Development of beam and plate finite elements based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation

The focus of this dissertation is to develop finite elements based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation. The absolute nodal coordinate formulation is a nonlinear finite element formulation, which is introduced for special requirements in the field of flexible multibody dynamics. In this formulation, a special definition for the rotation of elements is employed to ensure the formulation will not suffer from singularities due to large rotations. The absolute nodal coordinate formulation can be used for analyzing the dynamics of beam, plate and shell type structures. The improvements of the formulation are mainly concentrated towards the description of transverse shear deformation. Additionally, the formulation is verified by using conventional iso-parametric solid finite element and geometrically exact beam theory. Previous claims about especially high eigenfrequencies are studied by introducing beam elements based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation in the framework of the large rotation vector approach. Additionally, the same high eigenfrequency problem is studied by using constraints for transverse deformation. It was determined that the improvements for shear deformation in the transverse direction lead to clear improvements in computational efficiency. This was especially true when comparative stress must be defined, for example when using elasto-plastic material. Furthermore, the developed plate element can be used to avoid certain numerical problems, such as shear and curvature lockings. In addition, it was shown that when compared to conventional solid elements, or elements based on nonlinear beam theory, elements based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation do not lead to an especially stiff system for the equations of motion.

On the Application of Beam on Elastic Foundation Theory to the Analysis of Stiffened Plate Strips

The main objective of this thesis is to show that plate strips subjected to transverse line loads can be analysed by using the beam on elastic foundation (BEF) approach. It is shown that the elastic behaviour of both the centre line section of a semi infinite plate supported along two edges, and the free edge of a cantilever plate strip can be accurately predicted by calculations based on the two parameter BEF theory. The transverse bending stiffness of the plate strip forms the foundation. The foundation modulus is shown, mathematically and physically, to be the zero order term of the fourth order differential equation governing the behaviour of BEF, whereas the torsion rigidity of the plate acts like pre tension in the second order term. Direct equivalence is obtained for harmonic line loading by comparing the differential equations of Levy's method (a simply supported plate) with the BEF method. By equating the second and zero order terms of the semi infinite BEF model for each harmonic component, two parameters are obtained for a simply supported plate of width B: the characteristic length, 1/ λ, and the normalized sum, n, being the effect of axial loading and stiffening resulting from the torsion stiffness, nlin. This procedure gives the following result for the first mode when a uniaxial stress field was assumed (ν = 0): 1/λ = √2B/π and nlin = 1. For constant line loading, which is the superimposition of harmonic components, slightly differing foundation parameters are obtained when the maximum deflection and bending moment values of the theoretical plate, with v = 0, and BEF analysis solutions are equated: 1 /λ= 1.47B/π and nlin. = 0.59 for a simply supported plate; and 1/λ = 0.99B/π and nlin = 0.25 for a fixed plate. The BEF parameters of the plate strip with a free edge are determined based solely on finite element analysis (FEA) results: 1/λ = 1.29B/π and nlin. = 0.65, where B is the double width of the cantilever plate strip. The stress biaxial, v > 0, is shown not to affect the values of the BEF parameters significantly the result of the geometric nonlinearity caused by in plane, axial and biaxial loading is studied theoretically by comparing the differential equations of Levy's method with the BEF approach. The BEF model is generalised to take into account the elastic rotation stiffness of the longitudinal edges. Finally, formulae are presented that take into account the effect of Poisson's ratio, and geometric non linearity, on bending behaviour resulting from axial and transverse inplane loading. It is also shown that the BEF parameters of the semi infinite model are valid for linear elastic analysis of a plate strip of finite length. The BEF model was verified by applying it to the analysis of bending stresses caused by misalignments in a laboratory test panel. In summary, it can be concluded that the advantages of the BEF theory are that it is a simple tool, and that it is accurate enough for specific stress analysis of semi infinite and finite plate bending problems.

Análise espacial da ocorrência do índice de cone em área sob semeadura direta e sua relação com fatores do solo

O presente estudo teve o objetivo de analisar, em uma lavoura sob semeadura direta, a distribuição vertical e horizontal da resistência à penetração medida por valores georreferenciados do índice de cone (IC) e a influência do teor de água do solo, permitindo a interpolação para análise de relações causa e efeito. Fatores importantes, como o teor de argila, silte, densidade, espaço poroso e teor de matéria orgânica do solo também foram mensurados. Utilizou-se de um penetrômetro hidráulico eletrônico, receptor de GPS, amostrador de solo e programas computacionais para o tratamento e obtenção dos resultados. A análise foi feita a partir dos mapas (não apresentados) para a espacialização dos atributos e pela regressão entre os dados interpolados por meio da função que apresentou o coeficiente de determinação (R²) mais elevado. Constatou-se a ocorrência de valores maiores para o IC nas profundidades compreendidas de 0,10 a 0,15 m, com menores valores em locais com maior teor de matéria orgânica, a qual coincidiu com maiores teores de argila e silte. O IC foi influenciado principalmente pelo teor de água, densidade e espaço poroso do solo.

Penetrômetro de cone com taxa constante de penetração no solo: desenvolvimento e teste de funcionalidade

Penetrômetros auxiliam na determinação da capacidade de suporte do solo na engenharia civil e na avaliação da resistência mecânica de solos agrícolas, relacionando-a com compactação do solo e crescimento do sistema radicular das plantas. Este trabalho relata o desenvolvimento de um penetrômetro de cone com taxa constante de penetração, suas partes e funcionalidade, bem como resultados do uso na avaliação comparativa da compactação em experimentos e em lavoura. A quantificação da resistência é realizada com célula de carga, a distância de penetração no solo com potenciômetro, e a aquisição e o armazenamento de dados com placas eletrônicas. A concepção do equipamento, que emprega velocidade constante de penetração da haste no perfil do solo, possibilitou a aquisição de grande coleção de dados relativos com pequena variação de profundidade (5 mm), atingindo a profundidade máxima de 0,80 m. O equipamento é eficaz na aquisição e no tratamento de dados de resistência mecânica do solo à penetração em profundidade do perfil. A variação entre os pontos permite inferir sobre parâmetros e características do solo, bem como sobre o comportamento desses sob condições externas impostas, quer seja imediata, quer seja residual.

Carcinoma Microinvasor no Cone Pós Biópsia Dirigida Compatível com NIC 3

Objetivo: determinar os fatores associados ao achado de carcinoma microinvasor no cone de mulheres com biópsia colpodirigida prévia compatível com neoplasia intra-epitelial cervical (NIC) 3 e avaliar a proporção de margens comprometidas. Pacientes e Métodos: foram revisados os prontuários de 385 mulheres (média de idade: 39 anos) submetidas à conização a frio ou por cirurgia de alta freqüência (CAF) com alça no período de janeiro de 1993 a julho de 2000. Estes procedimentos foram indicados por biópsia compatível com NIC 3. Resultados: o diagnóstico do cone foi compatível com NIC 3 em 243 mulheres (63%) e com NIC 2 em 13 (3%). Apenas 10 apresentaram HPV/NIC 1 (3%) e oito não tinham doença residual no cone. Entretanto, 101 mulheres apresentaram carcinoma microinvasor no cone (26%) e 10 (3%) carcinoma invasor franco. A idade, o estado menstrual e o número de partos não estiveram relacionados com a gravidade da lesão no cone. Mulheres com alterações da colpocitologia oncológica sugestivas de invasão apresentaram um risco significativamente maior de apresentar carcinoma microinvasor ou invasor no histológico final (p<0,01), embora 52 das 243 mulheres com NIC 2 ou NIC 3 no cone também tivessem sugestão de invasão na colpocitologia. Entre as mulheres com NIC 2 ou 3, 44% apresentaram epitélio branco, 21% pontilhado e 17% mosaico. Esta proporção foi semelhante nas mulheres com carcinoma microinvasor ou invasor, sendo estas imagens encontradas, respectivamente, em 37%, 23% e 21%. O comprometimento das margens do cone foi significativamente maior nas mulheres submetidas a CAF (49%) do que naquelas submetidas à conização a frio (29%). Conclusão: a ausência de fatores independentes clínicos e colposcópicos que se associam com o achado de carcinomas microinvasivos em mulheres submetidas à conização por biópsia compatível com NIC 3 justifica a excisão cônica da junção escamo-colunar nas lesões cervicais de alto grau.

The energy efficiency of chilled beam systems in an office building at different climates

Besides the sustaining of healthy and comfortable indoor climate, the air conditioning system should also achieve for energy efficiency. The target indoor climate can be ob-tained with different systems; this study focuses on comparing the energy efficiency of different air conditioning room unit systems in different climates. The calculations are made with dynamic energy simulation software IDA ICE by comparing the indoor cli-mate and energy consumption of an office building with different systems in different climates. The aim of the study is to compare the energy efficiency of chilled beam systems to other common systems: variable air volume, fan coil and radiant ceiling systems. Besides the annual energy consumption also the sustainability of target indoor climate is compared between the simulations. Another aim is to provide conclusions to be used in the product development of the chilled beam systems’ energy efficiency. The adaptable chilled beam system and the radiant ceiling system prove to be energy efficient independent of the climate. The challenge of reliable comparison is that other systems are not able to reach the target indoor climate as well as the others. The complex calculation environment of the simulation software, made assumptions and excluding of the financial aspects complicate comparing the big picture. The results show that the development of the chilled beam systems should concentrate on energy efficient night heating, flexible demand based ventilation and capacity control and possibilities on integrating the best practices with other systems. 

Characterisation of Laser Beam and Paper Material Interaction

It is known already from 1970´s that laser beam is suitable for processing paper materials. In this thesis, term paper materials mean all wood-fibre based materials, like dried pulp, copy paper, newspaper, cardboard, corrugated board, tissue paper etc. Accordingly, laser processing in this thesis means all laser treatments resulting material removal, like cutting, partial cutting, marking, creasing, perforation etc. that can be used to process paper materials. Laser technology provides many advantages for processing of paper materials: non-contact method, freedom of processing geometry, reliable technology for non-stop production etc. Especially packaging industry is very promising area for laser processing applications. However, there are only few industrial laser processing applications worldwide even in beginning of 2010´s. One reason for small-scale use of lasers in paper material manufacturing is that there is a shortage of published research and scientific articles. Another problem, restraining the use of laser for processing of paper materials, is colouration of paper material i.e. the yellowish and/or greyish colour of cut edge appearing during cutting or after cutting. These are the main reasons for selecting the topic of this thesis to concern characterization of interaction of laser beam and paper materials. This study was carried out in Laboratory of Laser Processing at Lappeenranta University of Technology (Finland). Laser equipment used in this study was TRUMPF TLF 2700 carbon dioxide laser that produces a beam with wavelength of 10.6 μm with power range of 190-2500 W (laser power on work piece). Study of laser beam and paper material interaction was carried out by treating dried kraft pulp (grammage of 67 g m-2) with different laser power levels, focal plane postion settings and interaction times. Interaction between laser beam and dried kraft pulp was detected with different monitoring devices, i.e. spectrometer, pyrometer and active illumination imaging system. This way it was possible to create an input and output parameter diagram and to study the effects of input and output parameters in this thesis. When interaction phenomena are understood also process development can be carried out and even new innovations developed. Fulfilling the lack of information on interaction phenomena can assist in the way of lasers for wider use of technology in paper making and converting industry. It was concluded in this thesis that interaction of laser beam and paper material has two mechanisms that are dependent on focal plane position range. Assumed interaction mechanism B appears in range of average focal plane position of 3.4 mm and 2.4 mm and assumed interaction mechanism A in range of average focal plane position of 0.4 mm and -0.6 mm both in used experimental set up. Focal plane position 1.4 mm represents midzone of these two mechanisms. Holes during laser beam and paper material interaction are formed gradually: first small hole is formed to interaction area in the centre of laser beam cross-section and after that, as function of interaction time, hole expands, until interaction between laser beam and dried kraft pulp is ended. By the image analysis it can be seen that in beginning of laser beam and dried kraft pulp material interaction small holes off very good quality are formed. It is obvious that black colour and heat affected zone appear as function of interaction time. This reveals that there still are different interaction phases within interaction mechanisms A and B. These interaction phases appear as function of time and also as function of peak intensity of laser beam. Limit peak intensity is the value that divides interaction mechanism A and B from one-phase interaction into dual-phase interaction. So all peak intensity values under limit peak intensity belong to MAOM (interaction mechanism A one-phase mode) or to MBOM (interaction mechanism B onephase mode) and values over that belong to MADM (interaction mechanism A dual-phase mode) or to MBDM (interaction mechanism B dual-phase mode). Decomposition process of cellulose is evolution of hydrocarbons when temperature is between 380- 500°C. This means that long cellulose molecule is split into smaller volatile hydrocarbons in this temperature range. As temperature increases, decomposition process of cellulose molecule changes. In range of 700-900°C, cellulose molecule is mainly decomposed into H2 gas; this is why this range is called evolution of hydrogen. Interaction in this range starts (as in range of MAOM and MBOM), when a small good quality hole is formed. This is due to “direct evaporation” of pulp via decomposition process of evolution of hydrogen. And this can be seen can be seen in spectrometer as high intensity peak of yellow light (in range of 588-589 nm) which refers to temperature of ~1750ºC. Pyrometer does not detect this high intensity peak since it is not able to detect physical phase change from solid kraft pulp to gaseous compounds. As interaction time between laser beam and dried kraft pulp continues, hypothesis is that three auto ignition processes occurs. Auto ignition of substance is the lowest temperature in which it will spontaneously ignite in a normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark. Three auto ignition processes appears in range of MADM and MBDM, namely: 1. temperature of auto ignition of hydrogen atom (H2) is 500ºC, 2. temperature of auto ignition of carbon monoxide molecule (CO) is 609ºC and 3. temperature of auto ignition of carbon atom (C) is 700ºC. These three auto ignition processes leads to formation of plasma plume which has strong emission of radiation in range of visible light. Formation of this plasma plume can be seen as increase of intensity in wavelength range of ~475-652 nm. Pyrometer shows maximum temperature just after this ignition. This plasma plume is assumed to scatter laser beam so that it interacts with larger area of dried kraft pulp than what is actual area of beam cross-section. This assumed scattering reduces also peak intensity. So result shows that assumably scattered light with low peak intensity is interacting with large area of hole edges and due to low peak intensity this interaction happens in low temperature. So interaction between laser beam and dried kraft pulp turns from evolution of hydrogen to evolution of hydrocarbons. This leads to black colour of hole edges.

Topografia do cone medular da preguiça

A anestesia caudal foi proposta pela primeira vez em 1926 e diversas técnicas foram desenvolvidas para anestesiar os nervos espinhais lombares e sacrais. Os métodos para anestesia epidural exigem conhecimento da anatomia da região envolvida. Desta forma, objetivou-se determinar a topografia do cone medular da preguiça (Bradipus variegatus), para fornecer recursos aos profissionais da área clínica para que, desta forma, seja possível a realização de anestesia epidural nesta espécie silvestre de nossa fauna. Foram dissecados quatro exemplares adultos de preguiça, dois machos e duas fêmeas que foram a óbito por causas naturais e obtidos junto ao Parque Zoobotânico do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belém/Pará. Após a dissecação observou-se que o cone medular encontra-se entre as vértebras L3 e S1 com comprimento médio de 2,7cm, e a intumescência lombar apresentou comprimento médio de 1,0cm, estando localizada entre L1 e L3 nos quatro animais estudados. Desta forma, conclui-se que o melhor local para a realização de anestesia epidural na preguiça está entre as vértebras L1 e L3

Topografia do cone medular da irara (Eira barbara) e sua relevância em anestesias epidurais

Encontrada principalmente na América do Sul, a irara é um carnívoro pertencente à família Mustelidae, a qual pouco se tem informações sobre sua morfologia de forma geral. Diante disso, objetivou-se conhecer melhor parte do sistema nervoso desta espécie, mais precisamente a topografia do cone medular, a fim de subsidiar intervenções anestésicas peridurais nesta, uma vez que a clínica de animais selvagens vem crescendo a cada dia. Foram estudados três exemplares machos, adultos, provenientes da área de Mina Bauxita, Paragominas, doados ao Laboratório de Pesquisa Morfológica Animal (LaPMA), Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém, os quais foram radiografados e dissecados ao nível lombossacral, seguido de exposição do cone medular. Este, por sua vez, situou-se entre L4-L6 possuindo comprimento médio de 4,31cm, o que nos levou a sugerir a região sacrococcígea como ponde ideal para prática de anestesias epidurais nesta espécie.

Capacity of an I-beam made of S960 QC based on Eurocode 3

The capacity of beams is a very important factor in the study of durability of structures and structural members. The capacity of a high-strength steel I-beam made of S960 QC was investigated in this study. The investigation included assessment of the service limits and ultimate limits of the steel beam. The thesis was done according to European standards for steel structures, Eurocode 3. An analytical method was used to determine the throat thickness, deformation, elastic and plastic moment capacities as well as the fatigue life of the beam. The results of the analytical method were compared with those obtained by Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Elastic moment capacity obtained by the analytical method was 172 kNm. FEA and the analytical method predicted the maximum lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) capacity in the range of 90-93 kNm and the probability of failure as a result of LTB is estimated to be 50%. The lateral buckling capacity meant that the I-beam can carry a safe load of 300 kN instead of the initial load of 600 kN. The beam is liable to fail shortly after exceeding the elastic moment capacity. Based on results in of the different approaches, it was noted that FEA predicted higher deformation values on the load-deformation curve than the analytical results. However, both FEA and the analytical methods predicted identical results for nominal stress range and moment capacities. Fatigue life was estimated to be in the range of 53000-64000 cycles for bending stress range using crack propagation equation and strength-life approach. As Eurocode 3 is limited to steel grades up to S690, results for S960 must be verified with experimental data and appropriate design rules.

Anatomia do cone medular aplicada à via epidural de administração de fármacos em macacos-prego ( Sapajus libidinosus )

Resumo: Com este estudo objetivou-se descrever a topografia do cone medular do macaco-prego (Sapajus libidinosus) a fim de fornecer suporte para que a realização de procedimentos anestésicos, bem como exames de mielografia e coleta de líquor, dentre outros procedimentos que utilizam a via epidural. Para tanto foram dissecados oito animais, sendo seis machos e duas fêmeas, de diferentes faixas etárias. Rebateu-se a pele para retirada da musculatura da região dorsal, exposição de toda a coluna vertebral e identificação das vértebras lombares e sacrais. Para estabelecer o final da medula espinhal e medir o comprimento do cone medular, foi aberto todo o canal vertebral lombossacro, seccionando-se lateralmente os arcos vertebrais. Em seguida a duramáter foi seccionada para visualização do cone medular e observação da relação topográfica deste com as vértebras. Todos os animais apresentaram cinco vértebras lombares e três vértebras sacrais. As vértebras se apresentaram, de forma geral, muito próximas e com os processos espinhosos bem desenvolvidos e direcionados em sentido cranial. O cone medular dos macacos-prego situou-se entre as vértebras L2 e L5, com a base localizando-se com maior frequência na altura da vértebra L3, enquanto o ápice em L4. O comprimento corporal (espaço interarcual occiptoatlântico até o espaço interarcual sacrocaudal) variou de 22,9 a 31,8cm, com média de 27,44 ±3,1cm enquanto que comprimento do cone medular variou de 1,70 a 3,51cm, com média de 2,47 ±0,57cm. Não houve correlação entre o tamanho do corpo e o comprimento do cone medular (r = 0,212). Conclui-se que apesar das variações do comprimento e posicionamento do cone medular, o seu ápice não ultrapassa a articulação lombossacral, tornando seguro o acesso ao espaço epidural por esta via.

Chaos and Unpredictability in the Vibration of an Elasto-Plastic Beam

This contribution discusses the nonlinear dynamics of a pin-ended elasto-plastic beam with both kinematic and isotropic hardening. An iterative numerical procedure based on the operator split technique is developed in order to deal with the nonlinearities in the equations of motion. Free and forced responses for harmonic sinusoidal and square wave excitations are investigated. Numerical simulations present many interesting behaviors such as jump phenomena, sensitivity to initial conditions, chaos and transient chaos. These results indicate that there are practical problems in predicting the response of the beam even when periodic steady state response is expected.

Experimental Vibration Characteristics of a Beam with Nonlinear Support Using Receptance Coupling Analysis

This paper applies the Multi-Harmonic Nonlinear Receptance Coupling Approach (MUHANORCA) (Ferreira 1998) to evaluate the frequency response characteristics of a beam which is clamped at one end and supported at the other end by a nonlinear cubic stiffness joint. In order to apply the substructure coupling technique, the problem was characterised by coupling a clamped linear beam with a nonlinear cubic stiffness joint. The experimental results were obtained by a sinusoidal excitation with a special force control algorithm where the level of the fundamental force is kept constant and the level of the harmonics is kept zero for all the frequencies measured.

Quantidade de transposição do líquido pulverizado sobre palha de cana-de-açúcar com pontas de pulverização tipo leque e cone

A colheita da cana-crua promove aumento de restos culturais de cobertura morta sobre o solo. Esse novo componente altera a dinâmica de infestação de plantas daninhas e atua também como barreira física e química à ação dos herbicidas. Visando melhorar a qualidade da deposição dos herbicidas no solo, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a eficiência das pontas de pulverização e sua capacidade de transposição sobre a palha de cana-deaçúcar. O experimento foi instalado em Maringá-PR. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 8 x 7, sendo oito pontas de pulverização (AD 110 02, ADIA 110 02, TT 110 02, TTIA 110 02, CV-IA02, MAG 2, ST 02 e TJ60 110 02) e sete quantidades de palha (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 t ha-1). Assim, observou-se que grandes quantidades de palha reduzem a quantidade do líquido pulverizado que foi depositado na superfície coletora. As pontas de pulverização leque antideriva (AD 110 02) e cone vazio com indução de ar (CV-IA 02) foram as mais eficientes.

Thick Section Laser Beam Welding of Structural Steels: Methods for Improving Welding Efficiency

Laser beam welding (LBW) is applicable for a wide range of industrial sectors and has a history of fifty years. However, it is considered an unusual method with applications typically limited to welding of thin sheet metal. With a new generation of high power lasers there has been a renewed interest in thick section LBW (also known as keyhole laser welding). There was a growing body of publications during 2001-2011 that indicates an increasing interest in laser welding for many industrial applications, and in last ten years, an increasing number of studies have examined the ways to increase the efficiency of the process. Expanding the thickness range and efficiency of LBW makes the process a possibility for industrial applications dealing with thick metal welding: shipbuilding, offshore structures, pipelines, power plants and other industries. The advantages provided by LBW, such as high process speed, high productivity, and low heat input, may revolutionize these industries and significantly reduce the process costs. The research to date has focused on either increasing the efficiency via optimizing process parameters, or on the process fundamentals, rather than on process and workpiece modifications. The argument of this thesis is that the efficiency of the laser beam process can be increased in a straightforward way in the workshop conditions. Throughout this dissertation, the term “efficiency” is used to refer to welding process efficiency, specifically, an increase in efficiency refers an increase in weld’s penetration depth without increasing laser power level or decreasing welding speed. These methods are: modifications of the workpiece – edge surface roughness and air gap between the joining plates; modification of the ambient conditions – local reduction of the pressure in the welding zone; modification of the welding process – preheating of the welding zone. Approaches to improve the efficiency are analyzed and compared both separately and combined. These experimentally proven methods confirm previous findings and contribute additional evidence which expand the opportunities for laser beam welding applications. The focus of this research was primarily on the effects of edge surface roughness preparation and pre-set air gap between the plates on weld quality and penetration depth. To date, there has been no reliable evidence that such modifications of the workpiece give a positive effect on the welding efficiency. Other methods were tested in combination with the two methods mentioned above. The most promising - combining with reduced pressure method - resulted in at least 100% increase in efficiency. The results of this thesis support the idea that joining those methods in one modified process will provide the modern engineering with a sufficient tool for many novel applications with potential benefits to a range of industries.