Stated preference methods and landscape ecology indicators: an example of transdisciplinarity in landscape economic valuation

This paper addresses the representation of landscape complexity in stated preferences research. It integrates landscape ecology and landscape economics and conducts the landscape analysis in a three-dimensional space to provide ecologically meaningful quantitative landscape indicators that are used as variables for the monetary valuation of landscape in a stated preferences study. Expected heterogeneity in taste intensity across respondents is addressed with a mixed logit model in Willingness to Pay space. Our methodology is applied to value, in monetary terms, the landscape of the Sorrento Peninsula in Italy, an area that has faced increasing pressure from urbanization affecting its traditional horticultural, herbaceous, and arboreal structure, with loss of biodiversity, and an increasing risk of landslides. We find that residents of the Sorrento Peninsula would prefer landscapes characterized by large open views and natural features. Residents also appear to dislike heterogeneous landscapes and the presence of lemon orchards and farmers' stewardship, which are associated with the current failure of protecting the traditional landscape. The outcomes suggest that the use of landscape ecology metrics in a stated preferences model may be an effective way to move forward integrated methodologies to better understand and represent landscape and its complexity.

Vertebrate diversity in the Bussaco Mountain and surrounding areas

A biodiversidade é fundamental para o funcionamento dos ecossistemas e, além do seu valor intrínseco, fornece bens e serviços essenciais ao Homem. É consensual que as reservas naturais, por si só, não conseguirão preservar a biodiversidade de modo a que seja travada a perda de espécies que vem acontecendo a ritmos sem precedente. Assim, compreender os padrões de distribuição das espécies à escala regional ou sub-regional, ainda que em territórios não classificados, é crucial para o estabelecimento de políticas de gestão que visem a conservação da biodiversidade. O principal objectivo deste trabalho centrou-se na descrição e compreensão dos padrões de riqueza específica, distribuição e abundância de Vertebrados face aos diversos habitats que constituem a área de estudo. Constituíram, assim, objecto de estudo os anfíbios, aves, morcegos, micromamíferos e mamíferos de médio porte. A Serra do Bussaco e áreas envolventes encontram-se dominadas por vastas extensões de monocultura de Pinus pinaster e Eucalyptus globulus e por terrenos agrícolas. A Mata Nacional do Bussaco, bosque extremamente diverso, é outro importante elemento de paisagem. Pretendeu-se então analisar o efeito das práticas silvícolas actuais e da intensificação da agricultura sobre a biodiversidade, averiguando a importância de cada tipo de habitat para os Vertebrados em geral, e para algumas classes em particular. De entre os terrenos agrícolas, é bastante claro que a agricultura tradicional, com a sua típica complexidade e disponibilidade de água, constitui um habitat muito importante para a maioria dos Vertebrados, tendo também apresentado o maior valor conservacionista. No que respeita aos habitats florestais, o bosque misto apresentou consistentemente maior riqueza específica e diversidade, afirmando-se como o habitat preferido para a maioria das espécies e aquele com maior valor conservacionista. Do ponto de vista da conservação, as monoculturas, especialmente as da uma espécie exótica, revelaram-se habitats relativamente pobres. No entanto, estas conclusões referem-se às tendências gerais, sendo que taxa particulares respondem de forma diferente, atendendo aos seus requisitos específicos. A informação recolhida fornece bases essenciais para a construção de linhas de orientação que visem a integração das actividades humanas com a manutenção da biodiversidade e respectivos serviços, presumivelmente com aplicação a outras áreas geográficas.

An overview of chemosynthetic symbioses in bivalves from the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea

Deep-sea bivalves found at hydrothermal vents, cold seeps and organic falls are sustained by chemosynthetic bacteria that ensure part or all of their carbon nutrition. These symbioses are of prime importance for the functioning of the ecosystems. Similar symbioses occur in other bivalve species living in shallow and coastal reduced habitats worldwide. In recent years, several deep-sea species have been investigated from continental margins around Europe, West Africa, eastern Americas, the Gulf of Mexico, and from hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In parallel, numerous, more easily accessible shallow marine species have been studied. Herein we provide a summary of the current knowledge available on chemosymbiotic bivalves in the area ranging west-to-east from the Gulf of Mexico to the Sea of Marmara, and north-to-south from the Arctic to the Gulf of Guinea. Characteristics of symbioses in 53 species from the area are summarized for each of the five bivalve families documented to harbor chemosynthetic symbionts (Mytilidae, Vesicomyidae, Solemyidae, Thyasiridae and Lucinidae). Comparisons are made between the families, with special emphasis on ecology, life cycle, and connectivity. Chemosynthetic symbioses are a major adaptation to ecosystems and habitats exposed to reducing conditions. However, relatively little is known regarding their diversity and functioning, apart from a few “model species” on which effort has focused over the last 30 yr. In the context of increasing concern about biodiversity and ecosystems, and increasing anthropogenic pressure on oceans, we advocate a better assessment of the diversity of bivalve symbioses in order to evaluate the capacities of these remarkable ecological and evolutionary units to withstand environmental change.

Initial insights on the biodiversity potential of biosolar roofs: A London Olympic Park green roof case study

Cities dominated by impervious artificial surfaces can experience myriad negative environmental impacts. Restoration of green infrastructure has been identified as a mechanism for increasing urban resilience, enabling cities to transition towards sustainable futures in the face of climate-driven change. Building rooftops represent a viable space for integrating new green infrastructure into high density urban areas. Urban rooftops also provide prime locations for photovoltaic (PV) systems. There is increasing recognition that these two technologies can be combined to deliver reciprocal benefits in terms of energy efficiency and biodiversity targets. Scarcity of scientific evaluation of the interaction between PVs and green roofs means that the potential benefits are currently poorly understood. This study documents evidence from a biodiversity monitoring study of a substantial biosolar roof installed in the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. Vegetation and invertebrate communities were sampled and habitat structure measured in relation to habitat niches on the roof, including PV panels. Ninety-two plant species were recorded on the roof and variation in vegetation structure associated with proximity to PV panels was identified. Almost 50% of target invertebrate species collected were designated of conservation importance. Arthropod distribution varied in relation to habitat niches on the roof. The overall aim of the MPC green roof design was to create a mosaic of habitats to enhance biodiversity, and the results of the study suggest that PV panels can contribute to niche diversity on a green roof. Further detailed study is required to fully characterise the effects of PV panel density on biodiversity.

Technical and economic viability of traps in the portuguese fishery of deepwater rose shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris)

Dissertação de mestrado, Aquacultura e Pescas, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Impacts from aquaculture facilities on intertidal ecosystems using quadrant surveys and antibiotic tracers

Senior thesis written for Oceanography 444

Senior Managers’ Perspectives of Leading and Managing Effective, Sustainable and Successful Partnerships

Formal and informal partnerships have become key features of education policy and practice in many countries and managing such collaborative arrangements is an important dimension of the role(s) of leaders of educational organizations. Recent research has shown both the tensions and conflict that can develop in partnerships as well as the opportunities and benefits of partnership working for organizations and individuals. This article focuses on the characteristics of partnerships that contribute to their effectiveness, sustainability and success, filling a gap in the literature on educational partnerships. The research data emanate from a qualitative study of partnership working in England. The study used a grounded approach and inductively linked characteristics of partnerships found in the partnership literature with empirical data from a case study of a subregional partnership of education and training organizations. This combined evidence is used to conceptualize partnership as a continuum of weak to strong forms of partnership and to develop a table of characteristics which underpin such partnerships. The findings reveal the extent to which trust, networks, norms and values support effective, sustained and successful partnerships. These characteristics are differentiated and may fluctuate during the lifecourse of a partnership but remain fundamental features of partnership working and significantly contribute to the strength and effectiveness of partnerships.

Understanding community empowerment in urban regeneration and planning in England: putting policy and practice in context

Community involvement in the fields of town planning and urban regeneration includes a wide range of opportunities for residents and service users to engage with networks, partnerships and centres of power. Both the terminology and degree of the transfer of power to citizens varies in different policy areas and contexts but five core objectives can be identified. This article approaches the subject of community empowerment by exploring the theoretical literature; reviewing recent policy pronouncements relating to community involvement in England and by discussing a recent case study of an Urban II project in London. The conclusions suggest that community empowerment is always likely to be partial and contingent on local circumstances and the wider context.

Mapping multi-species habitat use for marine conservation planning

Tese de Doutoramento, Ciências do Mar (Biologia Marinha)

A traffic differentiation add-on to the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol: implementation and experimental validation over a real-time operating system

The IEEE 802.15.4 is the most widespread used protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and it is being used as a baseline for several higher layer protocols such as ZigBee, 6LoWPAN or WirelessHART. Its MAC (Medium Access Control) supports both contention-free (CFP, based on the reservation of guaranteed time-slots GTS) and contention based (CAP, ruled by CSMA/CA) access, when operating in beacon-enabled mode. Thus, it enables the differentiation between real-time and best-effort traffic. However, some WSN applications and higher layer protocols may strongly benefit from the possibility of supporting more traffic classes. This happens, for instance, for dense WSNs used in time-sensitive industrial applications. In this context, we propose to differentiate traffic classes within the CAP, enabling lower transmission delays and higher success probability to timecritical messages, such as for event detection, GTS reservation and network management. Building upon a previously proposed methodology (TRADIF), in this paper we outline its implementation and experimental validation over a real-time operating system. Importantly, TRADIF is fully backward compatible with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, enabling to create different traffic classes just by tuning some MAC parameters.

Design and evaluation of multi-band RF energy harvesting circuits and antennas for WSNs

Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting is an emerging technology that will enable to drive the next generation of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) without the need of using batteries. In this paper, we present RF energy harvesting circuits specifically developed for GSM bands (900/1800) and a wearable dual-band antenna suitable for possible implementation within clothes for body worn applications. Besides, we address the development and experimental characterization of three different prototypes of a five-stage Dickson voltage multiplier (with match impedance circuit) responsible for harvesting the RF energy. Different printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication techniques to produce the prototypes result in different values of conversion efficiency. Therefore, we conclude that if the PCB fabrication is achieved by means of a rigorous control in the photo-positive method and chemical bath procedure applied to the PCB it allows for attaining better values for the conversion efficiency. All three prototypes (1, 2 and 3) can power supply the IRIS sensor node for RF received powers of -4 dBm, -6 dBm and -5 dBm, and conversion efficiencies of 20, 32 and 26%, respectively. © 2014 IEEE.

Layered smart grid architecture approach and field tests by ZigBee technology

This paper presents a layered Smart Grid architecture enhancing security and reliability, having the ability to act in order to maintain and correct infrastructure components without affecting the client service. The architecture presented is based in the core of well design software engineering, standing upon standards developed over the years. The layered Smart Grid offers a base tool to ease new standards and energy policies implementation. The ZigBee technology implementation test methodology for the Smart Grid is presented, and provides field tests using ZigBee technology to control the new Smart Grid architecture approach. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nanoparticles for the remediation of agrogenic contaminated soil and groundwater – a review

The wide spread use and strong reliance on both fertilizers and pesticides made of agrigenic pollution one of the major contemporary threats to environment and human health. Impacts on the environment vary from local effects, such as eutrophycation1, 2, loss of biodiversity and diminished ecosystem health3, to global effects, such as the aggravation of global warming2, 4 and ozone layer depletion5. The novelty of nanoremediation and its early successes, reported for various contexts, present the prospect for the development of relevant applications for agrigenic contaminants.

Teachers Without Borders: Exploring Experiences, Transitions, and Identities of Refugee Women Teachers from Yugoslavia

Prior to September 11 2011, Canada was recognized as a leading advocate of international refugee protection and the third largest settlement country in the world. University educated refugees were admitted to the country in part on the basis of their education, but once in Canada their credentials were often ignored. The purpose of this study was to explore, through a transnational feminist lens, immigrant and settlement experiences of refugee female teachers from Yugoslavia who immigrated to Canada during and after the Yugoslav wars; to document the ways in which socially constructed categories such as gender, race, and refugee status have influenced their post-exile experiences and identities; and to identify the government's role in creating conditions where the women were either able or unable to continue in their profession. In this study, I employed both a transnational feminist methodology and narrative inquiry. The analysis process included an emphasis on the storying stories model, poetic transcription, and concentric storying. The women’s voices are represented in various forms throughout the document including individual and collective narratives. Each narrative contributed to a detailed picture of immigration and settlement processes as women spoke of continuing their education, knowing or learning the official language, and contributing to Canadian society and the economy. The findings challenge the image of a victimized and submissive refugee woman, and bring to the centre of discourse the image of the refugee woman as a skilled professional who often remains un- or underemployed in her new country. The dissertation makes an important contribution to an underdeveloped area in the research literature, and has the potential to inform immigration, settlement, and teacher education policies and practices in Canada and elsewhere.

Recognition of Facial Expressions with Autoencoders and Convolutional-Nets

Les humains communiquent via différents types de canaux: les mots, la voix, les gestes du corps, des émotions, etc. Pour cette raison, un ordinateur doit percevoir ces divers canaux de communication pour pouvoir interagir intelligemment avec les humains, par exemple en faisant usage de microphones et de webcams. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à déterminer les émotions humaines à partir d’images ou de vidéo de visages afin d’ensuite utiliser ces informations dans différents domaines d’applications. Ce mémoire débute par une brève introduction à l'apprentissage machine en s’attardant aux modèles et algorithmes que nous avons utilisés tels que les perceptrons multicouches, réseaux de neurones à convolution et autoencodeurs. Elle présente ensuite les résultats de l'application de ces modèles sur plusieurs ensembles de données d'expressions et émotions faciales. Nous nous concentrons sur l'étude des différents types d’autoencodeurs (autoencodeur débruitant, autoencodeur contractant, etc) afin de révéler certaines de leurs limitations, comme la possibilité d'obtenir de la coadaptation entre les filtres ou encore d’obtenir une courbe spectrale trop lisse, et étudions de nouvelles idées pour répondre à ces problèmes. Nous proposons également une nouvelle approche pour surmonter une limite des autoencodeurs traditionnellement entrainés de façon purement non-supervisée, c'est-à-dire sans utiliser aucune connaissance de la tâche que nous voulons finalement résoudre (comme la prévision des étiquettes de classe) en développant un nouveau critère d'apprentissage semi-supervisé qui exploite un faible nombre de données étiquetées en combinaison avec une grande quantité de données non-étiquetées afin d'apprendre une représentation adaptée à la tâche de classification, et d'obtenir une meilleure performance de classification. Finalement, nous décrivons le fonctionnement général de notre système de détection d'émotions et proposons de nouvelles idées pouvant mener à de futurs travaux.