1000 resultados para Proteínas - Síntese
Resumo:
Podophyllotoxin is the most studied lignan because of its use as an antimitotic agent and because it is a precursor of pharmacologically active derivatives. This review describes the anticancer activities of podophyllotoxin and the different processes that have been developed for its extraction and purification from Podophyllum spp. In addition, the synthesis routes of this compound and the development of three semi-synthetic procedures to obtain etoposide, teniposide, and Etopophos are detailed.
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Herein, we report the synthesis of β-N-glycosylsulfonamides derivatives of D-glucose and N-acetylglucosamine using conventional methods. We also describe a procedure that allows the preparation of these compounds in good yields without the anomerization of the intermediate glycosylamines. This method includes the intermediates obtained from the less reactive 1- and 2-naphthalenesulfonyl chlorides.
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Condensation reactions of glycerol with aldehydes and ketones were performed under thermal heating and microwave irradiation regimes. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts were tested in both conditions. A silica sulfated (SiO2-SO3H) heterogeneous catalyst demonstrated the best performance relative to a selectivity of >95% in favor of 5-membered ketals. For acetals, preference in favor of 5-membered or 6-membered functional groups depends on the nature of the catalyst. Homogenous catalysts favor the more stable 6-membered acetals, whereas heterogeneous catalysts favor the less stable 5-membered acetals. However, the isomer ratios in the acetalization reaction are too low, and hence the reaction cannot be used in a synthetic plan for functional materials. Ketalization processes mediated by SiO2-SO3H show a high selectivity in favor of a 5-membered ring (1,3-dioxolane). The scope of condensation was tested with different ketones. A mechanism for heterogeneous catalysis related to the selectivity in the cyclization process is presented herein. Solketal, a commercial product, was also obtained by a condensation reaction of glycerol and propanone, and showed a high selectivity in favor of 1,3-dioxolane. It was transformed to potential allylic and chiral intermediates. A mesogenic core was connected to the organic framework of glycerol to produce a monomer liquid crystal material with a stable smectic-C mesophase.
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In the past few years, photoredox catalysis has become a powerful tool in the field of organic synthesis. Using this efficient method, it is possible to excite organic compounds from visible light and attain alternative mechanistic pathways for the formation of chemical bonds, a result which is not obtainable by classical methods. The rapid growth of work in the area of photoredox catalysis is due to its low cost, broad chemical utility protocols, and, especially, its relevancy from the green and sustainable chemistry viewpoints. Thus, this study proposes a brief theoretical discussion of and highlights recent advances in visible-light-induced photoredox catalysis through the analysis of catalytic cycles and intermediates.
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The synthesis of 3-coumarin-carboxylic acids and their application to the total synthesis of the natural products ayapin, coumarin, and umbeliferone in undergraduate organic chemistry experiments is described herein. The synthetic approach consists of a one-pot cyclization between salyciladehydes and Meldrum's acid in water to produce the above mentioned acids, followed by decarboxylation under basic or radical conditions.
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In this work, we used an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) consisting of the ionic liquid [C4mim][Cl] and the salt K2HPO4 to partition α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and lactoferrin whey proteins. Extraction efficiency values above 87% indicate that the proteins primarily migrated to the ionic liquid-rich phase (top phase). Partition coefficient values ranged from 6.17 to 8.93 for a-lactalbumin, from 22.80 to 34.55 for β-lactoglobulin, and from 26.46 to 40.06 for lactoferrin. Therefore, the saline ATPS with the ionic liquid examined in this study can be considered to be a promising alternative for extracting whey proteins.
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In this study, we report the preparation of a new tetra-substituted epoxide aldehyde cyclopentane, which acts as a starting material for the synthesis of plinol, from (R)-(+)-epoxy-limonene. The synthesis was performed in three steps and resulted in a good yield. The structural determination was performed by 1H and 13C NMR, and the relative stereochemistry was defined by nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) experiments with computer calculations of molecular modeling, particularly with respect to indirect coupling constant calculations.
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This work presents the synthesis of silicas containing cetyltrialkylammoniun surfactants in their mesopores. Initially, the aqueous dispersions of these surfactants were characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The hybrid silicas obtained from these dispersions were evaluated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and nitrogen physisorption. The XRD showed that, increasing the head size, there is a shift of the peak corresponding to the (100) diffraction plane to smaller 2θ angles, which indicates an increase in the silicas porous diameter. The increasing of the silicas porous diameter was confirmed by nitrogen physisorption. The base catalytic properties of these hybrid silicas were evaluated in the transesterification reaction showing that those containing the cations C16Et3+ and C16Pr3+ showed better performance.
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The phenanthridinone heterocyclic system has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to the diverse array of physical, chemical and pharmacological properties demonstrated by natural and synthetic derivatives. As a consequence there has been considerable development of synthetic methodology for the synthesis of this and related heterocyclic ring systems. The synthetic literature is discussed and is compared with a direct arylation methodology for the intramolecular cyclization of tertiary (2-iodo)benzoylamides to generate the biaryl bond of these compounds. The efficient methodology allowed the synthesis of a number of previously unknown phenanthridinone products. The photoluminescent properties of representative examples were characterized and it is proposed that the previously unknown compound 1s reveals dual fluorescence in a manner similar to the known compound 1r.
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Objetivou-se caracterizar isolados de Rhizoctonia solani AG1 e AG4 e isolados binucleados de Rhizoctonia spp. patogênicos a Eucalyptus, por meio de eletroforese de proteínas, em gel de poliacrilamida, e de isoenzimas (ACP, 6-PGDH, LAP, SOD, MDH e IDH), em gel de amido. Para comparação, incluíram-se alguns isolados brasileiros de outros hospedeiros e isolados-padrões de R. solani AG1, procedentes do Japão. Observaram-se diferenças nos padrões gerais de proteínas e nos fenótipos isoenzimáticos entre isolados binucleados e multinucleados e entre isolados de diferentes grupos e subgrupos de anastomose. Isolados de R. solani AG1, procedentes do Brasil e Japão, apresentaram baixa similaridade nos padrões de proteínas e de isoenzimas. Isolados brasileiros morfologicamente semelhantes a R. solani AG1-IB (microesclerodiais) apresentaram padrões de proteínas similares e um maior número de fenótipos isoenzimáticos idênticos entre si. Esta tendência foi independente do hospedeiro e da origem geográfica. Variações nos padrões de proteínas e de isoenzimas foram também observadas dentre isolados brasileiros de R. solani AG4. Discute-se o uso da eletroforese de proteínas e isoenzimas na caracterização de isolados de Rhizoctonia spp. e em estudos genéticos e filogenéticos de fungos deste gênero.
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens é o agente causal da galha-da-coroa, doença que afeta a maioria das plantas dicotiledôneas e caracteriza-se pelo crescimento de tumores na junção entre o caule e a raiz (coroa). A formação desses tumores é o resultado de um processo natural de transferência de genes de Agrobacterium spp. para o genoma da planta infetada. Esses genes estão contidos em um plasmídio de alto peso molecular (120 a 250 kb), denominado Ti ("tumor inducing"), presente em todas as linhagens patogênicas de Agrobacterium spp. Duas regiões do plasmídio Ti estão diretamente envolvidas na indução do tumor: a região-T, que corresponde ao segmento de DNA transferido para a célula vegetal, e a região de virulência (região vir), que contém genes envolvidos na síntese de proteínas responsáveis pelo processo de transferência da região-T. Esta região, uma vez transferida e integrada no genoma da célula vegetal, passa a ser denominada de T-DNA ("transferred DNA"). Os genes presentes no T-DNA codificam enzimas envolvidas na via de biossíntese de reguladores de crescimento, auxinas e citocininas. A síntese desses reguladores pelas células transformadas causa um desbalanço hormonal, levando à formação do tumor no local da infecção. Outro grupo de genes presentes no T-DNA codifica enzimas responsáveis pela síntese de opinas, que são catabolisadas especificamente pela bactéria colonizadora, como fonte de nutrientes. O conhecimento preliminar das bases moleculares envolvidas no processo de infecção de uma planta hospedeira por Agrobacterium spp., permitiu a utilização desta bactéria como vetor natural de transformação genética de plantas.
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Por reação de quantidades eqüimoleculares de R2SnO ou R2SnCl2 (R = -CH3; -C4H9) com ácido dl-mandélico, C6H5CH(OH)COOH, em meio de etanol, foram obtidos novos compostos formulados como [(LR2Sn)2O] [L= C6H5CH(OH)COO-], nos quais o átomo de estanho é pentacoordenado, com o ligante L estabelecendo uma ligação bidentada através dos átomos de oxigênio dos grupos ácido e hidroxila alcoólica. Nas mesmas condições, nenhum produto obtido a partir da reação de (C6H5)2SnO ou (C6H5)2SnCl2 pode ser identificado. No entanto, quando da reação de (C6H5)2SnCl2 com ácido dl-mandélico, em meio de acetonitrila, foi preparado um composto dimérico hexacoordenado formulado como [L(C6H5)2SnCl]2. Este composto não pode ser isolado de forma pura e está misturado com 7% de impurezas não identificadas, cujos parâmetros de interação hiperfina sugerem tratar de estanho tetravalente octaedricamente coordenado por oxigênio. Os compostos obtidos foram caracterizados por determinação de ponto de fusão, microanálise e espectroscopias i.v. e Mössbauer.
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O ácido 6alfa,7beta-di-hidroxivouacapan-17beta-óico foi isolado das sementes de Pterodon polygalaeflorus Benth (Leguminosae) e então dez novas amidas derivadas deste ácido foram preparadas. Os efeitos destas amidas na germinação de sementes de Sorghum bicolor L. e Cucumis sativus L. foram avaliados. Nove compostos, a uma concentração de 100 ppm, mostraram um efeito inibitório (5-21%) no crescimento radicular de C. sativus L.. A N-(t-butil)-6alfa,7beta-di-hidroxivouacapan-17beta-amida mostrou a maior ação inibitória (33%) para S. bicolor L.. Somente a N-benzil-6alfa,7beta-di-hidroxivouacapan-17beta-amida mostrou efeito estimulatório no crescimento radicular para C. sativus L. e S. bicolor L., de 16% e 34% respectivamente.