Il metano biogenico nella coltre quaternaria della pianura Padana

Gli eventi sismici del 2012 in Emilia-Romagna hanno provocato una rinnovata attenzione su alcuni fenomeni di carattere geologico superficiale. Sono stati in particolare riferiti dalla stampa locale e osservati dagli abitanti gorgogliamenti di gas naturale nelle acque dei pozzi, nelle acque dei canali di bonifica ed emissioni di gas libero, in prevalenza metano. In questa tesi si è voluto mettere in luce tutto lo sviluppo storico del metano Padano, facendo un particolare riferimento al metano più superficiale, ossia al metano denominato biogenico, illustrando le sue origini, le sue prime manifestazioni, la sua scoperta, la sua derivazione dalla torba, le sue prime produzioni, considerando gli impatti ambientali possibili e verificati, arrivando fino all’attuale periodo in cui esso si è affermato diventando una delle fonti principali di energia ed una delle materie prime più preziose. La Tesi ha lo scopo di meglio chiarire l’origine e la modalità di occorrenza del metano biogenico Padano. Viene inoltre sviluppata una indagine orientata a identificare gli orizzonti geologici più “produttivi” di metano biogenico della regione Emilia-Romagna originato da torbe. Le aree effettivamente più produttive sono una parte di quelle ricche in torba e sono caratterizzate da buone capacità di conservazione nel tempo delle caratteristiche chimico fisiche favorevoli alla degradazione batterica della sostanza organica. Ciò avviene quando vengono mantenute particolari condizioni di isolamento tramite argille ecc. Il metano biogenico Padano viene costantemente espulso dai sedimenti e naturalmente disperso in atmosfera. Eventuali attività di captazione del metano dalle aree maggiormente produttive potranno contribuire alla diminuzione dell’effetto serra e alla contestuale produzione a piccola o piccolissima scala di energia nei limiti delle normative in vigore soggette ad eventuali possibili revisioni in analogia a quanto disposto per altre forme di generazione di metano come biogas, discariche ecc.

A study of high solids anaerobic digestion of Bucknell University food waste followed by aerobic curing

Anaerobic digestion of food scraps has the potential to accomplish waste minimization, energy production, and compost or humus production. At Bucknell University, removal of food scraps from the waste stream could reduce municipal solid waste transportation costs and landfill tipping fees, and provide methane and humus for use on campus. To determine the suitability of food waste produced at Bucknell for high-solids anaerobic digestion (HSAD), a year-long characterization study was conducted. Physical and chemical properties, waste biodegradability, and annual production of biodegradable waste were assessed. Bucknell University food and landscape waste was digested at pilot-scale for over a year to test performance at low and high loading rates, ease of operation at 20% solids, benefits of codigestion of food and landscape waste, and toprovide digestate for studies to assess the curing needs of HSAD digestate. A laboratory-scale curing study was conducted to assess the curing duration required to reduce microbial activity, phytotoxicity, and odors to acceptable levels for subsequent use ofhumus. The characteristics of Bucknell University food and landscape waste were tested approximately weekly for one year, to determine chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), and biodegradability (from batch digestion studies). Fats, oil, and grease and total Kjeldahl nitrogen were also tested for some food waste samples. Based on the characterization and biodegradability studies, Bucknell University dining hall food waste is a good candidate for HSAD. During batch digestion studies Bucknell University food waste produced a mean of 288 mL CH4/g COD with a 95%confidence interval of 0.06 mL CH4/g COD. The addition of landscape waste for digestion increased methane production from both food and landscape waste; however, because the landscape waste biodegradability was extremely low the increase was small.Based on an informal waste audit, Bucknell could collect up to 100 tons of food waste from dining facilities each year. The pilot-scale high-solids anaerobic digestion study confirmed that digestion ofBucknell University food waste combined with landscape waste at a low organic loading rate (OLR) of 2 g COD/L reactor volume-day is feasible. During low OLR operation, stable reactor performance was demonstrated through monitoring of biogas production and composition, reactor total and volatile solids, total and soluble chemical oxygendemand, volatile fatty acid content, pH, and bicarbonate alkalinity. Low OLR HSAD of Bucknell University food waste and landscape waste combined produced 232 L CH4/kg COD and 229 L CH4/kg VS. When OLR was increased to high loading (15 g COD/L reactor volume-day) to assess maximum loading conditions, reactor performance became unstable due to ammonia accumulation and subsequent inhibition. The methaneproduction per unit COD also decreased (to 211 L CH4/kg COD fed), although methane production per unit VS increased (to 272 L CH4/kg VS fed). The degree of ammonia inhibition was investigated through respirometry in which reactor digestate was diluted and exposed to varying concentrations of ammonia. Treatments with low ammoniaconcentrations recovered quickly from ammonia inhibition within the reactor. The post-digestion curing process was studied at laboratory-scale, to provide a preliminary assessment of curing duration. Digestate was mixed with woodchips and incubated in an insulated container at 35 °C to simulate full-scale curing self-heatingconditions. Degree of digestate stabilization was determined through oxygen uptake rates, percent O2, temperature, volatile solids, and Solvita Maturity Index. Phytotoxicity was determined through observation of volatile fatty acid and ammonia concentrations.Stabilization of organics and elimination of phytotoxic compounds (after 10–15 days of curing) preceded significant reductions of volatile sulfur compounds (hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, and dimethyl sulfide) after 15–20 days of curing. Bucknell University food waste has high biodegradability and is suitable for high-solids anaerobic digestion; however, it has a low C:N ratio which can result in ammonia accumulation under some operating conditions. The low biodegradability of Bucknell University landscape waste limits the amount of bioavailable carbon that it can contribute, making it unsuitable for use as a cosubstrate to increase the C:N ratio of food waste. Additional research is indicated to determine other cosubstrates with higher biodegradabilities that may allow successful HSAD of Bucknell University food waste at high OLRs. Some cosubstrates to investigate are office paper, field residues, or grease trap waste. A brief curing period of less than 3 weeks was sufficient to produce viable humus from digestate produced by low OLR HSAD of food and landscape waste.

Estudio ambiental y social del ciclo de vida de la producción de ladrillos artesanales, utilizando combustibles tradicionales y alternativos en el Algarrobal, Mendoza

Esta tesina de grado ha sido abordada bajo el objetivo de determinar la conveniencia del uso de combustible alternativo, en comparación con la quema de leña tradicional, en la actividad ladrillera que se lleva a cabo en el distrito El Algarrobal, de Las Heras, Mendoza. Se compararon para ello tres escenarios de quema de combustible en la etapa de cocción: uno con uso de leña (sistema vigente) y dos hipotéticos, utilizando gas natural y biogás. Dado que se trata de una actividad de importancia regional y que trae aparejadas problemáticas ambientales y sociales, se realizó un análisis desde estos dos puntos de vista. El estudio se enmarcó dentro del “Pensamiento de Ciclo de Vida", concepto que tiene en cuenta todas las etapas del ciclo de vida de un producto, proceso o servicio para la evaluación de los impactos ambientales, sociales y económicos asociados. Su objetivo principal es reducir el uso de recursos y las emisiones al ambiente, así como también mejorar el rendimiento socio-económico del objeto de estudio, a lo largo de todo su ciclo de vida. Entre el abanico de metodologías que este enfoque ofrece, se seleccionó el Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) para el estudio de los aspectos ambientales, y el Análisis Social del Ciclo de Vida (ASCV) para los sociales. En el ACV, se utilizaron dos tipos de enfoque para evaluar las consecuencias ambientales de la actividad ladrillera: el enfoque midpoint, con el que se identificaron los impactos potenciales sobre diferentes categorías de impacto; y el enfoque endpoint, a fin de determinar los daños potenciales1 en las áreas de protección correspondientes a los recursos naturales, la calidad de los ecosistemas y la salud humana. Éste último, constituye un análisis inédito en el ámbito científico local dedicado a la actividad ladrillera. En el ASCV, se definió un indicador que sirva para evaluar los impactos sociales de la actividad ladrillera, así como la evolución de éstos tras incorporar los cambios propuestos en los escenarios hipotéticos. Se alcanzó el objetivo propuesto y se logró demostrar parcialmente la hipótesis de trabajo, dando lugar a futuros estudios que profundicen los conocimientos sobre el tema abordado. Los resultados evidenciaron que, si en la etapa de cocción de la fabricación de ladrillos artesanales se reemplaza el uso tradicional de leña por un combustible alternativo, se reduce el impacto potencial producido por la actividad ladrillera, no así los daños ocasionados. Ello determinó: la necesidad de efectuar investigaciones más exhaustivas para definir los cambios necesarios que reduzcan las nocivas consecuencias ambientales y sociales del caso de estudio; la importancia de tomar en cuenta los resultados de los dos tipos de enfoques aquí aplicados (midpoint y endpoint) a la hora de tomar decisiones; y que éstas deben estar basadas sobre una visión amplia de la realidad, en una ponderación de los efectos positivos y negativos que cada cambio pudiera producir, y en el planteamiento de objetivos claros y prioridades consensuadas.