A short proregion of trialysin, a pore-forming protein of Triatoma infestans salivary glands, controls activity by folding the N-terminal lytic motif

Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is a hematophagous insect that transmits the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas` disease. Its saliva contains trialysin, a protein that forms pores in membranes. Peptides based on the N-terminus of trialysin lyse cells and fold into alpha-helical amphipathic segments resembling antimicrobial peptides. Using a specific antiserum against trialysin, we show here that trialysin is synthesized as a precursor that is less active than the protein released after saliva secretion. A synthetic peptide flanked by a fluorophore and a quencher including the acidic proregion and the lytic N-terminus of the protein is also less active against cells and liposomes, increasing activity upon proteolysis. Activation changes the peptide conformation as observed by fluorescence increase and CD spectroscopy. This mechanism of activation could provide a way to impair the toxic effects of trialysin inside the salivary glands, thus restricting damaging lytic activity to the bite site.

À la recherche des facteurs de réussite au lycée : Apprentissage de langues en ligne au lycée - une étude

The aim of this academic essay is to research into Distance teaching in language education at a comprehensive upper high school in a region in Sweden. Qualitative and quantitative studies are combined by using evaluation and interview methods with students who have completed their studies and with those who have decided to terminate them 2012/2013. The goals are to identify success factors and elements in devising and compiling on-line language courses thus eliminating failure by students unable / choosing not to complete courses. Present Distance teaching is mostly applicable for the already motivated students and research shows that measures can be taken to increase the percentage of successful and satisfied students.

Antibodies to yeast Sm motif 1 cross-react with human Sm core polypeptides

Two regions common to all UsnRNP core polypeptides have been described: Sm motif 1 and Sm motif 2. Rabbits were immunized with a 22 amino-acid peptide containing one segment of Sm motif 1 (YRGTLVSTDNYFNLQL-NEAEEF, corresponding to residues 11-32) from yeast F protein. After immunization, the rabbit sera contained antibodies that not only reacted specifically with the peptide from yeast F protein but also cross-reacted with Sm polypeptides from mammals; that is, with purified human U1snRNPs. The results suggest that the peptide used and human Sm polypeptides contain a common feature recognized by the polyclonal antibodies. A large collection of human systemic lupus erythematosus sera was assayed using the yeast peptide as an antigen source. Seventy per cent of systemic lupus erythematosus sera contain an antibody specificity that cross-reacts with the yeast peptide.

Variability of the conserved V3 loop tip motif in HIV-1 subtype B isolates collected from Brazilian and French patients

The diversity of the V3 loop tip motif sequences of HIV-1 subtype B was analyzed in patients from Botucatu (Brazil) and Montpellier (France). Overall, 37 tetrameric tip motifs were identified, 28 and 17 of them being recognized in Brazilian and French patients, respectively. The GPGR (P) motif was predominant in French but not in Brazilian patients (53.5% vs 31.0%), whereas the GWGR (W) motif was frequent in Brazilian patients (23.0%) and absent in French patients. Three tip motif groups were considered: P, W, and non-P non-W groups. The distribution of HIV-1 isolates into the three groups was significantly different between isolates from Botucatu and from Montpellier (P < 0.001). A higher proportion of CXCR4-using HIV-1 (X4 variants) was observed in the non-P non-W group as compared with the P group (37.5% vs 19.1%), and no X4 variant was identified in the W group (P < 0.001). The higher proportion of X4 variants in the non-P non-W group was essentially observed among the patients from Montpellier, who have been infected with HIV-1 for a longer period of time than those from Botucatu. Among patients from Montpellier, CD4+ cell counts were lower in patients belonging to the non-P non-W group than in those belonging to the P group (24 cells/µL vs 197 cells/µL; P = 0.005). Taken together, the results suggest that variability of the V3 loop tip motif may be related to HIV-1 coreceptor usage and to disease progression. However, as analyzed by a bioinformatic method, the substitution of the V3 loop tip motif of the subtype B consensus sequence with the different tip motifs identified in the present study was not sufficient to induce a change in HIV-1 coreceptor usage.

A precarização do trabalho e o adoecimento docente em instituições de ensino superior privadas/mercantis

Essa tese doutoral procurou entender a precarização do trabalho e o adoecimento docente em instituições de ensino superior privadas. E partiu de uma opção teórica que considera o trabalho fundamental para o processo de hominização e humanização do homem e adotando como método investigativo o materialismo histórico dialético. Nesse sentido, procurou investigar o seguinte problema: que relação pode ser estabelecida entre a precarização do trabalho e a saúde do docente em instituições da rede privada de ensino superior? A partir do problema levantado algumas questões norteadoras surgiram diante da necessidade de orientar melhor a coleta e análise de dados: a) as principais manifestações de doenças ocorridas entre os trabalhadores docentes em IES privadas possuem relação com a precarização do trabalho dos mesmos? e b) que fatores relacionados ao exercício do magistério podem estar associados ao desenvolvimento de determinadas doenças nos professores? Essas questões configuraram a tese aqui defendida: o trabalho docente, em razão de sua precarização, tem uma relação bem íntima com o processo de adoecimento dos professores. Para a efetivação do estudo realizou-se uma pesquisa empírica junto a docentes de uma instituição de ensino superior da rede privada, localizada no município de Belém, mediante o emprego de entrevistas semiestruturadas cujos objetivos perseguidos eram: a) identificar as principais manifestações de doenças ocorridas entre os trabalhadores docentes em IES privadas e b) analisar se as doenças que acometem os docentes de IES privadas têm relação com a precarização do trabalho dos mesmos. De um modo geral, os dados revelaram que há, realmente, uma forte relação entre o tipo de exercício laboral dos professores e o desenvolvimento de um latente processo de adoecimento. Algo percebido durante a identificação de diversas manifestações de doenças verificadas entre os trabalhadores docentes. No que tange as doenças físicas, destaca-se como a principal manifestada pelos docentes problemas relativos à corda vocal, algo que parece ser comum ao grupo de profissionais que utilizam com muita frequência, sem descanso e de forma inadequada, a voz. No que concerne especificamente às doenças mentais, encontrou-se forte indícios da presença de estresse e também da síndrome de burnout, fatores que tornam o trabalho docente algo embrutecedor e incompatível com a ativação de uma vida saudável e plena. Concluindo, entende-se então que, de um modo geral, os dados indicam pistas e sinais de que há uma relação muito próxima entra a precarização do trabalho e o desenvolvimento de processos de adoecimento entre os docentes envolvidos na pesquisa empírica.