Sympatric speciation in palms on an oceanic island.

The origin of species diversity has challenged biologists for over two centuries. Allopatric speciation, the divergence of species resulting from geographical isolation, is well documented. However, sympatric speciation, divergence without geographical isolation, is highly controversial. Claims of sympatric speciation must demonstrate species sympatry, sister relationships, reproductive isolation, and that an earlier allopatric phase is highly unlikely. Here we provide clear support for sympatric speciation in a case study of two species of palm (Arecaceae) on an oceanic island. A large dated phylogenetic tree shows that the two species of Howea, endemic to the remote Lord Howe Island, are sister taxa and diverged from each other well after the island was formed 6.9 million years ago. During fieldwork, we found a substantial disjunction in flowering time that is correlated with soil preference. In addition, a genome scan indicates that few genetic loci are more divergent between the two species than expected under neutrality, a finding consistent with models of sympatric speciation involving disruptive/divergent selection. This case study of sympatric speciation in plants provides an opportunity for refining theoretical models on the origin of species, and new impetus for exploring putative plant and animal examples on oceanic islands.

Pregnancy-induced chromatin remodeling in the breast of postmenopausal women.

Early pregnancy and multiparity are known to reduce the risk of women to develop breast cancer at menopause. Based on the knowledge that the differentiation of the breast induced by the hormones of pregnancy plays a major role in this protection, this work was performed with the purpose of identifying what differentiation-associated molecular changes persist in the breast until menopause. Core needle biopsies (CNB) obtained from the breast of 42 nulliparous (NP) and 71 parous (P) postmenopausal women were analyzed in morphology, immunocytochemistry and gene expression. Whereas in the NP breast, nuclei of epithelial cells were large and euchromatic, in the P breast they were small and hyperchromatic, showing strong methylation of histone 3 at lysine 9 and 27. Transcriptomic analysis performed using Affymetrix HG_U133 oligonucleotide arrays revealed that in CNB of the P breast, there were 267 upregulated probesets that comprised genes controlling chromatin organization, transcription regulation, splicing machinery, mRNA processing and noncoding elements including XIST. We concluded that the differentiation process induced by pregnancy is centered in chromatin remodeling and in the mRNA processing reactome, both of which emerge as important regulatory pathways. These are indicative of a safeguard step that maintains the fidelity of the transcription process, becoming the ultimate mechanism mediating the protection of the breast conferred by full-term pregnancy.

Study of a Swiss dopa-responsive dystonia family with a deletion in GCH1: redefining DYT14 as DYT5.

OBJECTIVE: To report the study of a multigenerational Swiss family with dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD). METHODS: Clinical investigation was made of available family members, including historical and chart reviews. Subject examinations were video recorded. Genetic analysis included a genome-wide linkage study with microsatellite markers (STR), GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH1) gene sequencing, and dosage analysis. RESULTS: We evaluated 32 individuals, of whom 6 were clinically diagnosed with DRD, with childhood-onset progressive foot dystonia, later generalizing, followed by parkinsonism in the two older patients. The response to levodopa was very good. Two additional patients had late onset dopa-responsive parkinsonism. Three other subjects had DRD symptoms on historical grounds. We found suggestive linkage to the previously reported DYT14 locus, which excluded GCH1. However, further study with more stringent criteria for disease status attribution showed linkage to a larger region, which included GCH1. No mutation was found in GCH1 by gene sequencing but dosage methods identified a novel heterozygous deletion of exons 3 to 6 of GCH1. The mutation was found in seven subjects. One of the patients with dystonia represented a phenocopy. CONCLUSIONS: This study rules out the previously reported DYT14 locus as a cause of disease, as a novel multiexonic deletion was identified in GCH1. This work highlights the necessity of an accurate clinical diagnosis in linkage studies as well as the need for appropriate allele frequencies, penetrance, and phenocopy estimates. Comprehensive sequencing and dosage analysis of known genes is recommended prior to genome-wide linkage analysis.

Characterization of a genomic signature of pregnancy identified in the breast.

The objective of this study was to comprehensively compare the genomic profiles in the breast of parous and nulliparous postmenopausal women to identify genes that permanently change their expression following pregnancy. The study was designed as a two-phase approach. In the discovery phase, we compared breast genomic profiles of 37 parous with 18 nulliparous postmenopausal women. In the validation phase, confirmation of the genomic patterns observed in the discovery phase was sought in an independent set of 30 parous and 22 nulliparous postmenopausal women. RNA was hybridized to Affymetrix HG_U133 Plus 2.0 oligonucleotide arrays containing probes to 54,675 transcripts, scanned and the images analyzed using Affymetrix GCOS software. Surrogate variable analysis, logistic regression, and significance analysis of microarrays were used to identify statistically significant differences in expression of genes. The false discovery rate (FDR) approach was used to control for multiple comparisons. We found that 208 genes (305 probe sets) were differentially expressed between parous and nulliparous women in both discovery and validation phases of the study at an FDR of 10% and with at least a 1.25-fold change. These genes are involved in regulation of transcription, centrosome organization, RNA splicing, cell-cycle control, adhesion, and differentiation. The results provide initial evidence that full-term pregnancy induces long-term genomic changes in the breast. The genomic signature of pregnancy could be used as an intermediate marker to assess potential chemopreventive interventions with hormones mimicking the effects of pregnancy for prevention of breast cancer.

Recueil de lettres et de pièces originales, et de copies de pièces indiquées comme telles dans le dépouillement qui suit.

Contient : 1-2 Deux lettres de « JAQUES [VI, roi d'Écosse]... à monseigneur de Bethune, conseillier d'Estat... De Saincte Croix, le XIXme novembre 1599 » ; 3 Lettre de « JAQUES [VI, roi d'Écosse]... à monseigneur de Bethune,... De Saincte Croix, le cinquiesme de fevrier 1601 » ; 4-5 Deux lettres d'«ANNA [DE DANEMARCK], r[eine d'Écosse]... à monseigneur de Beton » ; 6 « Chiffre baillé à monseigneur de Bethune » allant en Écosse. « May 1599 » ; 7 Déclaration de « HENRY » IV, qui exempte « du droict d'aubeyne les Escossois qui decedderont [en France]... Donné à Fontainebleau, au moys de mars 1599 ». Copie ; 8 « Passeport pour monseigneur de Bethune [envoyé en Écosse]... Donné à Fontainebleau, le XXVe jour de may 1599 » ; 9 « Declaration du roy [HENRY IV] en faveur des marchans escossois, pour les exempter des XII deniers pour livre des marchandises qu'ils transporteront en Escosse... Donné à Fontainebleau, au moys de mars 1599 ». Copie ; 10 Lettres closes de « HENRY » IV à la « court des aydes de Normandie... Donné à Fontainebleau, le dernier jour de may 1599 ». Copie ; 11 Lettre de « HENRY [IV]... à monseigneur de Bethune, conseiller d'Estat, ambassadeur en Escosse... Escript à Blois, le XVIIIe jour d'aoust 1599 » ; 12 Copie d'une lettre de « HENRY [IV]... à mon cousin le duc de Montpensier,... Escript à Fontainebleau, le dernier jour de may 1599 » ; 13 Lettre de monseigneur « DE NEUFVILLE [DE VILLEROI]... à monseigneur de Bethune [ambassadeur en Écosse]... De Conflans pres Paris, le VIIe de juilet 1599 » ; 14 Lettre de HENRI IV à Jacques IV, roi d'Écosse. « Escript à Fontainebleau, le XXIIIe jour de may 1599 ». Copie ; 15 Mémoire sur le Sr « Colville », ancien ministre de l'église réformée en Écosse, depuis converti au catholicisme. « A Paris, le X may 1602 ». Copie ; 16 « Series regum et decreta per eos in publicis comitiis circa successionem in regno Angliae », depuis Guillaume le Conquérant jusques et y compris Jacques 1er, roi d'Angleterre. Signé : « JOANNES HONORIUS VAN AXELAE ». En latin ; 17 « Proclamation » de la reine ÉLISABETH « contre tous les jesuites, prebstres seculiers et ceulx qui les reçoipvent et maintiennent... Donné à Richemont, le cinqiesme de novembre 1602 ». Copie ; 18 « Recueil abregé des paroles que le roy [d'Angleterre, JACQUES Ier] a tenues à la dissolution de la premiere assemblée des Estatz, en juillet 1604 » ; 19 « Publication faicte à Londres apres la mort de la reine [Élisabeth] d'Angleterre, en faveur de la succession du roy d'Ecosse [Jacques VI]... martii 24, anno Domini 1602, stilo veteri ». En latin ; 20 « Passeport » pour plusieurs prêtres bannis d'Angleterre. « Fait à la court à Whitehall, le 25 d'octobre 1601 ». Copie ; 21 « Autre Passeport... Datum Whitehalle, novembris 5° 1601 ». En latin. Copie ; 22 Passeport pour les personnes qui doivent accompagner les prêtres bannis. « De la courte à Richmonde, octobre 1601 ». Copie ; 23 « Double du passeport donné aux prestres anglois... John Moushe et Françoys Barnaby,... qui doibvent passer à Rome... A la courte de Basing, le 10 de septembre 1601 » ; 24 « Discursus de providentia necessaria habenda pro restitutione fidei catholicae, quando Deus optimus maximus reginam [Élisabeth d'Angleterre] ex hac vita auferet... Presenté au pape ». En latin ; 25 « Double de la lettre de monseigneur DE BEAUMONT » à Henri IV, sur la mort de la reine Élisabeth d'Angleterre. « De Londres, le IIIe apvril 1603 » ; 26 « Copie de la proclamation faicte en Angleterre apres la mort de la roine [Élisabeth], en faveur du roy d'Ecosse », Jacques VI. 1603 ; 27 « L'Ordre gardé aux funerailles d'... Elisabeth, royne d'Angleterre, depuis le palais de Withal jusques à l'eglise cathedralle de Wosminster, le 28 d'avril 1603, stil antien » ; 28 « Extraict d'une lettre parlant de l'entrée du roy [Jacques Ier] à Londres... De Londres, du XXXe jour de mars 1604 » ; 29 « Discours de l'entrée du roy d'Angleterre », Jacques Ier, à Londres. Mars 1604 ; 30 « Declaration du roy d'Angleterre [JACQUES Ier] contre les puritains... Donné en nostre manoir de Oteland, le XVIe jour de juillet 1604 » ; 31 « Extraict d'une lettre escripte de Londres, le IIIe jour de juin 1604, en laquelle il est raconté les premiers propos tenus entre les deputés pour traicter la paix d'Espagne et d'Angleterre » ; 32 « Premiere Requeste que les catholicques d'Angleterre ont presentée à leur roy » Jacques Ier ; 33 « Double de la lettre escritte par le roy d'Angleterre [JACQUES Ier] à son parlement sur le changement de nom d'Angleterre et d'Escosse en celuy de Grande Bretaigne » ; 34 « Double d'une lettre intercepté [du Sr] ROBINSON,... sur la paix recherchée par les Espagnols en Angleterre... A Londres, le 27 mars, stilo veteri, 1602 » ; 35 « Extrait d'une lettre d'Angleterre du XXX juillet 1603, touchant la conjuration contre le roy d'Angleterre » Jacques Ier ; 36 « Advis » concernant les affaires d'Angleterre. « Fait à Wincester, le XVe octobre 1603 ». Copie ; 37 « Coppie des articles accordez entre le vice roy [d'Irlande] et Don Juan de Aquila. A Kinsale, le 17/7 janvier 1602/1601 » ; 38 « Objections proposées par les chambres de parlement premiere et seconde contre le changement de nom et stil d'Angleterre et Escosse au nom de Grand Bretaigne » ; 39 « Oratione del senator BOVIDA, fatta in Londra, a 30 di maggio 1604, in risposta al conte di Ortanton, nel primo abboccamento per il trattato di pace ». En italien ; 40 « Copie d'une letre du pape [CLEMENT VIII] au roy d'Angleterre », Jacques Ier. En latin ; 41 « Manifeste » au nom du roi d'Espagne, publié en Irlande, contre le vice roi, par « Don JUAN DEL AQUILA ». En latin. Copie ; 42 « Copie de la lettre du confesseur du duc de Parme « Fra DOMINGHO DE MENDOSA à [Élisabeth], reine d'Angletere ». En espagnol ; 43 « Coppie de l'edit » de JACQUES Ier, « roy d'Angleterre », contre les jésuites, les prêtres séculiers et tous les « catoliques... Wastminster, 22 febvrier » 1604 ; 44 « Requeste presentée » à Jacques Ier, « roy d'Angleterre, par quelques catoliques ». Copie ; 45 « Articles du serment des prebstres anglois que l'on nomme appelans ». Copie ; 46 « Sommaire de tout ce qui s'est passé en la conférence de l'Union des deux royaumes sous le nom de Grande Bretaigne ». Copie ; 47 « Requeste au roy d'Angleterre » Jacques Ier des États des « provinces unies des Païs Bas ». Copie ; 48 Lettre de JACQUES Ier, « roy d'Angleterre », à « Mariano Grimano », doge de Venise. « Data e regia nostra Grenwicensi ». En latin. Copie ; 49 « Copie de la commission » de JACQUES Ier, roi d'Angleterre, « envoyée au sheriff de Hanpshire... pour la surseance de l'execution des milordtz d'Angleterre » ; 50 Copie de l'«eedict du roy d'Angleterre [JACQUES Ier] par lequel il se donne le nom de roy de la Grande Bretagne » ; 51 Copie de la « response faite au conte d'Arainberg de la part du roy d'Angleterre », Jacques Ier ; 52 « Coppie de la lettre du roy d'Angleterre [JACQUES Ier] à messieurs des Estatz » généraux des Pays-Bas ; 53 Copie de la « response à la susdicte lettre faite au Sr Winwod, agent [de Jacques Ier] vers messieurs des Estats... Faict à La Haye, ce XXIXe aoust 1603 » ; 54 « Abregé de ce qui s'est passé au jugement des Srs Brooc, Gr. Markhim, Ed. Percham, Watson, Clerke, Brookeby et Copley », accusés de conspiration contre le roi Jacques Ier ; 55 « Coppie d'une lettre escripte le 15/25 decembre 1603 par le sieur T...M au Sr H...a, touchant la proceddure de Wincester, où les naguerres seignrs Cobam et Gray et le chevalier Griffin Marchant, tous condamnez de trahison... furent prestz d'estre executez le vendredi 9/19 de decembre 1603, auquel temps le mandement de Sa Majesté, duquel la copie est icy annexée, fut delivré, commandant de suspendre l'execution » ; 56 « Abregé de ce qui c'est faict au jugement du Sr Ragley »

Calculation of the magnetic field penetration depth for high-Tc cuprate superconductors based on the Interlayer Pair Tunneling model /

In this work, the magnetic field penetration depth for high-Tc cuprate superconductors is calculated using a recent Interlayer Pair Tunneling (ILPT) model proposed by Chakravarty, Sudb0, Anderson, and Strong [1] to explain high temperature superconductivity. This model involves a "hopping" of Cooper pairs between layers of the unit cell which acts to amplify the pairing mechanism within the planes themselves. Recent work has shown that this model can account reasonably well for the isotope effect and the dependence of Tc on nonmagnetic in-plane impurities [2] , as well as the Knight shift curves [3] and the presence of a magnetic peak in the neutron scattering intensity [4]. In the latter case, Yin et al. emphasize that the pair tunneling must be the dominant pairing mechanism in the high-Tc cuprates in order to capture the features found in experiments. The goal of this work is to determine whether or not the ILPT model can account for the experimental observations of the magnetic field penetration depth in YBa2Cu307_a7. Calculations are performed in the weak and strong coupling limits, and the efi"ects of both small and large strengths of interlayer pair tunneling are investigated. Furthermore, as a follow up to the penetration depth calculations, both the neutron scattering intensity and the Knight shift are calculated within the ILPT formalism. The aim is to determine if the ILPT model can yield results consistent with experiments performed for these properties. The results for all three thermodynamic properties considered are not consistent with the notion that the interlayer pair tunneling must be the dominate pairing mechanism in these high-Tc cuprate superconductors. Instead, it is found that reasonable agreement with experiments is obtained for small strengths of pair tunneling, and that large pair tunneling yields results which do not resemble those of the experiments.

Chapman College Gymnasium

The Chapman College Gymnasium, Orange, California. Also called "The Box." Originally an Orange Union High School building, it was dedicated March 26, 1926 and torn down in January, 1977 to make way for the Hutton Sports Center.

Davis Chamberlin and Ross McClintock with donor J. Robert Fluor II, Chapman College, Orange, California

Davis Chamberlin and Ross McClintock hold a check from J. Robert Fluor II, a donation towards construction of the Hutton Sports Center, Chapman College, Orange, California. The Harold Hutton Sports Center completed in 1978, is named in honor of this former trustee.

Stadium and track before renovation, Chapman College, Orange, California

Stadium and track before renovation, Hutton Sports Center, 219 E. Sycamore St., Chapman College, Orange, California. The Harold Hutton Sports Center, completed in 1978, is named in honor of this former trustee, and made possible by a gift from his wife, Betty Hutton Williams. The facility was renovated in the 1990s.

Registration inside the gymnasium, Chapman College, Orange, California

Registration in the gymnasium, Hutton Sports Center, Chapman College, Orange, California. The Harold Hutton Sports Center completed in 1978 and dedicated in 1979.

By-laws of the municipal council of the United Counties of Lincoln and Welland, 1852

By-laws included are numbers 31-34 and deal with school issues, raising funds for the municipality, payment of fees, and remuneration to the sheriff of the municipality.

The Welland Canals Foundation, Honourable William Hamilton Merritt and the St. Catharines Historical Society and Museum, 1971-1990, n.d.

‘The Father of Canadian Transportation’ is a term commonly associated with William Hamilton Merritt. Although he is most known for being one of the driving forces behind the building of the first Welland Canal, he was many things throughout his life; a soldier, merchant, promoter, entrepreneur and politician to name a few. Born on July 3, 1793 at Bedford, Westchester County, N.Y. to Thomas Merritt and Mary Hamilton, Merritt’s family relocated to Canada shortly after in 1796. The move came after Merritt’s father petitioned John Graves Simcoe for land in Upper Canada after serving under him in the Queen’s Rangers during the American Revolution. The family quickly settled into their life at Twelve Mile Creek in St. Catharines. Merritt’s father became sheriff of Lincoln County in 1803 while Merritt began his education in mathematics and surveying. After some brief travel and further education Merritt returned to Lincoln County, in 1809 to help farm his father’s land and open a general store. While a farmer and merchant, Merritt turned his attention to military endeavours. A short time after being commissioned as a Lieutenant in the Lincoln militia, the War of 1812 broke out. Fulfilling his duty, Merritt fought in the Battle of Queenston Heights in October of 1812, and numerous small battles until the Battle of Lundy’s Lane in July 1814. It was here that Merritt was captured and held in Cheshire, Massachusetts until the war ended. Arriving back in the St. Catharines area upon his release, Merritt returned to being a merchant, as well as becoming a surveyor and mill owner. Some historians hypothesize that the need to draw water to his mill was how the idea of the Welland Canals was born. Beginning with a plan to connect the Welland River with the Twelve mile creek quickly developed into a connection between the Lakes Erie and Ontario. Its main purpose was to improve the St. Lawrence transportation system and provide a convenient way to transport goods without having to go through the Niagara Falls portage. The plan was set in motion in 1818, but most living in Queenston and Niagara were not happy with it as it would drive business away from them. Along with the opposition came financial and political restraints. Despite these factors Merritt pushed on and the Welland Canal Company was chartered by the Upper Canadian Assembly on January 19, 1824. The first sod was turned on November 30, 1824 almost a year after the initial chartering. Many difficulties arose during the building of the canal including financial, physical, and geographic restrictions. Despite the difficulties two schooners passed through the canal on November 30, 1829. Throughout the next four years continual work was done on the canal as it expended and was modified to better accommodate large ships. After his canal was underway Merritt took a more active role in the political arena, where he served in various positions throughout Upper Canada. In 1851, Merritt withdrew from the Executive Council for numerous reasons, one of which being that pubic interest had diverted from the canals to railways. Merritt tried his hand at other public works outside transportation and trade. He looked into building a lunatic asylum, worked on behalf of War of 1812 veterans, aided in building Brock’s monument, established schools, aided refugee slaves from the U.S. and tried to establish a National Archives among many other feats. He was described by some as having “policy too liberal – conceptions too vast – views too comprehensive to be comprehensible by all”, but he still made a great difference in the society in which he lived. After his great contributions, Merritt died aboard a ship in the Cornwall canal on July 5, 1862. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=38719 retrieved October 2006 Today numerous groups carry on the legacy of Merritt and the canals both in the past and present. One such group is the Welland Canals Foundation. They describe themselves as: “. . . a volunteer organization which strives to promote the importance of the present and past Welland Canals, and to preserve their history and heritage. The Foundation began in 1980 and carries on events like William Hamilton Merritt Day. The group has strongly supported the Welland Canals Parkway initiative and numerous other activities”. The Welland Canals Foundation does not work alone. They have help from other local groups such as the St. Catharines Historical Society. The Society’s main objective is to increase knowledge and appreciation of the historical aspects of St. Catharines and vicinity, such as the Welland Canals. http://www.niagara.com/~dmdorey/hssc/dec2000.html - retrieved Oct. 2006 http://www.niagara.com/~dmdorey/hssc/feb2000.html - retrieved Oct. 2006

New signage for the Chapman College Gymnasium, Orange, California, September, 1973

New signage for the Chapman College Gymnasium, Orange, California, September, 1973. Also called "The Box." Originally an Orange Union High School building, it was dedicated March 26, 1926 and torn down in January, 1977 to make way for the Hutton Sports Center.

Grant of Permission for lease of military lands from Sir Robert Prescott to Thomas Clark, 1798-1801.

Transcript (original spelling and grammar retained): By His Excellency Robert Prescott Esquire, Captain General and Governor in Chief in and over His Majestys Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, General and Commander in Chief of all His Majesty’s forces in the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and their several Dependencies and in the Island of Newfoundland &ca. &ca. &ca. I do hereby authorise and permit Thomas Clark of Queenstown in the County of Lincoln in the Province of Upper Canada merchant to take possession of all that Lot, piece and parcel of Land (being part of the land reserved by his Majesty for Military purposes) situate, lying and being at Queenstown in the Township of Newark, in the Home District in the said Province of Upper Canada, bounded and abutted as follows, that is to say beginning at the Distance of two Chains and ninety links from the South East End of his Majesty’s Store House, the said distance being measured along the Bank up Stream, thence South thirty nine degrees and an half West one Chain and fifty links thence south fifty degrees and an half East one Chain and thirty links thence North thirty nine degrees and an half East to the Edge of the Bank and from thence along the Bank to the place of beginning, containing thirty one perches and one hundred and twenty five square links and to occupy and hold the said Lot, piece and parcel of Land during pleasure subject nevertheless to the provisoes and Conditions herein after contained, that is to say. First on condition that it shall and may be lawful to and for His Majesty his Heirs and Successors and to and for the Commander in Chief of His Majesty Forces for the time being and to and for the Officer commanding his Majesty’s Forces in Upper Canada for the time being and to and for either of them to determine and make void this present permission to occupy during pleasure the said Lot, Piece or Parcel of Land above described at any time hereafter whenever he or they shall see fit so to do without any compensation or indemnification to the said Thomas Clark or any other Person or Persons whosoever for any Loss Injury or Damage which he the said Thomas Clark or any other Person or Persons whosoever may thereby sustain. Secondly on this further Condition that it shall and may be lawful to and for His Majesty his Heirs and Successors and to and for his and their Officers, Soldiers and Servants at any time hereafter by order of the Commander in Chief of His Majesty’s Forces for the time being or by order of the Officer commanding his Majesty’s forces in Upper Canada for the time being or by order of the Officer of His Majesty’s Corps of Royal Engineers commanding in the said Province of Upper Canada for the time being to enter upon the said Lot Piece and parcel of Land which the said Thomas Clark is hereby permitted to occupy during pleasure or upon any part thereof and to take down and from the said Lot piece and parcel of Land or from any part thereof to remove any dwelling House Store or other Buildings on the said Lot, piece or Parcel of Land or any part thereof erected and to remove any goods or Chattels on the said Lot piece and parcel of Land or on any part thereof or on any such dwelling House Store or other building found or being and that His Majesty his Heirs and Successors or any other Person or Persons whosoever shall not be liable or responsible to the said Thomas Clark or to any other Person or Persons whosoever for any Loss, Injury or Damage which he or they shall or may in such case sustain. Thirdly on this further Condition that the said Thomas Clark shall not erect on the said Lot Piece or Parcel of Land which the said Thomas Clark is hereby permitted to occupy during pleasure or upon any part thereof at any time or times hereafter any dwelling House store or other Building whatsoever of Stone or brick or of any other materials wood only exccepted and that if any dwelling House or Store or other building of Stone or brick or of any other materials except wood shall at any time be erected on the said Lot, piece or parcel of Land or upon any part thereof, then and in such case, this present permission and every Clause and Article thereof shall from thenceforth cease and determine and be absolutely and entirely null and void. And lastly on this further Condition that the said Thomas Clark or any other Person whosoever shall not assign this permission to occupy the said Lot, Piece or Parcel of Land above described to any Person of Persons whosoever, and if any such assignment shall be made by the said Thomas Clark or by any other Person in his right, or on his behalf, that then and in such case such assignment and this permission to occupy during pleasure the said Lot piece and parcel of Land above described, and every Clause and Article thereof shall from thenceforth cease and determine and be absolutely and entirely null and void. Given under my hand at the Castle of St. Lewis in the City of Quebec in the Province of Lower Canada this Ninth day of July in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety eight and in the thirty eighth year of His Majesty’s Reign. [Signed here by Robert Prescott] By Order of the Commander in Chief [Signed here by James Green (Illegible signature)] I the said Thomas Clark above named do hereby accept the above written Permission to occupy during pleasure the said Lot piece and parcel of Land above described upon and subject to the several Provisioes and Conditions above written and each and every of them severally and respectively. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand the Sixteenth day of August in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety eight and in the thirty eighth year of His Majesty’s Reign. [Signed here by Thomas Clark] Signed in the presence of [Illegible signature – looks like J. M Donell Lt. Col.] [Illegible – looks like 2d. Battn R. C. Sm?] [Signed here by C. Anderson] Whereas Inconveniences did arise from the peculiar situation of the Ground contiguous to the above described Lot of Land and the occupation thereof, if estimated by the above Limits would prove highly disadvantageous to Mr. Thomas Clark be it known that in consideration thereof we do permit the above Lot to extend one half Chain more in length up stream so as to comprehend the space allowed for the Road between Lots Two + Three, and we do hereby appropriate the said additional space wholly to the use of the said Thomas Clark. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed this Thirteenth Day of October in the Year of our Lord one thousand Eight Hundred and one. [Signed here by J. M’Donell Lt. Col] 2d. Battn. R. C. [in?] Com of Fort George + Dependencies Robt. Pilkington Captain Royal Engineers

Copy of poster advertising “Grand Buffalo Hunt at Niagara Falls” with Bill Hickok, August, 1872

James Butler Hickok (1837-1876), also known as “Wild Bill” Hickok, was an American gun-fighter, scout and spy. He was involved in altercations with others while working for the famous express company Russell, Majors and Waddell (in 1861), and later while working as a wagon master, scout, and spy for the Union forces during the Civil War. These altercations resulted in the deaths of 4 people, but Hickok was acquitted in all cases. An embellished article written about him in Harper’s magazine helped contribute to his reputation as a western hero. He served as a deputy U.S. marshal and sheriff in Kansas in the late 1860’s, helping to bring law and order to a previously lawless area. He gambled considerably, and during a card game on August 2, 1876, was shot and killed. The cards he was holding (two aces, two eights, and a jack) became known as the "dead man's hand."