Determination of critical slip surfaces using mutative scale chaos optimization

Limit equilibrium is a common method used to analyze the stability of a slope, and minimization of the factor of safety or identification of critical slip surfaces is a classical geotechnical problem in the context of limit equilibrium methods for slope stability analyses. A mutative scale chaos optimization algorithm is employed in this study to locate the noncircular critical slip surface with Spencer’s method being employed to compute the factor of safety. Four examples from the literature—one homogeneous slope and three layered slopes—are employed to identify the efficiency and accuracy of this approach. Results indicate that the algorithm is flexible and that although it does not generally provide the minimum FS, it provides results that are close to the minimum, an improvement over other solutions proposed in the literature and with small relative errors with respect to other minimum factor of safety (FS) values reported in the literature.

Assessing the effects of complexity in cross-temporal transferability of species distribution modelling predictions using palaeobotanical data

Valoración de la transferencia temporal de los modelos de distribución de especies para su aplicación en nuestros días utilizando datos paleobotánicos Corilus avellana y Alnus glutinosa.

Complejidad Esencial: Un argumento por la complementariedad entre ciencia y sensibilidad = Essential Complexity: An argument for complementarity between science and sensibility

Esta investigación recoge un cúmulo de intereses en torno a un modo de generar arquitectura muy específico: La producción de objetos con una forma subyacente no apriorística. Los conocimientos expuestos se apoyan en condiciones del pensamiento reciente que impulsan la ilusión por alimentar la fuente creativa de la arquitectura con otros campos del saber. Los tiempos del conocimiento animista sensible y el conocimiento objetivo de carácter científico son correlativos en la historia pero casi nunca han sido sincrónicos. Representa asimismo un intento por aunar los dos tipos de conocimiento retomando la inercia que ya se presentía a comienzos del siglo XX. Se trata por tanto, de un ensayo sobre la posible anulación de la contraposición entre estos dos mundos para pasar a una complementariedad entre ambos en una sola visión conjunta compartida. Como meta final de esta investigación se presenta el desarrollo de un sistema crítico de análisis para los objetos arquitectónicos que permita una diferenciación entre aquellos que responden a los problemas de manera completa y sincera y aquellos otros que esconden, bajo una superficie consensuada, la falta de un método resolutivo de la complejidad en el presente creativo. La Investigación observa tres grupos de conocimiento diferenciados agrupados en sus capítulos correspondientes: El primer capítulo versa sobre el Impulso Creador. En él se define la necesidad de crear un marco para el individuo creador, aquel que independientemente de las fuerzas sociales del momento presiente que existe algo más allá que está sin resolver. Denominamos aquí “creador rebelde” a un tipo de personaje reconocible a lo largo de la Historia como aquel capaz de reconocer los cambios que ese operan en su presente y que utiliza para descubrir lo nuevo y acercarse algo al origen creativo. En el momento actual ese tipo de personaje es el que intuye o ya ha intuido hace tiempo la existencia de una complejidad creciente no obviable en el pensamiento de este tiempo. El segundo capítulo desarrolla algunas Propiedades de Sistemas de actuación creativa. En él se muestra una investigación que desarrolla un marco de conocimientos científicos muy específicos de nuestro tiempo que la arquitectura, de momento, no ha absorbido ni refleja de manera directa en su manera de crear. Son temas de presencia casi ya mundana en la sociedad pero que se resisten a ser incluidos en los procesos creativos como parte de la conciencia. La mayoría de ellos hablan de precisión, órdenes invisibles, propiedades de la materia o la energía tratados de manera objetiva y apolítica. La meta final supone el acercamiento e incorporación de estos conceptos y propiedades a nuestro mundo sensible unificándolos indisociablemente bajo un solo punto de vista. El último capítulo versa sobre la Complejidad y su capacidad de reducción a lo esencial. Aquí se muestran, a modo de conclusiones, la introducción de varios conceptos para el desarrollo de un sistema crítico hacia la arquitectura de nuestro tiempo. Entre ellos, el de Complejidad Esencial, definido como aquella de carácter inevitable a la hora de responder la arquitectura a los problemas y solicitaciones crecientes a los que se enfrenta en el presente. La Tesis mantiene la importancia de informar sobre la imposibilidad en el estado actual de las cosas de responder de manera sincera con soluciones de carácter simplista y la necesidad, por tanto, de soluciones necesarias de carácter complejo. En este sentido se define asimismo el concepto de Forma Subyacente como herramienta crítica para poder evaluar la respuesta de cada arquitectura y poder tener un sistema y visión crítica sobre lo que es un objeto consistente frente a la situación a la que se enfrenta. Dicha forma subyacente se define como aquella manera de entender conjuntamente y de manera sincrónica aquello que percibimos de manera sensible inseparable de las fuerzas ocultas, creativas, tecnológicas, materiales y energéticas que sustentan la definición y entendimiento de cualquier objeto construido. ABSTRACT This research includes a cluster of interests around a specific way to generate architecture: The production of objects without an a priori underlying form. The knowledge presented is based on current conditions of thought promoting the illusion to feed the creative source of architecture with other fields of knowledge. The sensible animist knowledge and objective scientific knowledge are correlative in history but have rarely been synchronous. This research is also an attempt to combine both types of knowledge to regain the inertia already sensed in the early twentieth century. It is therefore an essay on the annulment of the opposition between these two worlds to move towards complementarities of both in a single shared vision. The ultimate goal of this research is to present the development of a critical analysis system for architectural objects that allows differentiation between those who respond to the problems sincerely and those who hide under an agreed appearance, the lack of a method for solving the complexity of the creative present. The research observes three distinct groups of knowledge contained in their respective chapters: The first chapter deals with the Creative Impulse. In it is defined the need to create a framework for the creative individual who, regardless of the current social forces, forebodes that there is something hidden beyond which is still unresolved. We define the "rebel creator" as a kind of person existing throughout history who is able to recognize the changes operating in its present and use them to discover something new and get closer to the origin of creation. At present, this type of character is the one who intuits the existence of a non obviable increasing complexity in society and thought. The second chapter presents some systems, and their properties, for creative performance. It describes the development of a framework composed of current scientific knowledge that architecture has not yet absorbed or reflected directly in her procedures. These are issues of common presence in society but are still reluctant to be included in the creative processes even if they already belong to the collective consciousness. Most of them talk about accuracy, invisible orders, properties of matter and energy, always treated from an objective and apolitical perspective. The ultimate goal pursues the approach and incorporation of these concepts and properties to the sensible world, inextricably unifying all under a single point of view. The last chapter deals with complexity and the ability to reduce it to the essentials. Here we show, as a conclusion, the introduction of several concepts to develop a critical approach to analyzing the architecture of our time. Among them, the concept of Essential Complexity, defined as one that inevitably arises when architecture responds to the increasing stresses that faces today. The thesis maintains the importance of reporting, in the present state of things, the impossibility to respond openly with simplistic solutions and, therefore, the need for solutions to complex character. In this sense, the concept of Underlying Form is defined as a critical tool to evaluate the response of each architecture and possess a critical system to clarify what is an consistent object facing a certain situation. The underlying form is then defined as a way to synchronously understand what we perceive sensitively inseparable from the hidden forces of creative, technological, material and energetic character that support the definition and understanding of any constructed object.

Logarithmical hopping encoding: a low computational complexity algorithm for image compression

LHE (logarithmical hopping encoding) is a computationally efficient image compression algorithm that exploits the Weber–Fechner law to encode the error between colour component predictions and the actual value of such components. More concretely, for each pixel, luminance and chrominance predictions are calculated as a function of the surrounding pixels and then the error between the predictions and the actual values are logarithmically quantised. The main advantage of LHE is that although it is capable of achieving a low-bit rate encoding with high quality results in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and image quality metrics with full-reference (FSIM) and non-reference (blind/referenceless image spatial quality evaluator), its time complexity is O( n) and its memory complexity is O(1). Furthermore, an enhanced version of the algorithm is proposed, where the output codes provided by the logarithmical quantiser are used in a pre-processing stage to estimate the perceptual relevance of the image blocks. This allows the algorithm to downsample the blocks with low perceptual relevance, thus improving the compression rate. The performance of LHE is especially remarkable when the bit per pixel rate is low, showing much better quality, in terms of PSNR and FSIM, than JPEG and slightly lower quality than JPEG-2000 but being more computationally efficient.

Analysing the complexity of the model-based decision making processes within the industrial management context

PURPOSE The decision-making process plays a key role in organizations. Every decision-making process produces a final choice that may or may not prompt action. Recurrently, decision makers find themselves in the dichotomous question of following a traditional sequence decision-making process where the output of a decision is used as the input of the next stage of the decision, or following a joint decision-making approach where several decisions are taken simultaneously. The implication of the decision-making process will impact different players of the organization. The choice of the decision- making approach becomes difficult to find, even with the current literature and practitioners’ knowledge. The pursuit of better ways for making decisions has been a common goal for academics and practitioners. Management scientists use different techniques and approaches to improve different types of decisions. The purpose of this decision is to use the available resources as well as possible (data and techniques) to achieve the objectives of the organization. The developing and applying of models and concepts may be helpful to solve managerial problems faced every day in different companies. As a result of this research different decision models are presented to contribute to the body of knowledge of management science. The first models are focused on the manufacturing industry and the second part of the models on the health care industry. Despite these models being case specific, they serve the purpose of exemplifying that different approaches to the problems and could provide interesting results. Unfortunately, there is no universal recipe that could be applied to all the problems. Furthermore, the same model could deliver good results with certain data and bad results for other data. A framework to analyse the data before selecting the model to be used is presented and tested in the models developed to exemplify the ideas. METHODOLOGY As the first step of the research a systematic literature review on the joint decision is presented, as are the different opinions and suggestions of different scholars. For the next stage of the thesis, the decision-making process of more than 50 companies was analysed in companies from different sectors in the production planning area at the Job Shop level. The data was obtained using surveys and face-to-face interviews. The following part of the research into the decision-making process was held in two application fields that are highly relevant for our society; manufacturing and health care. The first step was to study the interactions and develop a mathematical model for the replenishment of the car assembly where the problem of “Vehicle routing problem and Inventory” were combined. The next step was to add the scheduling or car production (car sequencing) decision and use some metaheuristics such as ant colony and genetic algorithms to measure if the behaviour is kept up with different case size problems. A similar approach is presented in a production of semiconductors and aviation parts, where a hoist has to change from one station to another to deal with the work, and a jobs schedule has to be done. However, for this problem simulation was used for experimentation. In parallel, the scheduling of operating rooms was studied. Surgeries were allocated to surgeons and the scheduling of operating rooms was analysed. The first part of the research was done in a Teaching hospital, and for the second part the interaction of uncertainty was added. Once the previous problem had been analysed a general framework to characterize the instance was built. In the final chapter a general conclusion is presented. FINDINGS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The first part of the contributions is an update of the decision-making literature review. Also an analysis of the possible savings resulting from a change in the decision process is made. Then, the results of the survey, which present a lack of consistency between what the managers believe and the reality of the integration of their decisions. In the next stage of the thesis, a contribution to the body of knowledge of the operation research, with the joint solution of the replenishment, sequencing and inventory problem in the assembly line is made, together with a parallel work with the operating rooms scheduling where different solutions approaches are presented. In addition to the contribution of the solving methods, with the use of different techniques, the main contribution is the framework that is proposed to pre-evaluate the problem before thinking of the techniques to solve it. However, there is no straightforward answer as to whether it is better to have joint or sequential solutions. Following the proposed framework with the evaluation of factors such as the flexibility of the answer, the number of actors, and the tightness of the data, give us important hints as to the most suitable direction to take to tackle the problem. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS AND AVENUES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH In the first part of the work it was really complicated to calculate the possible savings of different projects, since in many papers these quantities are not reported or the impact is based on non-quantifiable benefits. The other issue is the confidentiality of many projects where the data cannot be presented. For the car assembly line problem more computational power would allow us to solve bigger instances. For the operation research problem there was a lack of historical data to perform a parallel analysis in the teaching hospital. In order to keep testing the decision framework it is necessary to keep applying more case studies in order to generalize the results and make them more evident and less ambiguous. The health care field offers great opportunities since despite the recent awareness of the need to improve the decision-making process there are many opportunities to improve. Another big difference with the automotive industry is that the last improvements are not spread among all the actors. Therefore, in the future this research will focus more on the collaboration between academia and the health care sector.

Intermittent pluri-sink model and the emergence of complex heterogeneity patterns: a simple paradigm for explaining complexity in soil chemical distributions

The spatial complexity of the distribution of organic matter, chemicals, nutrients, pollutants has been demonstrated to have multifractal nature (Kravchenco et al. [1]). This fact supports the possibility of existence of some emergent heterogeneity structure built under the evolution of the system. The aim of this note is providing a consistent explanation to the mentioned results via an extremely simple model.

Horizontal gene transfer among genomes: The complexity hypothesis

Increasingly, studies of genes and genomes are indicating that considerable horizontal transfer has occurred between prokaryotes. Extensive horizontal transfer has occurred for operational genes (those involved in housekeeping), whereas informational genes (those involved in transcription, translation, and related processes) are seldomly horizontally transferred. Through phylogenetic analysis of six complete prokaryotic genomes and the identification of 312 sets of orthologous genes present in all six genomes, we tested two theories describing the temporal flow of horizontal transfer. We show that operational genes have been horizontally transferred continuously since the divergence of the prokaryotes, rather than having been exchanged in one, or a few, massive events that occurred early in the evolution of prokaryotes. In agreement with earlier studies, we found that differences in rates of evolution between operational and informational genes are minimal, suggesting that factors other than rate of evolution are responsible for the observed differences in horizontal transfer. We propose that a major factor in the more frequent horizontal transfer of operational genes is that informational genes are typically members of large, complex systems, whereas operational genes are not, thereby making horizontal transfer of informational gene products less probable (the complexity hypothesis).

New lower bounds for the topological complexity of aspherical spaces

Date of Acceptance: 5/04/2015 15 pages, 4 figures

Toward an understanding of the biochemical and pharmacological complexity of the saliva of a hematophagous sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis

The saliva of blood-sucking arthropods contains powerful pharmacologically active substances and may be a vaccine target against some vector-borne diseases. Subtractive cloning combined with biochemical approaches was used to discover activities in the salivary glands of the hematophagous fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Sequences of nine full-length cDNA clones were obtained, five of which are possibly associated with blood-meal acquisition, each having cDNA similarity to: (i) the bed bug Cimex lectularius apyrase, (ii) a 5′-nucleotidase/phosphodiesterase, (iii) a hyaluronidase, (iv) a protein containing a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD), and (v) a RGD-containing peptide with no significant matches to known proteins in the blast databases. Following these findings, we observed that the salivary apyrase activity of L. longipalpis is indeed similar to that of Cimex apyrase in its metal requirements. The predicted isoelectric point of the putative apyrase matches the value found for Lutzomyia salivary apyrase. A 5′-nucleotidase, as well as hyaluronidase activity, was found in the salivary glands, and the CRD-containing cDNA matches the N-terminal sequence of the HPLC-purified salivary anticlotting protein. A cDNA similar to α-amylase was discovered and salivary enzymatic activity demonstrated for the first time in a blood-sucking arthropod. Full-length clones were also found coding for three proteins of unknown function matching, respectively, the N-terminal sequence of an abundant salivary protein, having similarity to the CAP superfamily of proteins and the Drosophila yellow protein. Finally, two partial sequences are reported that match possible housekeeping genes. Subtractive cloning will considerably enhance efforts to unravel the salivary pharmacopeia of blood-sucking arthropods.

Fundamental patterns underlying gene expression profiles: Simplicity from complexity

Analysis of previously published sets of DNA microarray gene expression data by singular value decomposition has uncovered underlying patterns or “characteristic modes” in their temporal profiles. These patterns contribute unequally to the structure of the expression profiles. Moreover, the essential features of a given set of expression profiles are captured using just a small number of characteristic modes. This leads to the striking conclusion that the transcriptional response of a genome is orchestrated in a few fundamental patterns of gene expression change. These patterns are both simple and robust, dominating the alterations in expression of genes throughout the genome. Moreover, the characteristic modes of gene expression change in response to environmental perturbations are similar in such distant organisms as yeast and human cells. This analysis reveals simple regularities in the seemingly complex transcriptional transitions of diverse cells to new states, and these provide insights into the operation of the underlying genetic networks.

Genetic complexity of pathogen perception by plants: The example of Rcr3, a tomato gene required specifically by Cf-2

Genetic analysis of plant–pathogen interactions has demonstrated that resistance to infection is often determined by the interaction of dominant plant resistance (R) genes and dominant pathogen-encoded avirulence (Avr) genes. It was postulated that R genes encode receptors for Avr determinants. A large number of R genes and their cognate Avr genes have now been analyzed at the molecular level. R gene loci are extremely polymorphic, particularly in sequences encoding amino acids of the leucine-rich repeat motif. A major challenge is to determine how Avr perception by R proteins triggers the plant defense response. Mutational analysis has identified several genes required for the function of specific R proteins. Here we report the identification of Rcr3, a tomato gene required specifically for Cf-2-mediated resistance. We propose that Avr products interact with host proteins to promote disease, and that R proteins “guard” these host components and initiate Avr-dependent plant defense responses.

Molecular phylogeny analysis of fiddler crabs: test of the hypothesis of increasing behavioral complexity in evolution.

The current phylogenetic hypothesis for the evolution and biogeography of fiddler crabs relies on the assumption that complex behavioral traits are assumed to also be evolutionary derived. Indo-west Pacific fiddler crabs have simpler reproductive social behavior and are more marine and were thought to be ancestral to the more behaviorally complex and more terrestrial American species. It was also hypothesized that the evolution of more complex social and reproductive behavior was associated with the colonization of the higher intertidal zones. Our phylogenetic analysis, based upon a set of independent molecular characters, however, demonstrates how widely entrenched ideas about evolution and biogeography led to a reasonable, but apparently incorrect, conclusion about the evolutionary trends within this pantropical group of crustaceans. Species bearing the set of "derived traits" are phylogenetically ancestral, suggesting an alternative evolutionary scenario: the evolution of reproductive behavioral complexity in fiddler crabs may have arisen multiple times during their evolution. The evolution of behavioral complexity may have arisen by coopting of a series of other adaptations for high intertidal living and antipredator escape. A calibration of rates of molecular evolution from populations on either side of the Isthmus of Panama suggest a sequence divergence rate for 16S rRNA of 0.9% per million years. The divergence between the ancestral clade and derived forms is estimated to be approximately 22 million years ago, whereas the divergence between the American and Indo-west Pacific is estimated to be approximately 17 million years ago.