is no more formation of product

Avaliação da bioatividade de revestimentos produzidos sobre Tântalo por oxidação eletrolítica assistida por plasma

Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais - FC

Caracterização da liga Ti-15Zr visando aplicações biomédicas

With advances in health care, has been na increase of demand for material that could replace the functions of the human body parts, thus evolved biomedic prosthesis which today are responsible for the constant improvement of the quality of life. The Titanium alloys are widely used as implants due to its properties, like high mechanical resistance, biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, and the addition alloying elements like Zirconium, may improve some of those properties. Such properties are related to the microstructure and consequently to the type of processing performed. The purpose of this dissertation was to characterize the experimental alloy Ti15Zr after route of processsing and heat treatment in order to extend the knowledge about this alloy. The latter has been abtained by fusion of pure metals in a arc melting furnace with an inert argon atmosphere. The material has been homogenized in a tube furnace at 950ºC for 24h and cold worked by swaging, after that, bars with 10 mm of diameter were obtained by the process of rotary forging. The samples were solubilized at 900º C for 2 hours and quenched in water. After that, 4 samples were submitted to the aging, at 400º C, 450º C, 500º C and 550º C. The microstructure and phase analysis was done by optical microscopy and X-rays diffraction (XRD), the mechanical characterization was carried out by microhardness test and finally, evaluation of corrosion resistance of the alloy by electrochemical tests. The XRD and the optical microscopy made it possible to analyze that the heat treatment influenced the phase shifting from α to α', and probably affected the alloy hardness, at the first aged sample at 500º Chas been a sudden increase in the value of hardness, probably by appearance of omega phase, unwanted phase to the medical application duo to great fragility, and finally ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Considerações sobre a armadura transversal de pilares de concreto armado

There are regulations that establish conditions and enable the design of armor columns. The NBR 6118 features statements relating to the transverse reinforcement as spacing, reinforcement diameters provision in structural elements and others. However, the norm in force does not provide an explicit methodology for the design of stirrups in different situations. We do not propose even a calculation model for this equipment and provides normative considerations for maximum or minimum values of spacings and armor in diameter. It is noteworthy that the classical references also do not provide a calculation routine sizing of transverse reinforcement and only makes the checks as the normative conditions for the given data. Based on this assumption and the problems that may occur in sizing error, both for spacing and for the proposal of the stirrup diameter, this study demonstrates that armor calculation method already established in the literature and then through an intuitive tool and available develops a spreadsheet based on this calculation routine. It takes as reference the one developed by Emil Moersch (1902) and the calculation model proposed by BUFFONI E SILVA (2006). Finally the paper presents a rational design of shear reinforcement and confronts these values with some numerical examples to show its truth

Avaliação da bioatividade de revestimentos produzidos sobre Tântalo por oxidação eletrolítica assistida por plasma

Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais - FC

Caracterização da liga Ti-15Zr visando aplicações biomédicas

With advances in health care, has been na increase of demand for material that could replace the functions of the human body parts, thus evolved biomedic prosthesis which today are responsible for the constant improvement of the quality of life. The Titanium alloys are widely used as implants due to its properties, like high mechanical resistance, biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, and the addition alloying elements like Zirconium, may improve some of those properties. Such properties are related to the microstructure and consequently to the type of processing performed. The purpose of this dissertation was to characterize the experimental alloy Ti15Zr after route of processsing and heat treatment in order to extend the knowledge about this alloy. The latter has been abtained by fusion of pure metals in a arc melting furnace with an inert argon atmosphere. The material has been homogenized in a tube furnace at 950ºC for 24h and cold worked by swaging, after that, bars with 10 mm of diameter were obtained by the process of rotary forging. The samples were solubilized at 900º C for 2 hours and quenched in water. After that, 4 samples were submitted to the aging, at 400º C, 450º C, 500º C and 550º C. The microstructure and phase analysis was done by optical microscopy and X-rays diffraction (XRD), the mechanical characterization was carried out by microhardness test and finally, evaluation of corrosion resistance of the alloy by electrochemical tests. The XRD and the optical microscopy made it possible to analyze that the heat treatment influenced the phase shifting from α to α', and probably affected the alloy hardness, at the first aged sample at 500º Chas been a sudden increase in the value of hardness, probably by appearance of omega phase, unwanted phase to the medical application duo to great fragility, and finally ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Considerações sobre a armadura transversal de pilares de concreto armado

There are regulations that establish conditions and enable the design of armor columns. The NBR 6118 features statements relating to the transverse reinforcement as spacing, reinforcement diameters provision in structural elements and others. However, the norm in force does not provide an explicit methodology for the design of stirrups in different situations. We do not propose even a calculation model for this equipment and provides normative considerations for maximum or minimum values of spacings and armor in diameter. It is noteworthy that the classical references also do not provide a calculation routine sizing of transverse reinforcement and only makes the checks as the normative conditions for the given data. Based on this assumption and the problems that may occur in sizing error, both for spacing and for the proposal of the stirrup diameter, this study demonstrates that armor calculation method already established in the literature and then through an intuitive tool and available develops a spreadsheet based on this calculation routine. It takes as reference the one developed by Emil Moersch (1902) and the calculation model proposed by BUFFONI E SILVA (2006). Finally the paper presents a rational design of shear reinforcement and confronts these values with some numerical examples to show its truth

Detorque evaluation of dental abutment screws after immersion in a fluoridated artificial saliva solution

Purpose: Implant-abutment connections still present failures in the oral cavity due to the loosening of mechanical integrity by detorque and corrosion of the abutment screws. The objective of this study was to evaluate the detorque of dental abutment screws before and after immersion in fluoridated solutions. Materials and Methods: Five commercial implant-abutment assemblies were assessed in this investigation: (C) Conex˜aoR , (E) EmfilsR , (I) INPR , (S) SINR , and (T) Titanium FixR . The implants were embedded in an acrylic resin and then placed in a holding device. The abutments were first connected to the implants and torqued to 20Ncmusing a handheld torque meter. The detorque values of the abutments were evaluated after 10 minutes. After applying a second torque of 20 Ncm, implant-abutment assemblies were withdrawn every 3 hours for 12 hours in a fluoridated solution over a period of 90 days. After that period, detorque of the abutments was examined. Scanning electronicmicroscopy (SEM) associated to energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was applied to inspect the surfaces of abutments. Results: Detorque values of systems C, E, and I immersed in the fluoridated solution were significantly higher than those of the initial detorque. ANOVA demonstrated no significant differences in detorque values between designs S and T. Signs of localized corrosion could not be detected by SEM although chemical analysis by EDS showed the presence of elements involved in corrosive processes. Conclusion: An increase of detorque values recorded on abutments after immersion in fluoridated artificial saliva solutions was noticed in this study. Regarding chemical analysis, such an increase of detorque can result from a corrosion layer formed between metallic surfaces at static contact in the implant-abutment joint during immersion in the fluoridated solutions.

Pozolanicidade dos resíduos industriais, lã de vidro e lã cerâmica

As fibras cerâmicas se caracterizam por ser um material leve, com alto grau de pureza, baixo armazenamento de calor, baixa condutividade térmica, resistência a choque térmico e alta resistência à corrosão em altas temperaturas. Essas características levam a uma grande procura das indústrias mínero-metalúrgicas e de outros setores para revestimentos de distribuidores, muflas, fornos de aquecimentos, entre outros. Após utilização no processo, por perderem sua capacidade de isolamento, os resíduos gerados precisam de destinação. Esse trabalho enfoca, especificamente, resíduos de lã cerâmica e lã de vidro. Pelo fato de a composição das fibras cerâmicas ser rica em sílica e alumina, efetuou-se uma investigação acerca da atividade pozolânica das mesmas com a cal e o cimento, especificamente CPV ARI, CPII E32 e CPIII 32RS, para avaliação da perspectiva de reciclagem em possível incorporação no concreto.

Design of compression reinforcement in reinforced concrete membrane

This paper presents a method to design membrane elements of concrete with orthogonal mesh of reinforcement which are subject to compressive stress. Design methods, in general, define how to quantify the reinforcement necessary to support the tension stress and verify if the compression in concrete is within the strength limit. In case the compression in membrane is excessive, it is possible to use reinforcements subject to compression. However, there is not much information in the literature about how to design reinforcement for these cases. For that, this paper presents a procedure which uses the model based on Baumann's [1] criteria. The strength limits used herein are those recommended by CEB [3], however, a model is proposed in which this limit varies according to the tensile strain which occur perpendicular to compression. This resistance model is based on concepts proposed by Vecchio e Collins [2].

The β to α phase transition of tantalum coatings deposited by modulated pulsed power magnetron sputtering

Tantalum coatings are of particular interest today as promising candidates to replace potentially hazardous electrodeposited chromium coatings for tribological and corrosion resistant applications, such as the internal lining on large-caliber gun barrels. Tantalum coatings have two crystalline phases, α-Ta (body-centered-cubic) and β-Ta (metastable tetragonal) that exhibit relatively different properties. Alpha-Ta is typically preferred for wear and corrosion resistant applications and unfortunately, is very difficult to deposit without the assistance of substrate heating or post-annealing treatments. Furthermore, there is no general consensus on the mechanism which causes α or β to form or if there is a phase transition or transformation from β → α during coating deposition. In this study, modulated pulsed power (MPP) magnetron sputtering was used to deposit tantalum coatings with thicknesses between 2 and 20 μm without external substrate heating. The MPP Ta coatings showed good adhesion and low residual stress. This study shows there is an abrupt β → α phase transition when the coating is 5–7 μm thick and not a total phase transformation. Thermocouple measurements reveal substrate temperature increases as a function of deposition time until reaching a saturation temperature of ~ 388 °C. The importance of substrate temperature evolution on the β → α phase transition is also explained.

Strategie di conservazione per bronzi esposti all'aperto: studio di metodologie di pulitura, patinazione e consolidamento

Con l’aumento dell’acidità e degli inquinanti nelle deposizioni umide, la corrosione atmosferica dei bronzi esposti all’aperto è stata accelerata e la stabilità della patina di prodotti di alterazione, che solitamente protegge parzialmente il substrato metallico, risulta compromessa. La patina costituisce il supporto reale nelle condizioni d’impiego dell’inibitore o del protettivo, il quale viene applicato in seguito ad una pulitura del manufatto corroso che non espone il metallo nudo. L’inibitore attualmente più utilizzato, benzotriazolo (BTA), risulta non totalmente adeguato nei confronti del bronzo, tossico per l’ambiente e sospetto cancerogeno per l’uomo. Occorre quindi sviluppare soluzioni alternative per la conservazione dei bronzi all’aperto: a questo scopo, il presente lavoro di tesi si è sviluppato in tre fasi: (i) patinazione via invecchiamento artificiale accelerato, simulando la pioggia battente (dropping test) e la pioggia stagnante (wet&dry) su campioni di bronzo quaternario Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb, al fine di produrre un substrato rappresentativo, diversificando le patine prodotte dalle due geometrie di esposizione, sul quale possa essere applicato un inibitore o protettivo. La patinazione artificiale ha permesso di riprodurre efficacemente le due tipologie di patine naturali: le superfici patinate in pioggia battente hanno mostrato il tipico arricchimento in Stagno dovuto alla decuprificazione, mentre le superfici patinate in pioggia stagnante hanno presentato la comparsa dei tipici prodotti precursori dei solfati basici. (ii) pulitura di una patina naturale su bronzo quaternario (fontana del XVII sec.) mediante sabbiatura criogenica (dry-ice blasting), al fine di verificare l’efficienza di questa tecnica per preparare le superfici patinate all’applicazione di un inibitore o protettivo e il suo eventuale utilizzo in sostituzione alle tecniche tradizionali. La sabbiatura criogenica si è tuttavia dimostrata non selettiva nei confronti dei depositi calcarei, dimostrandosi non utilmente applicabile. (iii) protezione di superfici di bronzo quaternario, patinate artificialmente simulando la pioggia battente, mediante un trattamento innovativo di biopatinazione ottenuto applicando il ceppo fungino Beauveria Bassiana, potenzialmente in grado di convertire in ossalati i prodotti di corrosione della patina naturale. Lo scopo è quello di valutare l’efficienza protettiva della biopatina in seguito ad un invecchiamento accelerato simulante la pioggia battente. La biopatinazione è risultata applicabile anche a superfici arricchite in Stagno artificialmente (dropping test), ma la biopatina ottenuta non si è mostrata in grado di limitare i fenomeni corrosivi. Si ritengono necessarie ulteriori prove per valutarne l’efficienza a più lungo termine.

Ensayo en Lima (Perú) de edificio de adobe sismorresistente construido con el sistema de albañilería integral

Este artículo presenta una aplicación del Sistema de Albañilería Integral (SAI), desarrollado en Europa bajo la marca “AllWall System” para muros de albañilería de ladrillo o bloque, cerámico o de hormigón, empleando sólo mortero. En este caso el sistema se modifica para adaptarlo al adobe y permitir la construcción de viviendas sismorresistentes en países en desarrollo.Cuando el relleno empleado es de adobe, es imposible transferir las tensiones de los refuerzos por adherencia de las barras debido a que estas estructuras carecen de mortero. Se hace necesario que las armaduras transmitan los esfuerzos entre sí. Las armaduras, en forma de cercha, se pueden cruzar en las tres direcciones del espacio, lo que permite la construcción de muros y forjados. De esta manera sólo se necesita un posterior relleno con bloques de adobe o el tablero del forjado para que el conjunto tenga la rigidez suficiente. Para verificar la seguridad de este nuevo tipo de edificación para su construcción en zonas sísmicas del tercer mundo, se ha ensayado a sismo un prototipo realizado con el sistema SAI con adobe, de 6x6x6 m y dos plantas a escala 1/2 en la PUCP (Pontificia Católica Universidad del Perú) de Lima en colaboración con la UPM (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid). Los resultados de este ensayo muestran que el SAI con adobe permanece estable sin grietas significativas ante un sismo severo de 130 mm de desplazamiento (equivalente a un sismo de 10º en la escala de Richter)

Diseño optimizado de un hormigón autocompactante reforzado con fibra de polipropileno con función estructural, para el empleo en rehabilitación

El empleo de hormigones de altas prestaciones es necesario para dar una mejor respuesta a los requisitos técnicos de obras de rehabilitación. Este tipo de hormigones, además de unas elevadas prestaciones mecánicas, permiten obtener una alta trabajabilidad para rellenar elementos de espesores reducidos, una durabilidad adecuada, para resistir la agresividad del medio, y una buena calidad de acabados. Este trabajo persigue optimizar el diseño de mezclas de hormigones autocompactantes fibrorreforzados con fibra sintética de manera que, sin perder la condición de autocompactabilidad, cumplan las especificaciones recogidas en el Anejo 14 de la EHE-08 para la consideración de la fibra con función estructural, lo que permitiría la sustitución total o parcial de armaduras de acero. Por tanto, la ejecución de obras de rehabilitación con esta tipología de hormigones permite por un lado una puesta en obra rápida y de calidad, y por otro evitar aparición de procesos patológicos derivados de la corrosión de las armaduras.

Ductilidad del acero inoxidable bajo en níquel para estructuras de hormigón armado / Ductility in a new low nickel stainless steel for reinforced concrete

En este trabajo se presentan los diagramas tensióndeformación de un nuevo acero inoxidable con bajo contenido en níquel, un inoxidable convencional AISI 304 y un acero al carbono de uso común en estructuras de hormigón armado. Dicha ductilidad se ha estudiado determinando la tensión máxima (fmax), la tensión en el límite elástico (fy) y la deformación bajo carga máxima (εmax). Los tres materiales se han evaluado utilizando criterios aceptados internacionalmente, como son el índice p (capacidad de rotación plástica), el índice A* (área plástica de endurecimiento) y el índice de tenacidad Id (energía total absorbida en el punto de alargamiento bajo carga máxima), los resultados obtenidos se han comparado con los aceros convencionales de armaduras 500SD, 500N y 500H (EC-2).