856 resultados para Social Policy, Sport
Resumo:
Integration of social and employment policies has been a highly topical issue over past decades in Europe. Faced with the complex task of facilitating the return to employment of jobless people with multiple barriers to work, several countries have developed integrated structures for delivering labour market and social support.'One stop-shops','integrated jobcenters' and 'interagency collaboration'are some of the tools that are being developed in this context (Askim et al, 2011).
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This paper investigates the prevalence of incapacity in performing daily activities and the associations between household composition and availability of family members and receipt of care among older adults with functioning problems in Spain, England and the United States of America (USA). We examine how living arrangements, marital status, child availability, limitations in functioning ability, age and gender affect the probability of receiving formal care and informal care from household members and from others in three countries with different family structures, living arrangements and policies supporting care of the incapacitated. Data sources include the 2006 Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe for Spain, the third wave of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2006), and the eighth wave of the USA Health and Retirement Study (2006). Logistic and multinomial logistic regressions are used to estimate the probability of receiving care and the sources of care among persons age 50 and older. The percentage of people with functional limitations receiving care is higher in Spain. More care comes from outside the household in the USA and England than in Spain. The use of formal care among the incapacitated is lowest in the USA and highest in Spain.
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Abstract: Social rights and social policy: T. H. Marshall's view to the welfarestate
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Welfare states are often reduced to their role as providers of social protection and redistribution. In 1990, Esping-Andersen argued that they also affect employment creation and the class structure. We analyse the stratification outcomes for three welfare regimes - Britain, Germany and Denmark - over the 1990s and 2000s. Based on individual-level surveys, we observe a disproportionate increase among professionals and managers, and a decline among production workers and clerks. The result is clear-cut occupational upgrading in Denmark and Germany. In Britain, high and low-end service jobs expanded, resulting in a polarized version of upgrading. Growth in low-end service jobs - and thus polarization - is no precondition for full employment. Both Britain and Denmark halved their low-educated unemployment rate between 1995 and 2008. Yet low-end service jobs expanded only in Britain, not in Denmark. The cause is the evolution of labour supply: rising educational attainment means that fewer low-educated workers look for low-skilled jobs.
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In order to identify the main social policy tools that can efficiently combat working poverty, it is essential to identify its main driving factors. More importantly, this work shows that all poverty factors identified in the literature have a direct bearing on working households through three mechanisms, namely being badly paid, having a below-average workforce participation, and high needs. One of the main purposes of this work is to assess whether the policies put forward in the specialist literature as potentially efficient really work. This is done in two ways. A first empirical prong provides an evaluation of the employment and antipoverty effects of these instruments, based on a meta-analysis of four instruments: minimum wages, tax credits for working households, family cash benefits and childcare policies. The second prong relies on a broader framework based on welfare regimes. This work contributes to the identification of a typology of welfare regimes that is suitable for the analysis of working poverty, and four countries are chosen to exemplify each regime: the US, Sweden, Germany, and Spain. It then moves on to show that the weight of the three working poverty mechanisms varies widely from one welfare regime to the other. This second empirical contribution clearly shows that there is no "one-size-fits-all" approach to the fight against working poverty. But none of this is possible without having properly defined the phenomenon. Most of the literature is characterized by a "definitional chaos" that probably does more harm than good to social policy efforts. Hence, this book provides a conceptual reflection pleading for the use of a very encompassing definition of being in work. It shows that "the working poor" is too broad a category to be used for meaningful academic or policy discussion, and that a distinction must be operated between different categories of the working poor. Failing to acknowledge this prevents the design of an efficient policy mix.
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Crise de l'assurance-vieillesse , dsquilibre dmographique, vieillissement de la population , faillite des systmes de retraite , voil des expressions qui occupent une place prpondrante dans tes discours portant sur l'avenir de la scurit sociale aujourd'hui. Les autorits politiques suisses comme europennes font part de leur inquitude face la situation d'urgence que prsenteraient les socits vieillissantes . En effet, alors que F assurance-vieillesse s'adressait initialement une catgorie rsiduelle de personnes qui parvenait vivre plusieurs annes au-del de 65 ans, elle couvre maintenant prs d'un cinquime de la population globale. Partant, les autorits fdrales appellent une restriction des conditions d'accs la rente de vieillesse. premire vue, les dbats qui portent sur cette question dans l'arne politique relvent de considrations essentiellement techniques lies aux conditions conomiques de perptuation de l'assurances-vieillesse. Il s'agit de modifier les rgles d'accs l'assurance ainsi que le montant des prestations afin d'assainir les caisses tout en faisant face l'augmentation du nombre de retraits. Ce travail de thse aborde cette question par une autre approche. Nous partons du postulat que les dbats portant sur l'avenir de la politique de la vieillesse sont rvlateurs d'une lutte entre acteurs du champ de rgulation sociale qui participent d'un travail d'laboration d'une pense d'Etat, au sens de P Bourdieu. Cette lutte a pour objet l'imposition de catgories de penses, soit la dfinition de ce qu'est un g aujourd'hui et de ce qu'il est moralement acceptable d'attendre de lui Nous montrons que cette question peut tre comprise l'aune de l'histoire du traitement social de la vieillesse dont nous relatons ici la gense et les transformations. Nous soulignons galement combien cette pense d'Etat marque la manire dont les retraits aujourd'hui cherchent se valoriser face la dstabilisation de leur statut social. Summary "Crisis of social insurance for older people", "demographic imbalance", "aging of the population", "bankruptcy of pensions systems" ; these are some of the many expressions that today play a importance part in discussion about the future of social security. The Swiss and European political authorities show they are concerned about the crisis that "aging societies" are said to be facing. Indeed, while social insurance for old age used to concern a residual category of people who managet! to live to more than 65 years old, it now covers about a fifth of the global population. Hence, the Federal authorities are calling for a tightening of the conditions for access to retirement benefits. At first glance, the debates in the political arena elated to (his question mainly deal with technical considerations linked to the economic conditions for the perpetuation of the insurance for old age. Ease of access and the level of the benefits have to be reduced in order to balance the funds, in the face of the rise of the number beneficiaries. This thesis study addresses this question through a different approach. We start from the proposition that debates concerning the future of social policy for old age reveal a struggle between those involved in (he field of social regulation ; this struggle is part of the development of the thought of the State as conceived by P. Bourdieu. The aim of this fight is to impose normative categories of thought, that is to say in relation to our subject, the definition of what an older person is today and what is morally acceptable to expect of him or her. We show that this question can be understood in the light of the the history of the social treatment of old age that we report here. Moreover, we show that this thought of the State explains the way retired people seek to value themselves and confront the destabilisation of their social status.
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[spa] La estimacin del impacto del tamao de la populacin sobre la probabilidad de conflicto civil se complica por el sesgo de endogeneidad y las variables omitidas. Este artculo trata el problema de causalidad utilizando mtodos de variables instrumentales en un panel de 37 pases del frica Sub-sahariana en el perodo 1981-2004. Encontramos que un aumento de la poblacin en un 1% aumenta la probabilidad de conflicto civil por un 5.2%.
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Las ciudades evidencian procesos degenerativos y de desigualdad como resultado del ajuste poltico-econmico a la globalizacin. Consecuencias de este fenmeno se observan a nivel barrial, lo que no es slo el resultado del abandono de ciertas reas sino, frecuentemente, es consecuencia directa o indirecta de acciones pblicas. Los gobiernos estn desarrollando polticas pblicas y acciones para la regeneracin de reas deterioradas, con objetivos diversos, destacando la cohesin social como una prioridad. Este artculo se propone comparar y analizar las intervenciones desplegadas en Catalua (Llei de Barris) y Chile (programa Quiero mi Barrio). Ambas iniciativas declaran basarse en enfoques integrales, por lo que resulta importante analizar la existencia de mecanismos para la coordinacin e implementacin de acciones transversales -sociales, fsicas y/o econmicas- que requieren acciones consorciadas y la inclusin de los principales actores concernidos. Una preocupacin del equipo investigador es indagar en la relacin entre el diseo de esas polticas y su traduccin en prcticas efectivas.
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Recent research has highlighted the existence of a social bias in the extent to which children have access to childcare. In general, children living in higher income households are more likely to be cared for in childcare centres. While the existence of a social bias in access to childcare services has been clearly demonstrated, we currently lack a clear explanation as to why this is the case. This paper uses a unique dataset based on survey data collected specifically to study patterns of childcare use in the Swiss canton of Vaud (N = 875). The paper exploits the variation in the way childcare is organised within the canton. Childcare is a municipal policy, as a result of which there are twenty-nine different systems in operation. Fees are progressive everywhere, but variation is substantial. Availability is also very different. This peculiar institutional setup provides an ideal situation to examine the determinants of childcare use by different income groups. Our findings suggest that differences in the fees charged to low-income households, as well as the degree of progressivity of the fee structure, are significant predictors of use, while availability seems to matter less.
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A substantial body of life-course research has considered occupational trajectories in Switzerland focusing either on early or middle adulthood careers. However, the issue of the last working period and the retirement transition is receiving increasing attention for several reasons: the permanence of low birth rates associated with an ageing population, a high proportion of active old workers, continuous changes in the timing of retirements, and active ageing policies aiming at keeping people working after the state pension age. Moving forward on this topic, the present doctoral thesis aimed to offer new insights on the dynamics of the final career phase and the transition to retirement in Switzerland through a life-course approach. Concerning the main results, this thesis provides consistent evidences on the great influence of longterm familial and employment trajectories as well as individual positional factors on (i) the vulnerability during the last working period, (ii) the timing of retirement, (iii) the voluntariness of late retirement, and (iv) the financial well-being of retirees. In this way, this thesis offers significant contributions to the life-course, gender, and social policy research focused on ageing processes. -- Un ensemble considrable de recherches sur les parcours de vie a examin les trajectoires professionnelles en Suisse, en mettant l'accent sur la carrire professionnelle des jeunes et, plus tard, l'ge adulte. Toutefois, l'tude de la fin de la carrire professionnelle (c'est--dire de 50 ans jusqu' la retraite) reoit une attention croissante pour plusieurs raisons: la persistance du faible taux de natalit associ une population vieillissante, la forte proportion de travailleurs gs actifs, des volutions continues dans le moment du dpart la retraite, et des politiques visant maintenir les personnes ges au travail aprs l'ge lgal de la retraite. Pour aller de l'avant sur ce sujet, la prsente thse de doctorat vise offrir de nouvelles perspectives sur la fin de carrire et la transition la retraite en Suisse, en mobilisant les outils de la sociologie des parcours de vie. En ce qui concerne les principaux rsultats, cette thse fournit des preuves cohrentes sur la grande influence des trajectoires professionnelles et familiales ainsi que des facteurs positionnels sur (i) la vulnrabilit au cours de la priode de travail avant la retraite, (ii) le moment de dpart la retraite, (iii) le caractre volontaire de la retraite tardive, et (iv) le bien-tre financier des retraits. Ainsi, cette thse fournit d'importantes contributions la recherche sur les parcours de vie, sur les tu es genre, et sur les politiques sociales, focalises sur le processus de vieillissement.
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La inmensa mayora de personas dependientes son cuidadas por su familia. Este cuidado suele denominarse"cuidado informal"* o familiar, que es el prestado por parientes, amigos o vecinos en el mbito domstico. El apoyo informal se define como"el cuidado y atencin que se dispensan de manera altruista y gratuita a las personas que presentan algn grado de discapacidad o dependencia, fundamentalmente por sus familiares y allegados, pero tambin por otros agentes y redes distintos...
Resumo:
La inmensa mayora de personas dependientes son cuidadas por su familia. Este cuidado suele denominarse"cuidado informal"* o familiar, que es el prestado por parientes, amigos o vecinos en el mbito domstico. El apoyo informal se define como"el cuidado y atencin que se dispensan de manera altruista y gratuita a las personas que presentan algn grado de discapacidad o dependencia, fundamentalmente por sus familiares y allegados, pero tambin por otros agentes y redes distintos...
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International standards are playing an increasingly important role in market governance while frequently exerting direct effects on health, safety and the environment. Yet civil society, more often than not, is absent from the standardisation procedures. The recommendation made here is to foster the participation of civil society actors in standardisation by framing standardisation topics in a way that will encourage the mobilisation of these actors in accordance with their repertoire of actions and interests and by organising the plural expertise required for the effective participation that is necessary if they are to exert an influence.
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Les normes internationales occupent une place de plus en plus importante dans la gouvernance des marchs et ont souvent une incidence directe sur la sant, la scurit et l'environnement. Mais la socit civile est le plus souvent absente des procdures de normalisation. Il est recommand de favoriser la participation des acteurs de la socit civile dans la normalisation par une mise en forme des travaux de normalisation mme d'encourager leur mobilisation selon les thmes et enjeux abords et par l'organisation de l'expertise plurielle requise pour une participation effective mme de leur confrer une certaine influence.
