La cocina de los venenos. Aspectos de la criminalidad en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, siglos XVII-XVIII

Durante los siglos XVII y XVIII se presentaron varias querellas ante el Tribunal de Justicia Criminal del Nuevo Reino de Granada, en las que se denunciaba que había personas que ejercían los oficios médicos sin tener títulos que los acreditaran como facultativos en las artes curativas. Por ese entonces, se creía que quienes utilizaban yerbas y conjuros como métodos terapéuticos, por lo general mujeres, debían ser juzgadas como yerbateras-envenenadoras, porque no pretend��an curar sino matar a quien consumiera sus preparados. El texto establece que los procesos criminales por envenenamiento constituyen un prisma en el que convergen diferentes problemáticas del periodo colonial neogranadino, relacionadas con la salud, los oficios médicos, las enfermedades, las creencias mágico-religiosas, el ideal de mujer en la época, la delincuencia, y las dinámicas de las instituciones españolas, entre otras. De esta manera, se estudió cómo fue la relación entre los aspectos jurídicos, las leyes criminales (dictadas por la Corona) y las conductas “desviadas” (relacionadas con el crimen por envenenamiento) de los habitantes del Nuevo Reino de Granada, entre los siglos XVII y XVIII. Para ello se revistaron desde diferentes perspectivas, varios temas del mundo colonial neogranadino, relacionados con los rumores, la comidilla, los chismes y la importancia de la comunicación hablada en el virreinato; el problema de la honra, como una de las virtudes más sobresalientes de la época y las creencias de la cultura popular con relación al envenenamiento y los diferentes métodos curativos.

Proceedings of the Rank Forum on Vitamin D

The Rank Forum on Vitamin D was held on 2nd and 3rd July 2009 at the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. The workshop consisted of a series of scene-setting presentations to address the current issues and challenges concerning vitamin D and health, and included an open discussion focusing on the identification of the concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (a marker of vitamin D status) that may be regarded as optimal, and the implications this process may have in the setting of future dietary reference values for vitamin D in the UK. The Forum was in agreement with the fact that it is desirable for all of the population to have a serum 25(OH)D concentration above 25 nmol/l, but it discussed some uncertainty about the strength of evidence for the need to aim for substantially higher concentrations (25(OH)D concentrations . 75 nmol/l). Any discussion of ‘optimal’ concentration of serum 25(OH)D needs to define ‘optimal’ with care since it is important to consider the normal distribution of requirements and the vitamin D needs for a wide range of outcomes. Current UK reference values concentrate on the requirements of particular subgroups of the population; this differs from the approaches used in other European countries where a wider range of age groups tend to be covered. With the re-emergence of rickets and the public health burden of low vitamin D status being already apparent, there is a need for urgent action from policy makers and risk managers. The Forum highlighted concerns regarding the failure of implementation of existing strategies in the UK for achieving current vitamin D recommendations.

Crystallization and stereocomplexation behavior of poly(D- and L-lactide)-b-poly(N,N-dimethylamino-2-ethyl methacrylate) block copolymers

The thermal properties, crystallization, and morphology of amphiphilic poly(D-lactide)-b-poly(N,N-dimethylamino- 2-ethyl methacrylate) (PDLA-b-PDMAEMA) and poly (L-lactide)-b-poly(N,N-dimethylamino-2-ethyl methacrylate) (PLLA-b-PDMAEMA) copolymers were studied and compared to those of the corresponding poly(lactide) homopolymers. Additionally, stereocomplexation of these copolymers was studied. The crystallization kinetics of the PLA blocks was retarded by the presence of the PDMAEMA block. The studied copolymers were found to be miscible in the melt and the glassy state. The Avrami theory was able to predict the entire crystallization range of the PLA isothermal overall crystallization. The melting points of PLDA/PLLA and PLA/PLA-b-PDMAEMA stereocomplexes were higher than those formed by copolymer mixtures. This indicates that the PDMAEMA block is influencing the stability of the stereocomplex structures. For the low molecular weight samples, the stereocomplexes particles exhibited a conventional disk-shape structure and, for high molecular weight samples, the particles displayed unusual star-like shape morphology.

Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences from pathogenic Leptospira serovars and use of single nucleotide polymorphisms for rapid speciation by D-HPLC

Leptospira have a worldwide distribution and include important zoonotic pathogens yet diagnosis and differentiation still tend to rely on traditional bacteriological and serological approaches. In this study a 1.3 kb fragment of the rrs gene (16S rDNA) was sequenced from a panel of 22 control strains, representing serovars within the pathogenic species Leptospira interrogans, Leptospira borgpetersenii, and Leptospira kirschneri, to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These were identified in the 5' variable region of the 16S sequence and a 181 bp PCR fragment encompassing this region was used for speciation by Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography (D-HPLC). This method was applied to eleven additional species, representing pathogenic, non-pathogenic and intermediate species and was demonstrated to rapidly differentiate all but 2 of the non-pathogenic Leptospira species. The method was applied successfully to infected tissues from field samples proving its value for diagnosing leptospiral infections found in animals in the UK. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Understanding climate data through commentary metadata: the CHARMe project

We describe the CHARMe project, which aims to link climate datasets with publications, user feedback and other items of "commentary metadata". The system will help users learn from previous community experience and select datasets that best suit their needs, as well as providing direct traceability between conclusions and the data that supported them. The project applies the principles of Linked Data and adopts the Open Annotation standard to record and publish commentary information. CHARMe contributes to the emerging landscape of "climate services", which will provide climate data and information to influence policy and decision-making. Although the project focuses on climate science, the technologies and concepts are very general and could be applied to other fields.

Variation in genes related to hepatic lipid metabolism and changes in waist circumference and body weight.

We analysed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tagging the genetic variability of six candidate genes (ATF6, FABP1, LPIN2, LPIN3, MLXIPL and MTTP) involved in the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism, an important regulatory site of energy balance for associations with body mass index (BMI) and changes in weight and waist circumference. We also investigated effect modification by sex and dietary intake. Data of 6,287 individuals participating in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition were included in the analyses. Data on weight and waist circumference were followed up for 6.9 ± 2.5 years. Association of 69 tagSNPs with baseline BMI and annual changes in weight as well as waist circumference were investigated using linear regression analysis. Interactions with sex, GI and intake of carbohydrates, fat as well as saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were examined by including multiplicative SNP-covariate terms into the regression model. Neither baseline BMI nor annual weight or waist circumference changes were significantly associated with variation in the selected genes in the entire study population after correction for multiple testing. One SNP (rs1164) in LPIN2 appeared to be significantly interacting with sex (p = 0.0003) and was associated with greater annual weight gain in men (56.8 ± 23.7 g/year per allele, p = 0.02) than in women (-25.5 ± 19.8 g/year per allele, p = 0.2). With respect to gene-nutrient interaction, we could not detect any significant interactions when accounting for multiple testing. Therefore, out of our six candidate genes, LPIN2 may be considered as a candidate for further studies.

Discovering biomarkers for antidepressant response: protocol from the Canadian biomarker integration network in depression (CAN-BIND) and clinical characteristics of the first patient cohort

Background Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is among the most prevalent and disabling medical conditions worldwide. Identification of clinical and biological markers (“biomarkers”) of treatment response could personalize clinical decisions and lead to better outcomes. This paper describes the aims, design, and methods of a discovery study of biomarkers in antidepressant treatment response, conducted by the Canadian Biomarker Integration Network in Depression (CAN-BIND). The CAN-BIND research program investigates and identifies biomarkers that help to predict outcomes in patients with MDD treated with antidepressant medication. The primary objective of this initial study (known as CAN-BIND-1) is to identify individual and integrated neuroimaging, electrophysiological, molecular, and clinical predictors of response to sequential antidepressant monotherapy and adjunctive therapy in MDD. Methods CAN-BIND-1 is a multisite initiative involving 6 academic health centres working collaboratively with other universities and research centres. In the 16-week protocol, patients with MDD are treated with a first-line antidepressant (escitalopram 10–20 mg/d) that, if clinically warranted after eight weeks, is augmented with an evidence-based, add-on medication (aripiprazole 2–10 mg/d). Comprehensive datasets are obtained using clinical rating scales; behavioural, dimensional, and functioning/quality of life measures; neurocognitive testing; genomic, genetic, and proteomic profiling from blood samples; combined structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging; and electroencephalography. De-identified data from all sites are aggregated within a secure neuroinformatics platform for data integration, management, storage, and analyses. Statistical analyses will include multivariate and machine-learning techniques to identify predictors, moderators, and mediators of treatment response. Discussion From June 2013 to February 2015, a cohort of 134 participants (85 outpatients with MDD and 49 healthy participants) has been evaluated at baseline. The clinical characteristics of this cohort are similar to other studies of MDD. Recruitment at all sites is ongoing to a target sample of 290 participants. CAN-BIND will identify biomarkers of treatment response in MDD through extensive clinical, molecular, and imaging assessments, in order to improve treatment practice and clinical outcomes. It will also create an innovative, robust platform and database for future research.

Gustafsbergs barnhusinrättning : en internatskola för mindre bemedlade pojkar under perioden 1865-1885

Uppsatsen behandlar Gustafsbergs barnhusinrättning, en skola för pojkar som dessutom var Sveriges första internatskola. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka kriterier man hade på undervisningen på barnhusinrättningen från 1860-talets mitt och fram till mitten på 1880-talet samt vilka eleverna var som vistades d��r under den perioden. Detta görs utifrån frågeställningarna hur barnhusinrättningens stadgar såg ut under senare delen av 1800-talet, hur en kurs/läroplan under den aktuella tidsperioden såg ut och hur ämnena var fördelade, samt vilken bakgrund de elever som gick på barnhusinrättningen under den aktuella tidsperioden kunde ha och vad de ägnade sig åt efter examen från skolan.För att kunna genomföra undersökningen användes tillgängligt arkivmaterial angående Gustafsbergs barnhusinrättning, framför allt på arkivet på Gustafsbergsstiftelsen men även på Bohusläns föreningsarkiv.Undersökningen visade att stadgan och kursplanen angav att eleverna skulle delas in i tre klasser, en nedre, en mellersta och en övre. Utifrån denna indelning placerades elever i åldrarna mellan 6-16 in, dock rådde särskilda krav på blivande elever som skulle bli antagna till skolan och likaså på intagna elever för att de skulle kunna examineras. Examinationerna kontrollerades utförligt. Undervisningen på skolan skulle motsvara det statliga läroverkets fem lägre klasser. Läroämnena som skulle ingå i undervisningen och dess fördelning är tydlig både i stadgan och i kursplanerna. Ämnena skulle fördelas på 32 timmar i veckan, d�� tillkom ytterligare timmar för vidare studier vilket innebar ett ganska pressat schema. Diverse olika kriterier ställdes således på de olika klasserna, men också på lärarna vilka förväntades följa uppsatta riktlinjer för hur de skulle arbeta när det handlade om tidsfördelning bland klasserna och gällande olika ämnen. Kvaliteten på undervisningen och lärarna eftersträvades av skolan att hålla hög klass för att ge eleverna chans till vidare studier.Vilken bakgrund, och hemförhållanden, de elever som gick på barnhusinrättningen kom från blir tydlig med hjälp av barnhuslängden och ansökningar till barnhuset. Alla barnen hade gemensamt att de var fattiga och således kom från påvra förhållanden, de var alla hemmahörande i Bohuslän. Många gånger var det den enda lösningen de anhöriga kunde se för att ge barnet en chans till en framtid. Eleverna i undersökningen gick, i de allra flesta fallen, vidare till olika yrken som till exempel inom handel och kontor, länsman och sjöman. Vidare studier förekom också liksom emigrering till Amerika.

Men vad d�� mångfald? : Mångfald, etik och värdegrund i skönlitteratur för åk 7

Barn och ungdomar har idag tillgång till en mängd olika texter, vid sidan av skönlitteratur och faktatexter finns också texter via olika bildmedier. Uppsatsen kartlägger mångfald, etik och värdegrund i skönlitteratur för åk 7 genom en analys av litteraturen. Skönlitteraturen begränsades till fyra böcker som läses inom parnerområdet. Litteraturen berör historia, medmänsklighet, ätstörningar och främlingsfientlighet. Syftet har varit att kartlägga mångfald, etik och värdegrund i skönlitteratur för åk 7 och hur väl litteraturen möter värdegrunden i läroplanen. Metoden har bestått av närläsning av skönlitteraturen utifrån läroplanens värdegrund. Genom analysen har det framkommit att skönlitteraturen inte behöver visa en god bild av samhälle och värdegrund, men att läraren behöver diskutera litteraturen för att väcka elevers förmåga till egna ställningstaganden. Detta knyter an till Skolverkets rekommendationer och vad vissa forskare inom området rekommenderar. För att få en förståelse för ämnet har jag tagit del av material från Caroline Liberg, Kerstin Munck, Gunilla Molloy, Bengt Brodow och Kristina Rininsland, Mary Ingemansson, Annika Löthagen och Jessica Staaf. Jag har även tagit del av de diskussionsfrågor som legat till grund för litteratursamtalen inom partnerområdet. Den mångfaldsgestaltning som finns inom litteraturen var inte homogen och utgör också underlag för diskussion. Det framkom även att litteraturen inbjuder till etiska ställningstaganden och diskussion kring värdegrunden.

High Incidence of Enterotoxin D Producing Staphylococcus spp. in Brazilian Cow's Raw Milk and Its Relation with Coagulase and Thermonuclease Enzymes

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

O final de uma guerra e suas questões logísticas: o conde D'Eu na guerra do Paraguai (1869-1870)

Pós-graduação em História - FCHS

Weight-Reducing Gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Impact on Vitamin D Status and Bone Remodeling Markers

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Healing Actions of Essential Oils from Citrus aurantium and d-Limonene in the Gastric Mucosa: The Roles of VEGF, PCNA, and COX-2 in Cell Proliferation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)