Evolution of microstructure during hot deformation of pearlitic steel

Hot deformation of pearlitic steel was carried out to examine the overall deformation response to microstructural evolution. To understand the mechanisms operative during hot deformation, compression tests were carried out at various temperatures in the range 400(-)600 degrees C and strain rates in the range 0.001-10 s(-1). The flow curves were analyzed to examine the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization. The evolution of microstructure in hot deformed samples is analysed using EBSD.

Modeling of temperature and field-dependent electron mobility in a single-layer graphene sheet

In this paper, we address a physics-based analytical model of electric-field-dependent electron mobility (mu) in a single-layer graphene sheet using the formulation of Landauer and Mc Kelvey's carrier flux approach under finite temperature and quasi-ballistic regime. The energy-dependent, near-elastic scattering rate of in-plane and out-of-plane (flexural) phonons with the electrons are considered to estimate mu over a wide range of temperature. We also demonstrate the variation of mu with carrier concentration as well as the longitudinal electric field. We find that at high electric field (>10(6) Vm(-1)), the mobility falls sharply, exhibiting the scattering between the electrons and flexural phonons. We also note here that under quasi-ballistic transport, the mobility tends to a constant value at low temperature, rather than in between T-2 and T-1 in strongly diffusive regime. Our analytical results agree well with the available experimental data, while the methodologies are put forward to estimate the other carrier-transmission-dependent transport properties.

Fretting studies on self-mated stainless steel and chromium carbide coated surfaces under controlled environment conditions

Adhesive wear has been widely accepted as the type of wear which is most frequently encountered under fretting conditions. Present study has been carried out to study the mode of failure and mechanisms associated under conditions where strong adhesion prevails at the contact interface. Mechanical variables such as normal load, displacement amplitude, and environment conditions were controlled so as to simulate adhesion as the governing mechanism at the contact interface. Self-mated Stainless Steel (SS) and chromium carbide with 25% nickel chrome binder coatings using plasma spray and high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) processes on SS were considered as the material for contacting bodies. Damage in the form of plastic deformation, fracture, and material transfer has been observed. Further, chromium carbide with 25% nickel chrome binder coatings using HVOF process on SS shows less fretting damage, and can be considered as an effective palliative against fretting damage, even under high vacuum conditions. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Classification, representation, and automatic extraction of deformation features in sheet metal parts

This paper presents classification, representation and extraction of deformation features in sheet-metal parts. The thickness is constant for these shape features and hence these are also referred to as constant thickness features. The deformation feature is represented as a set of faces with a characteristic arrangement among the faces. Deformation of the base-sheet or forming of material creates Bends and Walls with respect to a base-sheet or a reference plane. These are referred to as Basic Deformation Features (BDFs). Compound deformation features having two or more BDFs are defined as characteristic combinations of Bends and Walls and represented as a graph called Basic Deformation Features Graph (BDFG). The graph, therefore, represents a compound deformation feature uniquely. The characteristic arrangement of the faces and type of bends belonging to the feature decide the type and nature of the deformation feature. Algorithms have been developed to extract and identify deformation features from a CAD model of sheet-metal parts. The proposed algorithm does not require folding and unfolding of the part as intermediate steps to recognize deformation features. Representations of typical features are illustrated and results of extracting these deformation features from typical sheet metal parts are presented and discussed. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Solution of Time Dependent Joule Heat Equation for a Graphene Sheet Under Thomson Effect

We address a physics-based solution of joule heating phenomenon in a single-layer graphene (SLG) sheet under the presence of Thomson effect. We demonstrate that the temperature in an isotopically pure (containing only C-12) SLG sheet attains its saturation level quicker than when doped with its isotopes (C-13). From the solution of the joule heating equation, we find that the thermal time constant of the SLG sheet is in the order of tenths of a nanosecond for SLG dimensions of a few micrometers. These results have been formulated using the electron interactions with the inplane and flexural phonons to demonstrate a field-dependent Landauer transmission coefficient. We further develop an analytical model of the SLG specific heat using the quadratic (out of plane) phonon band structure over the room temperature. Additionally, we show that a cooling effect in the SLG sheet can be substantially enhanced with the addition of C-13. The methodologies as discussed in this paper can be put forward to analyze the graphene heat spreader theory.

MRT Letter: Light Sheet Based Imaging Flow Cytometry on a Microfluidic Platform

We propose a light sheet based imaging flow cytometry technique for simultaneous counting and imaging of cells on a microfluidic platform. Light sheet covers the entire microfluidic channel and thus omits the necessity of flow focusing and point scanning based technology. Another advantage lies in the orthogonal detection geometry that totally cuts-off the incident light, thereby substantially reducing the background in the detection. Compared to the existing state-of-art techniques the proposed technique shows marked improvement. Using fluorescently-coated Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells we have recorded cell counting with throughput as high as 2,090 cells/min in the low flow rate regime and were able to image the individual cells on-the-go. Overall, the proposed system is cost-effective and simple in channel geometry with the advantage of efficient counting in operational regime of low laminar flow. This technique may advance the emerging field of microfluidic based cytometry for applications in nanomedicine and point of care diagnostics. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:1101-1107, 2013. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Graphene based E. coli sensor on flexible acetate sheet

A low cost, reagent free, Escherichia coli sensor is demonstrated with graphene, on transparent flexible acetate substrate. Graphene is grown on 100 mu m thick Cu foil, using CVD process and subsequently transferred on to a flexible acetate substrate. Gold electrodes are deposited on graphene to form a two terminal, interdigitated capacitor structure. Impedance spectroscopy (10 Hz to 100 kHz) is performed to characterize the change in impedance, as a function of E. coli concentration on graphene surface. The residual methyl groups on graphene, resulting from the transfer process, act as binding sites for E. coli. It has been observed that the resistance of graphene decreases with increasing E. coli concentration. This is due to the increased hole doping induced by negatively charged E. coli. A sensitivity of 60% is achieved for an E. coli concentration of 4.5 x 10(7) cfu/ml. An equivalent RC model is proposed to explain the sensing mechanism. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Preparation of Self Assembled Sodium Oleate Monolayer on Mild Steel and Its Corrosion Inhibition Behavior in Saline water

A self assembled monolayer (SAM) of sodium oleate was generated on mild steel by the dip coating method. Formation of the SAM on mild steel was examined using Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (IRRAS) and contact angle measurements. The chemical and anticorrosive properties of the SAM were analyzed using different techniques. IRRAS and water contact angle data revealed the crystallinity and chemical stability of the SAM modified mild steel. The electrochemical measurements showed that the mild steel with the sodium oleate derived SAM exhibited better corrosion resistance in saline water. The effect of temperature and pH on the SAM formation and its anti corrosion ability was explored.

X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy studies of cementite dissolution in cold-drawn pearlitic steel

Cementite dissolution in cold-drawn pearlitic steel (0.8 wt.% carbon) wires has been studied by quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mossbauer spectroscopy up to drawing strain 1.4. Quantification of cementite-phase fraction by Rietveld analysis has confirmed more than 50% dissolution of cementite phase at drawing strain 1.4. It is found that the lattice parameter of the ferrite phase determined by Rietveld refinement procedure remains nearly unchanged even after cementite dissolution. This confirms that the carbon atoms released after cementite dissolution do not dissolve in the ferrite lattice as Fe-C interstitial solid solution. Detailed analysis of broadening of XRD line profiles for the ferrite phase shows high density of dislocations (approximate to 10(15)/m(2)) in the ferrite matrix at drawing strain 1.4. The results suggest a dominant role of 111 screw dislocations in the cementite dissolution process. Post-deformation heat treatment leads to partial annihilation of dislocations and restoration of cementite phase. Based on these experimental observations, further supplemented by TEM studies, we have suggested an alternative thermodynamic mechanism of the dissolution process.

WEAR AND SLIDING-FRICTION CHARACTERISTICS OF STAINLESS STEEL SS316LN WITHOUT A COATING AND WITH A CrN COATING AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES AND IN A VACUUM

Stainless steel of type AISI 316LN - one of the structural materials of fast neutron reactors - must have a long service life under conditions that subject it to different types of wear (galling, adhesion, fretting, and abrasion). Cobalt-based hard facings are generally avoided due to induced radioactivity. Nickel-based hard facings are strongly preferred instead. One alternative to both types of coatings is a hard-alloy coating of CrN. This article examines wear and friction characteristics during the sliding of uncoated steel SS316LN and the same steel with a CrN coating. In addition, a specially designed pin-on-disk tribometer is used to perform tests in a vacuum at temperatures of up to 1000 degrees C in order to study the effect of oxygen on the wear of these materials. The morphology of the wear surface and the structure of the subsurface were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The formation of an adhesion layer and the self-welding of mating parts are seen to take place in the microstructure at temperatures above 500 degrees C. It is also found that steel SS316LN undergoes shear strain during sliding wear. The friction coefficient depends on the oxygen content, load, and temperature, while the wear rate depends on the strain-hardening of the surface of the material being tested.

Simulations and experiments in punching spring-steel devices with sub-millimeter features

This work demonstrates the feasibility of mesoscale (100 μm to mm) punching of multiple holes of intricate shapes in metals. Analytical modeling, finite element (FE)simulation, and experimentations are used in this work. Two dimensional FE simulations in ABAQUS were done with an assumed material modeling and plane-strain condition. A known analytical model was used and compared with the ABAQUS simulation results to understand the effects of clearance between the punch and the die. FE simulation in ABAQUS was done for different clearances and corner radii at punch, die, and holder. A set of punches and dies were used to punch out a miniature spring-steel gripper. Comparison of compliant grippers manufactured by wire-cut electro discharge machining(EDM) and punching shows that realizing sharp interior and re-entrant corners by punching is not easy to achieve. Punching of circular holes with 5 mm and 2.5 mm diameter is achieved. The possibility of realizing meso-scale parts with complicated shapes through punching is demonstrated in this work; and some strategies are suggested for improvement.

Compact in-plane dual-axis spring-steel accelerometer

Presented in this paper is an improvement over a spring-steel dual-axis accelerometer that we had reported earlier.The fabrication process (which entails wire-cut electro discharge machining of easily accessible and inexpensive spring-steelfoil) and the sensing of the displacement (which is done using off-the-shelf Hall-effect sensors) remain the same. Theimprovements reported here are twofold: (i) the footprint of the packaged accelerometer is reduced from 80 mm square to 40mm square, and (ii) almost perfect de-coupling and symmetry are achieved between the two in-plane axes of the packageddevice as opposed to the previous embodiment where this was not the case. Good linearity with about 40 mV/g was measuredalong both the in-plane axes over a range of 0.1 to 1 g. The first two natural frequencies of the devices are at 30 Hz and 100Hz, respectively, as per the experiment. The highlights of this work are cost-effective processing, easy integration of the Hall-effect sensing capability on a customised printed circuit board, and inexpensive packaging without overly compromising eitherthe overall size or the sensitivity of the accelerometer. Through this work, we have reaffirmed the practicability of spring-steelaccelerometers towards the eventual goal of making it compete with micro machined silicon accelerometers in terms of sizeand performance. The cost is likely to be much lower for the spring-steel accelerometers than that of silicon accelerometers, especially when the volume of production is low and the sensor is to be used as a single packaged unit.

Experimental investigation of biofuel drop impact on stainless steel surface

Blends of conventional fuels such as Jet-A1 (aviation kerosene) and diesel with bio-derived components, referred to as biofttels, are gradually replacing the conventional fuels in aircraft and automobile engines. There is a lack of understanding on the interaction of spray drops of such biofuels with solid surfaces. The present study is an experimental investigation on the impact of biofuel drops onto a smooth stainless steel surface. The biofuel is a mixture of 90% commercially available camelina-derived biofuel and 10% aromatics. Biofuel drops were generated using a syringe-hypodermic needle arrangement. On demand, the needle delivers an almost spherical drop with drop diameter in the range 2.05-2.15 mm. Static wetting experiments show that the biofuel drop completely wets the stainless steel surface and exhibits an equilibrium contact angle of 5.6. High speed video camera was used to capture the impact dynamics of biofuel drops with Weber number ranging from 20 to 570. The spreading dynamics and maximum spreading diameter of impacting biofuel drops on the target surface were analyzed. For the impact of high Weber number biofuel drops, the spreading law suggests beta similar to tau(0.5) where beta is the spread factor and tau, the nondimensionalized time. The experimentally observed trend of maximum spread factor, beta(max) of camelina biofuel drop on the target surface with We compares well with the theoretically predicted trend from Ukiwe-Kwok model. After reaching beta(max), the impacting biofuel drop undergoes a prolonged sluggish spreading due to the high wetting nature of the camelina biofuel-stainless steel system. As a result, the final spread factor is found to be a little more than beta(max). (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Enhancing the high temperature plasticity of a Cu-containing austenitic stainless steel through grain boundary strengthening

The addition of 3 wt% Cu to heat-resistant SUS 304H austenitic steel enhances its high temperature mechanical properties. To further improve the properties, particularly the creep resistance and ductility at high temperatures, a post-solutionizing heat-treatment method that involves an intermediated annealing either at 700 or 800 degrees C after solutionizing for durations up to 180 min was employed. The purpose this heat-treatment is to precipitate planar Cr23C6 at the grain boundaries, which results in the boundaries getting serrated. Detailed microstructural analyses of these `grain boundary engineered' alloys was conducted and their mechanical performance, both at room temperature and at 750 degrees C, was evaluated. While the grain size and texture are unaffected due to the high temperature hold, the volume fraction of Sigma 3 twin boundaries was found to increase significantly. While the strength enhancement was only marginal, the ductility was found to increase significantly, especially at high temperature. A marked increase in the creep resistance was also noted, which is attributed to the reduction of the grain boundary sliding by the grain boundary serrations and the suppression of grain boundary cavitation through the optimization of the volume fraction and spacing of the Cr23C6 precipitates. The special heat-treatment performed with holding time of 3 h at 700 degrees C resulted in the optimum combination of strength, ductility and creep resistance at high temperature. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Three Dimensional Fluorescence Imaging Using Multiple Light-Sheet Microscopy

We developed a multiple light-sheet microscopy (MLSM) system capable of 3D fluorescence imaging. Employing spatial filter in the excitation arm of a SPIM system, we successfully generated multiple light-sheets. This improves upon the existing SPIM system and is capable of 3D volume imaging by simultaneously illuminating multiple planes in the sample. Theta detection geometry is employed for data acquisition from multiple specimen layers. This detection scheme inherits many advantages including, background reduction, cross-talk free fluorescence detection and high-resolution at long working distance. Using this technique, we generated 5 equi-intense light-sheets of thickness approximately 7: 5 mm with an inter-sheet separation of 15 mm. Moreover, the light-sheets generated by MLSM is found to be 2 times thinner than the state-of-art SPIM system. Imaging of fluorescently coated yeast cells of size 4 +/- 1 mm (encaged in Agarose gel-matrix) is achieved. Proposed imaging technique may accelerate the field of fluorescence microscopy, cell biology and biophotonics.