Epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus in Ontario, Canada, 2002-2003 /

Since the discovery of West Nile (WN) virus in the Western Hemisphere many surveillance programs have been implemented to monitor the epidemiology and genetic variation of WN virus in North America. This project was based on the WN virus Adult Mosquito Identification and Diagnostic Program conducted at Brock University for Ontario, Canada, during the 2002 and 2003 transmission seasons. There are three sections to this thesis. The first section investigated which mosquito species carry WN virus in Ontario, Canada throughout the 2002-2003 transmission seasons. It was found that from the 2002 data, eight mosquito species were detected with WN virus (Aedes vexans, Anopheles punctipennis, Coquilleltidia perlurbans, Culex salinarius, Cx. pipiens, Cx. resluans, Ochlerolalus Irivillalus and Och. Iriserialus) and 7.19% of the total mosquito pools tested were found to be WN virus positive (129 positive poolsll, 793 total pools tested). In 2003, WN virus was detected in only five mosquito species (Ae. vexans, Cx. salinarius, Och. Iriserialus, Cx. pipiens and Cx. resluans) and 1.42% of the total mosquito pools tested were WN virus positive (101 positive poolsl7,1 01 total pools tested). WN virus positive mosquito pools were detected 3-4 weeks earlier in 2002 compared to 2003 data. The second section investigated the actual infection rate (IR) of clearly identified Cx. pipiens and Cx. resluans from the 2002 outbreak. It was found that significantly more ex. resluans were infected with WN virus compared to ex. pipiens. The third section investigated the degree of variability of the WN virus genome. A 879 nucleotide section of the WN virus genome was amplified from 21 American Crows and 20 adult female mosquitoes from Ontario, Canada, and compared to the homologous region of the original New York 1999 Chilean Flamingo sequence (NY99FL). Seventy-two nucleotides from Ontario WN virus sequences showed variability compared to NY99FL with 10 synapotypic changes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between Ontario and US WN virus sequences.

Amour, utilité et dignité de la personne humaine : le schéma uti/frui chez Augustin lu à travers l'impératif catégorique

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Les admissions hospitalières pour les infections urinaires: tendances temporelles, fardeau économique et facteurs prédicateurs de mauvaise évolution des patients

Résumé Introduction: Les infections urinaires (IU) sont les infections bactériennes les plus fréquentes chez les patients hospitalisés. Cette étude décrit les tendances temporelles d'admission et de mortalité liées aux hospitalisations pour les IU, ainsi que le fardeau économique associé. Les prédicteurs de mauvaise évolution clinique et de mortalité sont examinés par la suite. Méthodes: Les données ont été extraites à partir de la base de données du NIS entre le 1er janvier 1998 et le 31 décembre 2010. 1,717,181 hospitalisations liées aux IU ont été retenues. L'incidence et la mortalité ont été calculées et stratifiées selon le sexe, l'âge et la présence de sepsis. Les frais médians et totaux pour les hospitalisations sont calculés et ajustés pour l'inflation. Finalement, les prédicteurs d'avoir un sepsis induit par les IU et de mortalité sont examinés avec une analyse par régression logistique multivariée. Résultats: L'incidence globale d'hospitalisation et la mortalité associées aux IU voit une croissance annuel estimé (EAPC) de +4.764 et +4.610 respectivement (p<0.0001). L'augmentation d'incidence est le plus marquée pour les patients âgés de 55 à 64 ans (EAPC = +7.805; p<0.0001). Les frais médians par hospitalisation ont augmenté de $10 313 en 1998 à $21 049 en 2010 (EAPC +9.405; p<0.0001). Les frais globaux pour les hospitalisations des IU ont augmenté de $8.9 milliard en 1998 à $33.7 milliard en 2010 (EAPC +0.251; p<0.0001). Les patients âgés, de sexe masculin, de race afro-américaine, ainsi que les patients assurés par Medicaid ou ceux sans assurance, et les patients soignés à des centres non-académiques sont à risque plus important de mortalité (p<0.0001). Conclusion: L'incidence et la mortalité associées aux IU ont augmenté au cours de la dernière décennie. Les frais médians ajustés pour l'inflation ainsi que les frais globaux ont augmenté progressivement au cours de la période d'étude. Dans la cohorte étudiée, les patients âgés, de sexe masculin, de race afro-américaine, ainsi que les patients assurés par Medicaid ou ceux sans assurance, et les patients soignés à des centres non-académiques sont à risque plus important de mortalité. Ces données représentent des indicateurs de qualité de soins qui pourraient permettre d'adapter certaines politiques de soins de santé aux besoins des sous-populations plus vulnérables.

Molecular Epidemiology of Escherichia coli isolates from Environmental, Food and Clinical Sources

In the present study diversity of E. coli in the water samples of Cochin estuary were studied for a period of 3 years ranging from January 2010- December 2012. The stations were selected based on the closeness to satellite townships and waste input. Two of the stations (Chitoor and Thevara) were fixed upstream, two in the central part of the estuary namely Bolgatty and Off Marine Science Jetty, and one at the Barmouth. Diversity was assessed in terms of serotypes, phylogenetic groups and genotypes. Two groups of seafood samples such as fish and shellfish collected from the Cochin estuary were used for isolation of E. coli. One hundred clinical E. coli isolates were collected from one public health centre, one hospital and five medical labs in and around Cochin City, Kerala. From our results it was clear that pathogen cycling is occurring through food, water and clinical sources. Pathogen cycling through food is very common and fish and shellfish that harbour these strains might pose potential health risk to consumer. Estuarine environment is a melting pot for various kinds of wastes, both organic and inorganic. Mixing up of waste water from various sources such as domestic, industries, hospitals and sewage released into these water bodies resulting in the co-existence of E. coli from various sources thus offering a conducive environment for horizontal gene transfer. Opportunistic pathogens might acquire genes for drug resistance and virulence turning them to potential pathogens. Prevalence of ExPEC in the Cochin estuary, pose threat to people who use this water for fishing and recreation. Food chain also plays an important role in the transit of virulence genes from the environments to the human. Antibiotic resistant E. coli are widespread in estuarine water, seafood and clinical samples, for reasons well known such as indiscriminate use of antibiotics in animal production systems, aquaculture and human medicine. Since the waste water from these sources entering the estuary provides selection pressure to drug resistant mutants in the environment. It is high time that the authorities concerned should put systems in place for monitoring and enforcement to curb such activities. Microbial contamination can limit people’s enjoyment of coastal waters for contact recreation or shellfish-gathering. E. coli can make people sick if they are present in high levels in water used for contact recreation or shellfish gathering. When feeding, shellfish can filter large volumes of seawater, so any microorganisms present in the water become accumulated and concentrated in the shellfish flesh. If E. coli contaminated shellfish are consumed the impact to human health includes gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and bacteraemia. In conclusion, the high prevalence of various pathogenic serotypes and phylogenetic groups, multidrug-resistance, and virulence factor genes detected among E. coli isolates from stations close to Cochin city is a matter of concern, since there is a large reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence traits within the community, and that the resistance genes and plasmid-encoded genes for virulence were easily transferable to other strains. Given the severity of the clinical manifestations of the disease in humans and the inability and/or the potential risks of antibiotic administration for treatment, it appears that the most direct and effective measure towards prevention of STEC and ExPEC infections in humans and ensuring public health may be considered as a priority.

Patrones de resistencia bacteriana en infecciones urinarias en pacientes ambulatorios. JAVESALUD IPS. 2011-2012

Introducción: El aumento de la resistencia bacteriana, el uso inadecuado de antibióticos y las formulaciones empíricas, en infecciones urinarias, obligan a establecer las características epidemiológicas y de resistencia de nuestro medio. Método: Se revisaron todos los urocultivos positivos (RUFC mayor a 100000) solicitados en JAVESALUD entre junio/2011 y marzo/2012 y las historias clínicas correspondientes, con el objeto de realizar análisis descriptivo de variables demográficas, microorganismos aislados y resistencia bacteriana. Posteriormente se identificaron los factores de riesgo que favorecen aparición de multirresistencia en los pacientes mediante una regresión logística binaria. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 204 urocultivos, correspondientes a 120 pacientes. El 87% fueron mujeres (edad promedio 58,9 años). La bacteria más aislada: E. coli (64%). La resistencia antibiótica fue: ampicilina 57,39%, ciprofloxacina 28,9%, nitrofurantoína 9,71% y TMP/SMX 32,47%. La multirresistencia (24,3%) muestra asociación con el antecedente de múltiples tratamientos recibidos (p 0.015) y las infecciones urinarias a repetición (p 0.005). Discusión: La distribución por géneros y la resistencia son similares a lo reportados en la literatura, sin embargo, la frecuencia de infecciones por E. coli resulta menor a lo reportado. Los altos niveles de multirresistencia se encuentran relacionados con el tipo de pacientes manejados en la institución. Los manejos empíricos, con nitrofurantoína se deben limitar a los pacientes que cumplan a cabalidad con los criterios diagnósticos de infección urinaria simple. El urocultivo es fundamental en el manejo de pacientes con infecciones a repetición que hayan recibido múltiples tratamientos y que consulten de manera repetida al servicio de medicina general.

Teachings of Integrate Epidemiology for the Health Sience Departments

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Urban epidemiology of labor informality in Bogotá: A neighborhood interactions approach

Usando datos georreferenciados sobre mercado laboral para la ciudad de Bogotá, se desarrolla una estrategia empírica para identificar el efecto de la tasa de informalidad en el vecindario sobre la probabilidad individual de conseguir un trabajo informal. Se encuentra evidencia de la existencia de tales efectos del vecindario. Estos efectos funcionan de forma distinta para informalidad de trabajadores asalariados o independientes.

Perfil microbiológico, prevalencia de resistencia antibiótica y patrones de susceptibilidad en infección urinaria en una población pediátrica

Introducción: El incremento de la resistencia antibiótica se considera un problema de salud pública con consecuencias clínicas y económicas, por lo tanto se determinará la prevalencia de resistencia antibiótica en Infección del Tracto Urinario (ITU, el perfil microbiológico y los patrones de susceptibilidad en una población pediátrica atendida en la Fundación Cardioinfantil. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal, retrospectivo, entre 1 mes a 18 años de edad, con diagnóstico de ITU comunitaria atendidos entre Enero de 2011 y Diciembre de 2013. Se excluyeron pacientes con dispositivos en la vía urinaria, instrumentación quirúrgica previa, trayectos fistulosos entre la vía urinaria y sistema digestivo, ITU luego de 48 horas de hospitalización y recaída clínica en tratamiento. Se estableció la prevalencia de ITU resistente y se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la información. Resultados: Se evaluaron 385 registros clínicos, con una mediana de 1.08 años (RIQ 0.8 – 4.08), el 73.5% eran niñas. La fiebre predominó (76.5%), seguido de emesis (32.0%), disuria (23.7%) y dolor abdominal (23.1%). El uropatógeno más frecuente fue E.coli (75%), seguido de Proteus mirabilis (8.5%) y Klebsiella spp. (8.3%). La Ampicilina, el Trimetropim sulfametoxazol, la Ampicilina sulbactam y el ácido nalidixico tuvieron mayor tasa de resistencia. La prevalencia de BLEE fue 5.2% y AmpC 3.9%. La prevalencia de resistencia antimicrobiana fue de 11.9%. Conclusiones: La E.coli es el uropatogeno más frecuentemente aislado en ITU, con resistencia a la ampicilina en 60.2%, cefalosporinas de primera generación en 15.5%, trimetropin sulfametoxazol en 43.9%, cefepime 4.8%. La prevalencia de resistencia antimicrobiana fue de 11.9%.

Caracterização das infecções do trato urinário de origem microbiana - casuística de um hospital veterinário em Lisboa

As infecções do trato urinário (ITU’s) são doenças infecciosas frequentes na prática clínica veterinária, sendo fundamental uma correta antibioterapia, principalmente pelo crescente desenvolvimento de resistências bacterianas aos antibióticos. Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo, englobando 86 animais admitidos no Hospital Veterinário do Restelo, submetidos a urocultura, com o objetivo de caracterizar as ITU’s microbianas neste hospital, avaliando a sua epidemiologia e susceptibilidade antibiótica das bactérias isoladas. Da totalidade das uroculturas realizadas (n=86), 28 foram positivas, 18 em canídeos e 10 em felídeos, sem predisposição racial, mais em fêmeas nos canídeos e em machos nos felídeos. A idade média dos animais com ITU foi 8 anos nos canídeos e 10 anos nos felídeos. Todas as ITU´s foram monobacterianas, sendo o microorganismo mais frequentemente isolado a Escherichia coli. Verificou-se multirresistência em 10 das 28 bactérias isoladas. A gentamicina foi o antibiótico com melhor perfil de sensibilidade global e o que apresentou mais resistências foi a tetraciclina. O antibiótico mais prescrito de forma empírica foi a enrofloxacina. Este estudo, especialmente se realizado de forma periódica, poderá ser um contributo para a elaboração de guias institucionais de antibioterapia adequada e minimização do aparecimento de resistências bacterianas.

Caracterização das infeções do trato urinário de origem microbiana : casuística de um Hospital Veterinário de Lisboa

As infeções do trato urinário (ITU’s) são doenças infeciosas frequentes na prática clínica veterinária, sendo fundamental uma correta antibioterapia, principalmente pelo crescente desenvolvimento de resistências bacterianas aos antibióticos. Realizou-se um estudo retrospetivo, englobando 86 animais admitidos no Hospital Veterinário do Restelo, submetidos a urocultura, com o objetivo de caracterizar as ITU’s microbianas neste hospital, avaliando a sua epidemiologia e suscetibilidade antibiótica das bactérias isoladas. Da totalidade das uroculturas realizadas (n=86), 28 foram positivas, 18 em canídeos e 10 em felídeos, sem predisposição racial, mais em fêmeas nos canídeos e em machos nos felídeos. A idade média dos animais com ITU foi 8 anos nos canídeos e 10 anos nos felídeos. Todas as ITU´s foram monobacterianas, sendo o microorganismo mais frequentemente isolado a Escherichia coli. Verificou-se multirresistência em 10 das 28 bactérias isoladas. A gentamicina foi o antibiótico com melhor perfil de sensibilidade global e o que apresentou mais resistências foi a tetraciclina. O antibiótico mais prescrito de forma empírica foi a enrofloxacina. Este estudo,especialmente se realizado de forma periódica, poderá ser um contributo para a elaboração de guias institucionais de antibioterapia adequada e minimização do aparecimento de resistências bacterianas.