Ultrastructure of Hepatozoon boigae (Mackerras, 1961) nov comb. from brown tree snakes, Boiga irregularis, from northern Australia

Intraerythrocytic bodies identified as haemogregarine gamonts were found in 29% of 97 brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) examined during a haematological survey of reptiles in Australasia during 1994-1998. The morphological characteristics of the parasites were consistent with those of Haemogregarina boigae Mackerras, 1961, although the gamonts were slightly larger and lacked red caps but contained distinctive polar grey capsules. Gamonts did not distend host cells but laterally displaced their nuclei. They were contained within parasitophorous vacuoles and possessed typical apicomplexan organelles, including a conoid, polar rings, rhoptries and micronemes. Schizonts producing up to 30 merozoites were detected in endothelial cells of the lungs of 11 snakes. The absence of erythrocytic schizogony suggests the parasites belong to the genus Hepatozoon. Electron microscopy also revealed the presence of curious encapsulated organisms in degenerating erythrocytes. These stages did not possess apical complex organelles and were surrounded by thick walls containing circumferential junctions and interposed strips reminiscent of oocyst sutures.

The tree cut and merge algorithm for estimation of network reliability

This article presents Monte Carlo techniques for estimating network reliability. For highly reliable networks, techniques based on graph evolution models provide very good performance. However, they are known to have significant simulation cost. An existing hybrid scheme (based on partitioning the time space) is available to speed up the simulations; however, there are difficulties with optimizing the important parameter associated with this scheme. To overcome these difficulties, a new hybrid scheme (based on partitioning the edge set) is proposed in this article. The proposed scheme shows orders of magnitude improvement of performance over the existing techniques in certain classes of network. It also provides reliability bounds with little overhead.

Genetic variation in foliar carbon isotope composition in relation to tree growth and foliar nitrogen concentration in clones of the F-1 hybrid between slash pine and Caribbean pine

The objectives of this study were: (1) to quantify the genetic variation in foliar carbon isotope composition (delta(13)C) of 122 clones of ca. 4-year-old F-1 hybrids between slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm var. elliottii) and Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Barr.,et Golf.) grown at two field experimental sites with different water and nitrogen availability in southeast Queensland, Australia, in relation to tree growth and foliar nitrogen concentration (N-mass); and (2) to assess the potential of using delta(13)C measurements, in the foliage materials collected from the clone hedges at nursery and the 4-year-old tree canopies in the field, as an indirect index of tree water use efficiency for selecting elite F-1 hybrid pine clones with improved tree growth. There were significant differences in foliar delta(13)C between the nursery hedges and the 4-year-old tree canopies in the field, between the summer and winter seasons, between the two experimental sites, and between the upper outer and lower outer canopy positions sampled. This indicates that delta(13)C measurements in the foliage materials are significantly influenced by the sampling techniques and environmental conditions. Significant differences in foliar delta(13)C, at the upper outer canopy in both field experiments in summer and winter, were detected between the clones, and between the female parents of the clones. Clone means of tree height at age ca. 3 years were positively related to those of the upper outer canopy delta(13)C at both experimental sites in winter, but only for the wetter site in summer. There were positive, linear relationships between clone means of canopy delta(13)C and those of canopy N-mass, indicating that canopy photosynthetic capacity might be an important factor regulating the clonal variation in canopy delta(13)C. Significant correlations were found between clone means of canopy delta(13)C at both experimental sites in summer and winter, and between those at the upper outer and lower outer canopy positions. Mean clone delta(13)C for the nursery hedges was only positively related to mean clone stem diameter at 1.3 m height at age 3 years on the wetter site. The clone by site interaction for foliar delta(13)C at the upper outer canopy was significant only in summer. Overall, the relatively high genetic variance components for foliar delta(13)C and significant, positive correlations between clone means of foliar delta(13)C and tree growth have highlighted the potential of using foliar delta(13)C measurements for assisting in selection of the elite F-1 hybrid pine clones with improved tree growth. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Sinopse das espécies neotropicais do grupo brasiliensis do gênero Apenesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae)

São descritas e ilustradas Apenesia longa sp. nov., A. peccata sp. nov., A. magna sp. nov., A. permaxima sp. nov., A. perconcava sp. nov. e A. recta sp. nov. da região Neotropical. São adicionados dados novos de variações estruturais e distribuição geográfica de A. transversa Evans, 1963, A. spinipes Evans, 1969, A. tlahuicana Evans, 1963, A. triangula Azevedo & Batista, 2002, A. megaventris Azevedo & Batista, 2002, A. venezuelana Evans, 1963, A. acia Lanes & Azevedo, 2004 e A. ventosa Azevedo & Batista, 2002. Duas sinonímias novas são propostas: A. peruana Evans, 1963 como sinônimo junior de A. brasiliensis (Kieffer, 1910); A. subangulata Azevedo & Batista, 2002 como sinônimo junior de A. fulvicollis (Westwood, 1874), esta ultima considerada dentro ao grupo nitida. É fornecida uma chave de identificação para as espécies do grupo, baseada em machos.

SPAD-502 readings in response to photon fluence in leaves with different chlorophyll content

The chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) is widely used to estimate chlorophyll content, but non-uniform chloroplast distribution can affect its accuracy. This study aimed to assess the effect of photon fluence (F, irradiance x time of illumination) in leaves with different chlorophyll content and determine the effect of chlorophyll a/b on SPAD values of four tropical tree species (Croton draconoides Müll. Arg., Hevea guianensis Aubl., Hymenaea courbaril L. and Matisia cordata H.B.K.). There were also determined calibration equations for the chlorophyll meter and assessed the effect of F on SPAD values between 07:00 h and 17:00 h. Calibration equations were obtained after determining leaf chlorophyll content in the laboratory. Increases in F with time caused a reduction in SPAD values in species with a high chlorophyll content, with reductions of 20% in M. cordata and 10% in H. guianensis. Leaves of C. draconoides and H. courbaril had lower chlorophyll content and showed no changes in SPAD values with increase in F. The chlorophyll a/b ratio increased with SPAD values and the SPAD/chlorophyll relationship was best described by an exponential equation. It seems that F may affect SPAD values in leaves with high chlorophyll content, probably due to non-uniform chloroplast distribution at high irradiance. This indicates that SPAD values tend to be more accurate if recorded early in morning when irradiance is low.

Identification of 'Ubá' mango tree zygotic and nucellar seedlings using ISSR markers

Polyembryonic seeds are characterized by the development of over one embryo in the same seed, which can be zygotic and nucellar. The objective of this work was to identify the genetic origin, whether zygotic or nucellar, of seedlings of polyembryonic seeds of 'Ubá' mango tree using ISSR markers, and relating them with the vigor of the seedlings. Thus, mangos were harvested in Visconde do Rio Branco (accession 102) and Ubá (accessions 112, 138, 152 and 159), whose seeds were germinated in plastic trays filled with washed sand. Fifty days after sowing, seedlings from five seeds of each one of the accessions 102, 112, 138, 159 and from 10 seeds of the accession 152, were analyzed. These sseedlings were characterized and evaluated for plant height, stem circumference and mass of fresh aerial part and the most vigorous seedling was the one displaying at least two of these traits higher than the other seedlings from seed. Leaves were collected for genomic DNA extraction, which was amplified using seven ISSR primers previously selected based on the amplification profile and considering the number and resolution of fragments. Zygotic seedlings were found in 18 seeds, which were the most vigorous in six seeds. The results evidenced the existence of genetic variability in orchards using seedlings grown from seeds, because the farmer usually uses the most vigorous ones, assuming that this is of nucellar origin. These results also indicate that the most vigorous seedling are not always nucellar, inasmuch as of 20% of the total seeds evaluated, the zygotic seedling was the most vigorous.

Juvenile tree growth correlates with photosynthesis and leaf phosphorus content in central Amazonia

Light and soil water availability may limit carbon uptake of trees in tropical rainforests. The objective of this work was to determine how photosynthetic traits of juvenile trees respond to variations in rainfall seasonality, leaf nutrient content, and opening of the forest canopy. The correlation between leaf nutrient content and annual growth rate of saplings was also assessed. In a terra firme rainforest of the central Amazon, leaf nutrient content and gas exchange parameters were measured in five sapling tree species in the dry and rainy season of 2008. Sapling growth was measured in 2008 and 2009. Rainfall seasonality led to variations in soil water content, but it did not affect leaf gas exchange parameters. Subtle changes in the canopy opening affected CO2 saturated photosynthesis (A pot, p = 0.04). Although A pot was affected by leaf nutrient content (as follows: P > Mg > Ca > N > K), the relative growth rate of saplings correlated solely with leaf P content (r = 0.52, p = 0.003). At present, reduction in soil water content during the dry season does not seem to be strong enough to cause any effect on photosynthesis of saplings in central Amazonia. This study shows that leaf P content is positively correlated with sapling growth in the central Amazon. Therefore, the positive effect of atmospheric CO2 fertilization on long-term tree growth will depend on the ability of trees to absorb additional amount of P

Resistência do Triatoma brasiliensis ao jejum

Triatoma brasiliensis suporta prolongados períodos de jejum em condições de laboratório. O número médio de dias que os animais não alimentados e mantidos a 30oC e a 70-80% U.R. resistiram, foi: 33,30 + 1,12; 44,23 + 1,31; 40,28 + 1,78; 48,00 + 1,56; 58,46 + 3,06; 42,63 + 2,38 e 52,33 + 1,83 para ninfas de 1.°, 2.°, 3.° 4.°, 5.° estádios e adultos, fêmeas e machos, respectivamente. A perda de peso corpóreo durante o jejum é mais drástica na primeira semana decrescendo nas semanas seguintes. Existe diferença nas taxas de perda de peso entre as ninfas do 5.° estádio e os outros estádios estudados. A grande variação na resistência apresentada pelos animais em cada estádio pode ser explicada em termos do peso corpóreo do inseto. A resistência ao jejum aumenta com o aumento de peso podendo, estas relações, serem expressas como funções alométricas. São feitos comentários sobre programas de erradicação.

Biologia do Triatoma brasiliensis: II. Observações sobre a autogenia

Fêmeas virgens de Triatoma brasiliensis produzem ovos mesmo que não recebam alimento após a muda imaginal. Em geral, existe uma ampla variação no peso corpóreo das fêmeas, quando alcançam o estádio adulto. O peso do adulto é proporcional à quantidade de sangue ingerido no 5.º estádio e os animais mais pesados são aqueles que sobrevivem mais tempo em jejum. A produção total de ovos durante o jejum é proporcional ao peso corpóreo, aumentando em relação ao aumento de peso dos animais. A capacidade de oviposição, medida através de taxa diária de produção de ovos, é variável e também positivamente correlacionada com o peso dos animais. Variou, em nossa amostra, de 0,01 a 0,2 ovos/fêmea/dia para fêmeas cujos pesos variaram entre 150 e 290 mg, respectivamente. A capacidade média de oviposição foi de 0,14 ± 0,02 ovos/fêmea/dia. Esta variação de capacidade de oviposição em relação ao peso dos insetos, mostra que a produção de ovos durante o jejum depende do estado nutricional dos animais e, provavelmente, está correlacionado com o sangue ingerido durante o 5.º estádio.

Variação dos níveis do componente C3 do complemento em Holochilus brasiliensis nanus experimentalmente infectados com Schistosoma mansoni

As variações dos níveis do componente C3 do complemento foram verificadas em soros de exemplares do roedor silvestre Holochilus brasiliensis nanus infectados experimentalmente com Schistosoma mansoni, aplicando-se a técnica de imunoeletroforese bidimensional quantitativa. Foram utilizados soros de animais normais, da mesma espécie e idade, como controle da experiência. A quantificação foi feita durante oito semanas, contadas a partir da data da infecção. C perfil sérico mostrou que o nível inicial do C3 foi duas vezes menor que o observado no grupo controle. Este nível permaneceu até a 6ª semana de observação. A partir desta semana até a oitava foram registrados níveis aproximadamente 3 a 4 vezes menores que os observados no grupo controle.

Variações nos níveis das células sangüíneas periféricas encontradas em Holochilus brasiliensis nanus Thomas, 1897, infectados com Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907, próprio da Pré-Amazônia

Foram constituídos quatro grupos de roedores silvestres para a contagem de células sangüíneas periféricas, da seguinte forma: Grupo I - formado de animais normais, nascidos em biotério, com 30 dias de vida; Grupo II - formado de animais que foram capturados no campo e considerados não infectados com S. mansoni, após ovohelmintoscopia das fezes, realizada durante 30 dias de observação; Grupo III - animáis capturados no campo, nautralmente infectados com o esquistossomo, e o Grupo IV - de animais nascidos em biotério, com 30 dias de vida, e infectados com 150 cercárias de S. mansoni, oriundas da Região da Baixada Maranhense. Semanalmente, a partir da data da infecção, estes animais foram sangrados e tiveram suas células sangüíneas periféricas contadas global e especificamente. Os resultados mostraram que o número de hemácias e leucócitos por mm³ não variou nos animais normais, tanto de campo como de biotério. No grupo de animais experimentalmente infectados, foi observado decréscimo do número de hemácias à proporção que a infecção evoluia. Comportamento oposto foi verificado com os leucócitos. Elevados níveis de eosinófilos só foram observados nos animais com infecção natural. Estes resultados foram discutidos com dados da literatura e considerados importantes para complementar as informações sobre este hospedeiro natural do trematódeo, oferecido como modelo experimental do verme, e para sua própria história natural.

Observações sobre os níveis glicêmicos de Holochilus brasiliensis nanus Thomas, 1897, hospedeiro natural do Schistosoma mansoni na Pré-Amazônia

Roedores silvestres, nascidos em biotério, descendentes de Holochilus b. nanus, capturados na região da Baixada Maranhense, localizada na Pré-Amazônia, foram infectados experimentalmente com Schistosoma mansoni, procedente da mesma Região, com o objetivo de verificar a influência da infecção sobre os níveis glicêmicos. Um grupo de roedores não infectados tiveram, também, seus níveis glicêmicos determinados, para o conhecimento da concentração normal de glicose. O estudo procedeu distinguindo os animais, tanto os normais quanto os infectados, por sexo, regime alimentar e idade de infecção. A quantificação da glicose sérica foi feita pelo método da Orto-Toluidina, após sangrias semanais pelo plexo oftálmico, sempre no mesmo horário. Os resultados mostraram que ocorreu elevação de pesos corporais de todos os animais normais, durante suas maturações, ao passo que, os animais infectados, tiveram seus pesos em decréscimo, durante a evolução da infecção. Os níveis glicêmicos estudados nos animais normais mostraram que as fêmeas possuem nível mais baixo e estável do que os machos, independente de terem sido alimentados ou não. Os animais infectados aos 30 dias de vida tiveram seus níveis glicêmicos em declínio à proporção que a infecção evoluía, provavelmente, devido ao acometimento dos órgãos, como baço, fígado e pâncreas; enquanto que, os animais infectados aos 40 dias de vida, tiveram seus níveis de glicose, durante as 8 semanas de infecção, sem diferença significativa entre eles. O número de vermes adultos recuperados nos animais infectados com 30 dias de vida foi maior do que o número encontrado nos roedores do outro grupo. Os dados informaram, também, que, a idade ideal para a infecção deste novo modelo experimental, deva ser a de 30 dias de vida, semelhante a outros, como camundongos.

Rabies in the insectivorous bat Tadarida brasiliensis in Southeastern Brazil

This is the first recorded case of rabies in the insectivorous bat Tadarida brasiliensis in the State of S. Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. The infected bat was found in the afternoon while hanging on the internal wall of an urban building. This observation reinforces the notion as to the caution one must exercise regarding bats found in unusual situations.

GA topology optimization using random keys for tree encoding of structures

Topology optimization consists in finding the spatial distribution of a given total volume of material for the resulting structure to have some optimal property, for instance, maximization of structural stiffness or maximization of the fundamental eigenfrequency. In this paper a Genetic Algorithm (GA) employing a representation method based on trees is developed to generate initial feasible individuals that remain feasible upon crossover and mutation and as such do not require any repairing operator to ensure feasibility. Several application examples are studied involving the topology optimization of structures where the objective functions is the maximization of the stiffness and the maximization of the first and the second eigenfrequencies of a plate, all cases having a prescribed material volume constraint.

Research on using the decision tree method in order to select the best alternative for the pharmacies supply

Introduction / Aims: Adopting the important decisions represents a specific task of the manager. An efficient manager takes these decisions during a sistematic process with well-defined elements, each with a precise order. In the pharmaceutical practice and business, in the supply process of the pharmacies, there are situations when the medicine distributors offer a certain discount, but require payment in a shorter period of time. In these cases, the analysis of the offer can be made with the help of the decision tree method, which permits identifying the decision offering the best possible result in a given situation. The aims of the research have been the analysis of the product offers of many different suppliers and the establishing of the most advantageous ways of pharmacy supplying. Material / Methods: There have been studied the general product offers of the following medical stores: A&G Med, Farmanord, Farmexim, Mediplus, Montero and Relad. In the case of medicine offers including a discount, the decision tree method has been applied in order to select the most advantageous offers. The Decision Tree is a management method used in taking the right decisions and it is generally used when one needs to evaluate the decisions that involve a series of stages. The tree diagram is used in order to look for the most efficient means to attain a specific goal. The decision trees are the most probabilistic methods, useful when adopting risk taking decisions. Results: The results of the analysis on the tree diagrams have indicated the fact that purchasing medicines with discount (1%, 10%, 15%) and payment in a shorter time interval (120 days) is more profitable than purchasing without a discount and payment in a longer time interval (160 days). Discussion / Conclusion: Depending on the results of the tree diagram analysis, the pharmacies would purchase from the selected suppliers. The research has shown that the decision tree method represents a valuable work instrument in choosing the best ways for supplying pharmacies and it is very useful to the specialists from the pharmaceutical field, pharmaceutical management, to medicine suppliers, pharmacy practitioners from the community pharmacies and especially to pharmacy managers, chief – pharmacists.