Localizzazione della topoisomerasi IB sui telomeri di S. cerevisiae e ruolo della sua attività catalitica sulle modificazioni istoniche

Il superavvolgimento del DNA nelle cellule, regolato dalle DNA Topoisomerasi, influenza molti processi biologici, quali la trascrizione, la replicazione, la ricombinazione ed il rimodellamento della cromatina. La DNA Topoisomerasi IB eucariotica, (Top1), è un enzima efficiente nella rimozione dei superavvolgimenti del DNA in vitro e la sua principale funzione cellulare è la rimozione dei superavvolgimenti positivi e negativi generati durante la trascrizione e la replicazione. Risultati recenti hanno fornito evidenze sperimentali del coinvolgimento di Top1 in meccanismi multipli di regolazione dell’espressione genica eucariotica, in particolare nella fase di inizio e maturazione dei trascritti. Tuttavia, le funzioni di Top1 non sono ancora state stabilite a livello globale. Pertanto, nella presente tesi di dottorato abbiamo risposto a questa domanda con l’analisi dei profili di trascrizione genica globale e con studi di immunoprecipitazione della cromatina (ChIP) in cellule di S. cerevisiae. Circa il 9% dei geni sono influenzati da Top1, e l’analisi dei profili di espressione mostra che Top1 wt aumenta l’utilizzo del glucosio e dei pathway per la produzione di energia, con specifica diminuzione della trascrizione dei geni telomerici e subtelomerici. Abbiamo inoltre dimostrato che Top1 wt, ma non il suo mutante inattivo, aumenta la velocità di crescita cellulare nelle cellule di lievito studiate. Le analisi di ChIP mostrano che, in confronto all’assenza dell’enzima, Top1 wt diminuisce l’acetilazione dell’istone H4, compresa quella specifica della lisina 16, nel telomero destro del cromosoma XIV mentre la mutazione che inattiva l’enzima aumenta in maniera marcata l’acetilazione dell’istone H4 e la di-metilazione della lisina 4 dell’istone H3. Top1 wt incrementa anche il reclutamento di Sir3 nelle regioni di confine della cromatina silenziata dello stesso telomero. Studi di immunoprecipitazione indicano che l’enzima interagisce direttamente con la struttura della cromatina telomerica poichè entrambe le proteine, quella wt e quella inattiva, sono localizzate sulle ripetizioni telomeriche dei cromosomi di lievito. Questi risultati dimostrano che Top1, una proteina non essenziale in lievito, ottimizza i livelli globali dei trascritti per una crescita più efficiente di cellule in fase esponenziale. Indagando il meccanismo che è alla base della specifica repressione dei geni telomerici, abbiamo dimostrato che Top1 favorisce delle modifiche posttraduzionali degli istoni che indicano una struttura della cromatina repressa nelle regioni telomeriche.

A low complexity system based on multiple weighted decision trees for indoor localization

[EN] Indoor position estimation has become an attractive research topic due to growing interest in location-aware services. Nevertheless, satisfying solutions have not been found with the considerations of both accuracy and system complexity. From the perspective of lightweight mobile devices, they are extremely important characteristics, because both the processor power and energy availability are limited. Hence, an indoor localization system with high computational complexity can cause complete battery drain within a few hours. In our research, we use a data mining technique named boosting to develop a localization system based on multiple weighted decision trees to predict the device location, since it has high accuracy and low computational complexity.

Sviluppo di metodologie di localizzazione nel contesto del Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty

Since the first underground nuclear explosion, carried out in 1958, the analysis of seismic signals generated by these sources has allowed seismologists to refine the travel times of seismic waves through the Earth and to verify the accuracy of the location algorithms (the ground truth for these sources was often known). Long international negotiates have been devoted to limit the proliferation and testing of nuclear weapons. In particular the Treaty for the comprehensive nuclear test ban (CTBT), was opened to signatures in 1996, though, even if it has been signed by 178 States, has not yet entered into force, The Treaty underlines the fundamental role of the seismological observations to verify its compliance, by detecting and locating seismic events, and identifying the nature of their sources. A precise definition of the hypocentral parameters represents the first step to discriminate whether a given seismic event is natural or not. In case that a specific event is retained suspicious by the majority of the State Parties, the Treaty contains provisions for conducting an on-site inspection (OSI) in the area surrounding the epicenter of the event, located through the International Monitoring System (IMS) of the CTBT Organization. An OSI is supposed to include the use of passive seismic techniques in the area of the suspected clandestine underground nuclear test. In fact, high quality seismological systems are thought to be capable to detect and locate very weak aftershocks triggered by underground nuclear explosions in the first days or weeks following the test. This PhD thesis deals with the development of two different seismic location techniques: the first one, known as the double difference joint hypocenter determination (DDJHD) technique, is aimed at locating closely spaced events at a global scale. The locations obtained by this method are characterized by a high relative accuracy, although the absolute location of the whole cluster remains uncertain. We eliminate this problem introducing a priori information: the known location of a selected event. The second technique concerns the reliable estimates of back azimuth and apparent velocity of seismic waves from local events of very low magnitude recorded by a trypartite array at a very local scale. For the two above-mentioned techniques, we have used the crosscorrelation technique among digital waveforms in order to minimize the errors linked with incorrect phase picking. The cross-correlation method relies on the similarity between waveforms of a pair of events at the same station, at the global scale, and on the similarity between waveforms of the same event at two different sensors of the try-partite array, at the local scale. After preliminary tests on the reliability of our location techniques based on simulations, we have applied both methodologies to real seismic events. The DDJHD technique has been applied to a seismic sequence occurred in the Turkey-Iran border region, using the data recorded by the IMS. At the beginning, the algorithm was applied to the differences among the original arrival times of the P phases, so the cross-correlation was not used. We have obtained that the relevant geometrical spreading, noticeable in the standard locations (namely the locations produced by the analysts of the International Data Center (IDC) of the CTBT Organization, assumed as our reference), has been considerably reduced by the application of our technique. This is what we expected, since the methodology has been applied to a sequence of events for which we can suppose a real closeness among the hypocenters, belonging to the same seismic structure. Our results point out the main advantage of this methodology: the systematic errors affecting the arrival times have been removed or at least reduced. The introduction of the cross-correlation has not brought evident improvements to our results: the two sets of locations (without and with the application of the cross-correlation technique) are very similar to each other. This can be commented saying that the use of the crosscorrelation has not substantially improved the precision of the manual pickings. Probably the pickings reported by the IDC are good enough to make the random picking error less important than the systematic error on travel times. As a further justification for the scarce quality of the results given by the cross-correlation, it should be remarked that the events included in our data set don’t have generally a good signal to noise ratio (SNR): the selected sequence is composed of weak events ( magnitude 4 or smaller) and the signals are strongly attenuated because of the large distance between the stations and the hypocentral area. In the local scale, in addition to the cross-correlation, we have performed a signal interpolation in order to improve the time resolution. The algorithm so developed has been applied to the data collected during an experiment carried out in Israel between 1998 and 1999. The results pointed out the following relevant conclusions: a) it is necessary to correlate waveform segments corresponding to the same seismic phases; b) it is not essential to select the exact first arrivals; and c) relevant information can be also obtained from the maximum amplitude wavelet of the waveforms (particularly in bad SNR conditions). Another remarkable point of our procedure is that its application doesn’t demand a long time to process the data, and therefore the user can immediately check the results. During a field survey, such feature will make possible a quasi real-time check allowing the immediate optimization of the array geometry, if so suggested by the results at an early stage.

Buoni cibi per buoni pensieri. Rituali di consumo alimentare tra flussi di globalizzazione e pratiche di localizzazione

La tesi di dottorato “Buoni cibi per buoni pensieri. Rituali di consumo alimentare tra flussi di globalizzazione e pratiche di localizzazione” verte attorno allo studio e all’approfondimento della sociologia dei consumi, con particolare riferimento alle relazioni che si possono instaurare tra i comportamenti alimentari collettivi a livello locale e il sistema globale. Il focus dell’analisi si incentra sulla sostenibilità dei consumi, fenomenologia esemplificativa di una modalità di rapporto degli uomini con i cibi innovativa e al contempo nient’affatto scontata: non soltanto a livello individual-collettivo come strumento di intelligibilità sociale e costruzione di senso, ma anche sul piano sistemico come rapporto con l’ambiente e il mondo circostante. In effetti, il percorso di studi che ha condotto all’elaborazione teorica ed empirica della tesi di dottorato, pur muovendo da studi radicati nella letteratura socio-antropologica come il consumo dei cibi e la cultura da essi veicolata, viene oggi inquadrata all’interno di nuovi scenari sullo sfondo del mutamento socioeconomico: le pratiche di sostenibilità causate dalle ambivalenti ripercussioni giocate dalla globalizzazione sui sistemi sociali. Se è vero infatti che oggi si vive in una società complessa, caratterizzata dalla crescente centralità del sistema del consumo rispetto agli altri sottosistemi, è evidente come una ri-lettura critica delle sue dimensioni simboliche ed intersoggettive nel senso del ridimensionamento degli aspetti legati alla mercificazione e al materialismo, faccia sì che la tesi dottorale si orienti sulla ricerca di una sostenibilità oggi tanto diffusa, da sostanziarsi sempre più anche nelle pratiche di consumo alimentare. Oggetto specifico di questo lavoro sono dunque, senza pretesa di esaustività ma rappresentative del contesto spaziale preso in esame, fenomenologie del consumo alimentare italiano all’interno di uno scenario globale: in particolare, si affronta la nuova cultura della sostenibilità che nasce dall’incontro fra i cittadini-consumatori e le complesse tematiche emergenti del sistema sociale di riferimento.

Estudio de la influencia del encapsulado en un LNA para UWB

Especialidad: Sistemas Electrónicos

Enabling Blocks for Integrated CMOS UWB Transceivers

The last decades have seen an unrivaled growth and diffusion of mobile telecommunications. Several standards have been developed to this purposes, from GSM mobile phone communications to WLAN IEEE 802.11, providing different services for the the transmission of signals ranging from voice to high data rate digital communications and Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB). In this wide research and market field, this thesis focuses on Ultra Wideband (UWB) communications, an emerging technology for providing very high data rate transmissions over very short distances. In particular the presented research deals with the circuit design of enabling blocks for MB-OFDM UWB CMOS single-chip transceivers, namely the frequency synthesizer and the transmission mixer and power amplifier. First we discuss three different models for the simulation of chargepump phase-locked loops, namely the continuous time s-domain and discrete time z-domain approximations and the exact semi-analytical time-domain model. The limitations of the two approximated models are analyzed in terms of error in the computed settling time as a function of loop parameters, deriving practical conditions under which the different models are reliable for fast settling PLLs up to fourth order. Besides, a phase noise analysis method based upon the time-domain model is introduced and compared to the results obtained by means of the s-domain model. We compare the three models over the simulation of a fast switching PLL to be integrated in a frequency synthesizer for WiMedia MB-OFDM UWB systems. In the second part, the theoretical analysis is applied to the design of a 60mW 3.4 to 9.2GHz 12 Bands frequency synthesizer for MB-OFDM UWB based on two wide-band PLLs. The design is presented and discussed up to layout level. A test chip has been implemented in TSMC CMOS 90nm technology, measured data is provided. The functionality of the circuit is proved and specifications are met with state-of-the-art area occupation and power consumption. The last part of the thesis deals with the design of a transmission mixer and a power amplifier for MB-OFDM UWB band group 1. The design has been carried on up to layout level in ST Microlectronics 65nm CMOS technology. Main characteristics of the systems are the wideband behavior (1.6 GHz of bandwidth) and the constant behavior over process parameters, temperature and supply voltage thanks to the design of dedicated adaptive biasing circuits.

Architectures for Context Aware Services in Smart Environments

This thesis deals with Context Aware Services, Smart Environments, Context Management and solutions for Devices and Service Interoperability. Multi-vendor devices offer an increasing number of services and end-user applications that base their value on the ability to exploit the information originating from the surrounding environment by means of an increasing number of embedded sensors, e.g. GPS, compass, RFID readers, cameras and so on. However, usually such devices are not able to exchange information because of the lack of a shared data storage and common information exchange methods. A large number of standards and domain specific building blocks are available and are heavily used in today's products. However, the use of these solutions based on ready-to-use modules is not without problems. The integration and cooperation of different kinds of modules can be daunting because of growing complexity and dependency. In this scenarios it might be interesting to have an infrastructure that makes the coexistence of multi-vendor devices easy, while enabling low cost development and smooth access to services. This sort of technologies glue should reduce both software and hardware integration costs by removing the trouble of interoperability. The result should also lead to faster and simplified design, development and, deployment of cross-domain applications. This thesis is mainly focused on SW architectures supporting context aware service providers especially on the following subjects: - user preferences service adaptation - context management - content management - information interoperability - multivendor device interoperability - communication and connectivity interoperability Experimental activities were carried out in several domains including Cultural Heritage, indoor and personal smart spaces – all of which are considered significant test-beds in Context Aware Computing. The work evolved within european and national projects: on the europen side, I carried out my research activity within EPOCH, the FP6 Network of Excellence on “Processing Open Cultural Heritage” and within SOFIA, a project of the ARTEMIS JU on embedded systems. I worked in cooperation with several international establishments, including the University of Kent, VTT (the Technical Reserarch Center of Finland) and Eurotech. On the national side I contributed to a one-to-one research contract between ARCES and Telecom Italia. The first part of the thesis is focused on problem statement and related work and addresses interoperability issues and related architecture components. The second part is focused on specific architectures and frameworks: - MobiComp: a context management framework that I used in cultural heritage applications - CAB: a context, preference and profile based application broker which I designed within EPOCH Network of Excellence - M3: "Semantic Web based" information sharing infrastructure for smart spaces designed by Nokia within the European project SOFIA - NoTa: a service and transport independent connectivity framework - OSGi: the well known Java based service support framework The final section is dedicated to the middleware, the tools and, the SW agents developed during my Doctorate time to support context-aware services in smart environments.

Body ares networks for human motor assessment

Healthcare, Human Computer Interfaces (HCI), Security and Biometry are the most promising application scenario directly involved in the Body Area Networks (BANs) evolution. Both wearable devices and sensors directly integrated in garments envision a word in which each of us is supervised by an invisible assistant monitoring our health and daily-life activities. New opportunities are enabled because improvements in sensors miniaturization and transmission efficiency of the wireless protocols, that achieved the integration of high computational power aboard independent, energy-autonomous, small form factor devices. Application’s purposes are various: (I) data collection to achieve off-line knowledge discovery; (II) user notification of his/her activities or in case a danger occurs; (III) biofeedback rehabilitation; (IV) remote alarm activation in case the subject need assistance; (V) introduction of a more natural interaction with the surrounding computerized environment; (VI) users identification by physiological or behavioral characteristics. Telemedicine and mHealth [1] are two of the leading concepts directly related to healthcare. The capability to borne unobtrusiveness objects supports users’ autonomy. A new sense of freedom is shown to the user, not only supported by a psychological help but a real safety improvement. Furthermore, medical community aims the introduction of new devices to innovate patient treatments. In particular, the extension of the ambulatory analysis in the real life scenario by proving continuous acquisition. The wide diffusion of emerging wellness portable equipment extended the usability of wearable devices also for fitness and training by monitoring user performance on the working task. The learning of the right execution techniques related to work, sport, music can be supported by an electronic trainer furnishing the adequate aid. HCIs made real the concept of Ubiquitous, Pervasive Computing and Calm Technology introduced in the 1988 by Marc Weiser and John Seeley Brown. They promotes the creation of pervasive environments, enhancing the human experience. Context aware, adaptive and proactive environments serve and help people by becoming sensitive and reactive to their presence, since electronics is ubiquitous and deployed everywhere. In this thesis we pay attention to the integration of all the aspects involved in a BAN development. Starting from the choice of sensors we design the node, configure the radio network, implement real-time data analysis and provide a feedback to the user. We present algorithms to be implemented in wearable assistant for posture and gait analysis and to provide assistance on different walking conditions, preventing falls. Our aim, expressed by the idea to contribute at the development of a non proprietary solutions, driven us to integrate commercial and standard solutions in our devices. We use sensors available on the market and avoided to design specialized sensors in ASIC technologies. We employ standard radio protocol and open source projects when it was achieved. The specific contributions of the PhD research activities are presented and discussed in the following. • We have designed and build several wireless sensor node providing both sensing and actuator capability making the focus on the flexibility, small form factor and low power consumption. The key idea was to develop a simple and general purpose architecture for rapid analysis, prototyping and deployment of BAN solutions. Two different sensing units are integrated: kinematic (3D accelerometer and 3D gyroscopes) and kinetic (foot-floor contact pressure forces). Two kind of feedbacks were implemented: audio and vibrotactile. • Since the system built is a suitable platform for testing and measuring the features and the constraints of a sensor network (radio communication, network protocols, power consumption and autonomy), we made a comparison between Bluetooth and ZigBee performance in terms of throughput and energy efficiency. Test in the field evaluate the usability in the fall detection scenario. • To prove the flexibility of the architecture designed, we have implemented a wearable system for human posture rehabilitation. The application was developed in conjunction with biomedical engineers who provided the audio-algorithms to furnish a biofeedback to the user about his/her stability. • We explored off-line gait analysis of collected data, developing an algorithm to detect foot inclination in the sagittal plane, during walk. • In collaboration with the Wearable Lab – ETH, Zurich, we developed an algorithm to monitor the user during several walking condition where the user carry a load. The remainder of the thesis is organized as follows. Chapter I gives an overview about Body Area Networks (BANs), illustrating the relevant features of this technology and the key challenges still open. It concludes with a short list of the real solutions and prototypes proposed by academic research and manufacturers. The domain of the posture and gait analysis, the methodologies, and the technologies used to provide real-time feedback on detected events, are illustrated in Chapter II. The Chapter III and IV, respectively, shown BANs developed with the purpose to detect fall and monitor the gait taking advantage by two inertial measurement unit and baropodometric insoles. Chapter V reports an audio-biofeedback system to improve balance on the information provided by the use centre of mass. A walking assistant based on the KNN classifier to detect walking alteration on load carriage, is described in Chapter VI.

Connessione di sitemi a microcontrollore con reti geografiche

Fra le varie ragioni della crescente pervasività di Internet in molteplici settori di mercato del tutto estranei all’ICT, va senza dubbio evidenziata la possibilità di creare canali di comunicazione attraverso i quali poter comandare un sistema e ricevere da esso informazioni di qualsiasi genere, qualunque distanza separi controllato e controllore. Nel caso specifico, il contesto applicativo è l’automotive: in collaborazione col Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica dell’Università di Bologna, ci si è occupati del problema di rendere disponibile a distanza la grande quantità di dati che i vari sotto-sistemi componenti una automobile elettrica si scambiano fra loro, sia legati al tipo di propulsione, elettrico appunto, come i livelli di carica delle batterie o la temperatura dell’inverter, sia di natura meccanica, come i giri motore. L’obiettivo è quello di permettere all’utente (sia esso il progettista, il tecnico riparatore o semplicemente il proprietario) il monitoraggio e la supervisione dello stato del mezzo da remoto nelle sue varie fasi di vita: dai test eseguiti su prototipo in laboratorio, alla messa in strada, alla manutenzione ordinaria e straordinaria. L’approccio individuato è stato quello di collezionare e memorizzare in un archivio centralizzato, raggiungibile via Internet, tutti i dati necessari. Il sistema di elaborazione a bordo richiede di essere facilmente integrabile, quindi di piccole dimensioni, e a basso costo, dovendo prevedere la produzione di molti veicoli; ha inoltre compiti ben definiti e noti a priori. Data la situazione, si è quindi scelto di usare un sistema embedded, cioè un sistema elettronico di elaborazione progettato per svolgere un limitato numero di funzionalità specifiche sottoposte a vincoli temporali e/o economici. Apparati di questo tipo sono denominati “special purpose”, in opposizione ai sistemi di utilità generica detti “general purpose” quali, ad esempio, i personal computer, proprio per la loro capacità di eseguire ripetutamente un’azione a costo contenuto, tramite un giusto compromesso fra hardware dedicato e software, chiamato in questo caso “firmware”. I sistemi embedded hanno subito nel corso del tempo una profonda evoluzione tecnologica, che li ha portati da semplici microcontrollori in grado di svolgere limitate operazioni di calcolo a strutture complesse in grado di interfacciarsi a un gran numero di sensori e attuatori esterni oltre che a molte tecnologie di comunicazione. Nel caso in esame, si è scelto di affidarsi alla piattaforma open-source Arduino; essa è composta da un circuito stampato che integra un microcontrollore Atmel da programmare attraverso interfaccia seriale, chiamata Arduino board, ed offre nativamente numerose funzionalità, quali ingressi e uscite digitali e analogici, supporto per SPI, I2C ed altro; inoltre, per aumentare le possibilità d’utilizzo, può essere posta in comunicazione con schede elettroniche esterne, dette shield, progettate per le più disparate applicazioni, quali controllo di motori elettrici, gps, interfacciamento con bus di campo quale ad esempio CAN, tecnologie di rete come Ethernet, Bluetooth, ZigBee, etc. L’hardware è open-source, ovvero gli schemi elettrici sono liberamente disponibili e utilizzabili così come gran parte del software e della documentazione; questo ha permesso una grande diffusione di questo frame work, portando a numerosi vantaggi: abbassamento del costo, ambienti di sviluppo multi-piattaforma, notevole quantità di documentazione e, soprattutto, continua evoluzione ed aggiornamento hardware e software. È stato quindi possibile interfacciarsi alla centralina del veicolo prelevando i messaggi necessari dal bus CAN e collezionare tutti i valori che dovevano essere archiviati. Data la notevole mole di dati da elaborare, si è scelto di dividere il sistema in due parti separate: un primo nodo, denominato Master, è incaricato di prelevare dall’autovettura i parametri, di associarvi i dati GPS (velocità, tempo e posizione) prelevati al momento della lettura e di inviare il tutto a un secondo nodo, denominato Slave, che si occupa di creare un canale di comunicazione attraverso la rete Internet per raggiungere il database. La denominazione scelta di Master e Slave riflette la scelta fatta per il protocollo di comunicazione fra i due nodi Arduino, ovvero l’I2C, che consente la comunicazione seriale fra dispositivi attraverso la designazione di un “master” e di un arbitrario numero di “slave”. La suddivisione dei compiti fra due nodi permette di distribuire il carico di lavoro con evidenti vantaggi in termini di affidabilità e prestazioni. Del progetto si sono occupate due Tesi di Laurea Magistrale; la presente si occupa del dispositivo Slave e del database. Avendo l’obiettivo di accedere al database da ovunque, si è scelto di appoggiarsi alla rete Internet, alla quale si ha oggi facile accesso da gran parte del mondo. Questo ha fatto sì che la scelta della tecnologia da usare per il database ricadesse su un web server che da un lato raccoglie i dati provenienti dall’autovettura e dall’altro ne permette un’agevole consultazione. Anch’esso è stato implementato con software open-source: si tratta, infatti, di una web application in linguaggio php che riceve, sotto forma di richieste HTTP di tipo GET oppure POST, i dati dal dispositivo Slave e provvede a salvarli, opportunamente formattati, in un database MySQL. Questo impone però che, per dialogare con il web server, il nodo Slave debba implementare tutti i livelli dello stack protocollare di Internet. Due differenti shield realizzano quindi il livello di collegamento, disponibile sia via cavo sia wireless, rispettivamente attraverso l’implementazione in un caso del protocollo Ethernet, nell’altro della connessione GPRS. A questo si appoggiano i protocolli TCP/IP che provvedono a trasportare al database i dati ricevuti dal dispositivo Master sotto forma di messaggi HTTP. Sono descritti approfonditamente il sistema veicolare da controllare e il sistema controllore; i firmware utilizzati per realizzare le funzioni dello Slave con tecnologia Ethernet e con tecnologia GPRS; la web application e il database; infine, sono presentati i risultati delle simulazioni e dei test svolti sul campo nel laboratorio DIE.