A PCR based method to detect Russula spp. in soil samples and Limodorum abortivum roots in Mediterranean environments

Aim of study. Orchidaceae has the largest number of species of any family in the plant kingdom. This family is subject to a high risk of extinction in natural environments, such as natural parks and protected areas. Recent studies have shown the prevalence of many species of orchids to be linked to fungal soil diversity, due to their myco-heterotrophic behaviour. Plant communities determine fungal soil diversity, and both generate optimal conditions for orchid development. Area of study. The work was carried out in n the two most important natural parks in Alicante (Font Roja and Sierra Mariola), in South-eastern of Spain. Material and Methods. We designed a molecular tool to monitor the presence of Russula spp. in soil and orchids roots, combined with phytosociological methods. Main results. Using a PCR-based method, we detected the presence in the soil and Limodorum abortivum orchid roots of the mycorrhizal fungi Russula spp. The species with highest coverage was Quercus rotundifolia in areas where the orchid was present. Research highlights. We present a useful tool based on PCR to detect the presence of Russula spp. in a natural environment. These results are consistent with those obtained in different studies that linked the presence of the mycorrhizal fungi Russula spp. in roots of the species Limodorum and the interaction between these fungal species and Quercus ilex trees in Mediterranean forest environments.

Unfair Advantage: An Intriguing Example of Legal Transformation in the Swiss Private Law

This paper demonstrates a mixed approach to the theme of the instrumentality of law by both analysing the goal of a legal transformation and the techniques adapted to achieve it. The correct recognition of a certain practical necessity has lead the Swiss Federal Tribunal to an intriguing judgement “Fussballclub Lohn-Fall” of 1997. The legal remedies provided for cases of unfair advantage have been then creatively modified praeter legem. The adaptation was strongly influenced by foreign legal patterns. The Swiss Code of Obligations of 1911 provides a norm in art. 21 on unfair advantage (unconscionable contract), prescribing that if one party takes unjustified advantage over the weaknesses of another in order to receive an excessive benefit, such a contract is avoidable. Its wording has been shaped over a hundred years ago and still remains intact. However, over the course of the 20th century the necessity for a more efficient protection has arisen. The legal doctrine and jurisprudence were constantly pointing out the incompleteness of the remedies provided by art. 21 of the Code of Obligations. In the “Fussballclub Lohn-Fall” (BGE 123 III 292) the Swiss Federal Tribunal finally introduced the possibility to modify the contract. Its decision has been described as “a sign of the zeitgeist, spirit of the time”. It was the Swiss legal doctrine that has imposed the new measure under the influence of the German “quantitative Teilnichtigkeit” (quantitative partial nullity). The historical heritage of the Roman laesio enormis has also played its role.

Some considerations of hazards in the use of lasers for artistic displays /

Mode of access: Internet.

Inorganic chemicals as aids in burning hardwood tree stumps /

Cover title.

Modern chromatics, with applications to art and industry.

Series title also at head of t.-p.

Beschreibung der Gemälde des Polygnotos von Thasos in der Lesche zu Delphi /

Mode of access: Internet.

Art and artists of Indiana,

"Who's who in art; Indiana painters, sculptors, and illustrators": p. 349-405.

Das Teuflische und Groteske in der Kunst.

Mode of access: Internet.

Das Teuflische und Groteske in der Kunst, mit 103 Abbildungen.

Mode of access: Internet.

Het sociaal conflict in de beeldende kunst /

Includes bibliographical references (p. [231]-235)

Schreiben eines Freundes der Kunst an Herrn Gallerie-Director Krahe in Düsseldorf, die Beleuchtung eines Gemäldes vorzüglich betreffend.

An essay on the use of lightning in two landscape paintings by Nicolaas Pietersz Berchem and Aelbert Cuyp.

Die entwickelung des putto in der plastik der frührenaissance.

Lebenslauf.

A practical treatise on painting : in three parts : consisting of hints on composition, chiaroscuro, and colouring : the whole illustrated by examples from the Italian, Venetian, Flemish, and Dutch schools /

Pagination, part 1: 31 pages, 9 leaves of plates; part 2: vi, 45 pages, 8 leaves of plates; part 3: ix, 64 pages, 8 leaves of plates.

Das teuflische und groteske in der kunst.

Mode of access: Internet.

Negotium perambulans in tenebris; études de démonologie gréco-orientale.

Mode of access: Internet.