Learning and emotion - perspectives for theory and research

There is growing interest in and knowledge about the interplay of learning and emotion. However, the different approaches and empirical studies correspond to each other only to a low extent. To prevent this research field from increasing fragmentation, a shared basis of theory and research is needed. The presentation aims at giving an overview of the state of the art, developing a general framework for theory and research, and outlining crucial topics for future theory and research. The presentation focuses on the influence of emotions on learning. First, theories about the impact of emotions on learning are introduced. Second, the importance of these theories for school learning are discussed. Third, empirical evidence resulting from school-based research about the role of emotions for learning is presented. Finally, further research demands are stressed.

Simple Estimation of Incident HIV Infection Rates in Notification Cohorts Based on Window Periods of Algorithms for Evaluation of Line-Immunoassay Result Patterns

Background Tests for recent infections (TRIs) are important for HIV surveillance. We have shown that a patient's antibody pattern in a confirmatory line immunoassay (Inno-Lia) also yields information on time since infection. We have published algorithms which, with a certain sensitivity and specificity, distinguish between incident (< = 12 months) and older infection. In order to use these algorithms like other TRIs, i.e., based on their windows, we now determined their window periods. Methods We classified Inno-Lia results of 527 treatment-naïve patients with HIV-1 infection < = 12 months according to incidence by 25 algorithms. The time after which all infections were ruled older, i.e. the algorithm's window, was determined by linear regression of the proportion ruled incident in dependence of time since infection. Window-based incident infection rates (IIR) were determined utilizing the relationship ‘Prevalence = Incidence x Duration’ in four annual cohorts of HIV-1 notifications. Results were compared to performance-based IIR also derived from Inno-Lia results, but utilizing the relationship ‘incident = true incident + false incident’ and also to the IIR derived from the BED incidence assay. Results Window periods varied between 45.8 and 130.1 days and correlated well with the algorithms' diagnostic sensitivity (R2 = 0.962; P<0.0001). Among the 25 algorithms, the mean window-based IIR among the 748 notifications of 2005/06 was 0.457 compared to 0.453 obtained for performance-based IIR with a model not correcting for selection bias. Evaluation of BED results using a window of 153 days yielded an IIR of 0.669. Window-based IIR and performance-based IIR increased by 22.4% and respectively 30.6% in 2008, while 2009 and 2010 showed a return to baseline for both methods. Conclusions IIR estimations by window- and performance-based evaluations of Inno-Lia algorithm results were similar and can be used together to assess IIR changes between annual HIV notification cohorts.

Financial performance drivers and strategic control: The case of cancer treatment centers

Strategic control is defined as the use of qualitative and quantitative tools for the evaluation of strategic organizational performance. Most research in strategic planning has focused on strategy formulation and implementation, but little work has been done on strategic performance evaluation particularly in the area of cancer research. The objective of this study was to identify strategic control approaches and financial performance metrics used by major cancer centers in the country as an initial step in expanding the theory and practice behind strategic organizational performance. Focusing on hospitals which share similar mandate and resource constraints was expected to improve measurement precision. The results indicate that most cancer centers use a wide selection of evaluation tools, but sophisticated analytical approaches were less common. In addition, there was evidence that high-performing centers tend to invest a larger degree of resources in the area of strategic performance analysis than centers showing lower financial results. The conclusions point to the need for incorporating higher degree of analytical power in order to improve the tracking of strategic performance. This study is one of the first to concentrate in the area of strategic control.^

Differences in performance for quality of care indicators for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) across various hospital categories in Texas

The study analyzed Hospital Compare data for Medicare Fee-for-service patients at least 65 years of age to determine whether hospital performance for AMI outcome and processes of care measures differ amongst Texas hospitals with respect to ownership status (for profit vs. not-for-profit), academic status (teaching vs. non-teaching) and geographical setting (rural vs. urban). ^ The study found a statistically significant difference between for-profit and not-for-profit hospitals in four process-of-care measures (aspirin at discharge, P=0.028; ACE or ARB inhibitor for LSVD, P=0.048; Smoking cessation advice: P=0.034; outpatients who got aspirin with 24 hours of arrival in the ED, P=0.044). No significant difference in performance was found between COTH-member teaching and non-teaching hospitals for any of the eight process-of-care measures or the two outcome measures for AMI. The study was unable to compare performance based on geographic setting of hospitals due to lack of sufficient data for rural hospitals. ^ The results of the study suggest that for-profit Texas hospitals might be slightly better than not-for –profit hospitals at providing possible heart attack patients with certain processes of care.^

Performance of UV-enhanced PMMA fresnel lenses and impact on LCOE

Tiny increases in the transmittance of optical materials within a CPV module can have an important impact on the economy of a plant. This is certainly true in systems comprising multi-junction solar cells, whose high performance, based on a balanced photocurrent generation among the series-connected junctions, is very sensitive to spectrum variations. Every efficiency point gained causes not only an increase in the kilowatts hour produced, but a higher benefit on it, since the difference between electricity tariff and Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) rises. This work studies the impact on the LCOE of a plant based on modules comprising PMMA lenses of two different types, standard UV blocking grade which is normally used for outdoor applications at high DNI climate and a specialty stabilized UV-enhanced transmittance acrylic (see Figure 1). Energy production will be compared for these two systems throughout the year at different sites to analyze when (season, time of the day) and where the usage of the enhanced PMMA is justified.

Design, development and construction of an outdoor testing facility for semi-transparent photovoltaic modules

Building-integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) is one of the most promising technologies enabling buildings to generate on-site part of their electricity needs while performing architectural functionalities. A clear example of BIPV products consists of semi-transparent photovoltaic modules (STPV), designed to replace the conventional glazing solutions in building façades. Accordingly, the active building envelope is required to perform multiple requirements such as provide solar shading to avoid overheating, supply solar gains and thermal insulation to reduce heat loads and improve daylight utilization. To date, various studies into STPV systems have focused on their energy performance based on existing simulation programs, or on the modelling, normally validated by limited experimental data, of the STPV modules thermal behaviour. Taking into account that very limited experimental research has been conducted on the energy performance of STPV elements and that the characterization in real operation conditions is necessary to promote an energetically efficient integration of this technology in the building envelope, an outdoor testing facility has been designed, developed and built at the Solar Energy Institute of the Technical University of Madrid. In this work, the methodology used in the definition of the testing facility, its capability and limitations are presented and discussed.

Seismic performance and damage evaluation of a reinforced concrete frame with hysteretic dampers through shake-table tests

Passive energy dissipation devices are increasingly implemented in frame structures to improve their performance under seismic loading. Most guidelines for designing this type of system retain the requirements applicable to frames without dampers, and this hinders taking full advantage of the benefits of implementing dampers. Further, assessing the extent of damage suffered by the frame and by the dampers for different levels of seismic hazard is of paramount importance in the framework of performance-based design. This paper presents an experimental investigation whose objectives are to provide empirical data on the response of reinforced concrete (RC) frames equipped with hysteretic dampers (dynamic response and damage) and to evaluate the need for the frame to form a strong column-weak beam mechanism and dissipate large amounts of plastic strain energy. To this end, shake-table tests were conducted on a 2/5-scale RC frame with hysteretic dampers. The frame was designed only for gravitational loads. The dampers provided lateral strength and stiffness, respectively, three and 12 times greater than those of the frame. The test structure was subjected to a sequence of seismic simulations that represented different levels of seismic hazard. The RC frame showed a performance level of "immediate occupancy", with maximum rotation demands below 20% of the ultimate capacity. The dampers dissipated most of the energy input by the earthquake. It is shown that combining hysteretic dampers with flexible reinforced concrete frames leads to structures with improved seismic performance and that requirements of conventional RC frames (without dampers) can be relieved.

Optimización del método de ensayo del péndulo de fricción para la evaluación del riesgo de deslizamiento en pavimentos pulidos

El riesgo de caída por deslizamiento en los edificios es un riesgo muy importante ya que supone numerosas muertes, perdida de días laborales y secuelas, así como importantes costes económicos. Se trata de accidentes difíciles de predecir debido al número de factores que intervienen para que se produzcan, muchos de los cuales son difícilmente controlables, como el calzado del usuario o su comportamiento. Para evitar un resbalón es necesario que la fricción del conjunto pavimento/calzado/contaminante supere el coeficiente de fricción requerido para la estabilidad y que depende de la forma de caminar, la longitud del paso, etc. Por ello, es necesario medir la contribución del pavimento al riesgo de deslizamiento y limitarla adecuadamente. A lo largo de la historia reciente se han diseñado y desarrollado multitud de aparatos con la intención de medir esta contribución en la forma de coeficientes de fricción —dinámicos, estáticos, de transición— sin llegar a un acuerdo sobre cuál es el método más apropiado. La reglamentación española de edificación, que ha sufrido un importante cambio recientemente con la adopción de un nuevo código basado en prestaciones, ha sido innovadora en este campo introduciendo por primera vez una medida contrastable de la contribución del pavimento al riesgo de deslizamiento mediante el ensayo del péndulo de fricción en húmedo. Sin embargo, el desacuerdo a nivel europeo sobre un ensayo único y las limitaciones en las normas de ensayo existentes derivadas de esta falta de consenso, han sido la causa de que la solución aportada por el Código Técnico de la Edificación (CTE) se cimentara en normas que no contemplaban todas las modalidades de ensayo. Esto ha generado algunos problemas de aplicación que han afectado fundamentalmente a los pavimentos pulidos, que han visto prácticamente vetada su utilización en los edificios incluso en las zonas donde, por no existir presencia de agua, el riesgo es menor. El objetivo de esta tesis es analizar estos problemas de aplicación, ligados al ensayo del péndulo de fricción, y tratar de resolverlos optimizando el procedimiento de ensayo empleado, modificando sus condiciones, para representar de forma mucho más adecuada el riesgo que se pretende limitar. Para ello se ha estudiado de forma exhaustiva la literatura científica y las normas y reglamentaciones, tanto españolas como extranjeras. Se han detectado los posibles problemas que podría plantear la introducción del ensayo del péndulo de fricción en seco y se ha diseñado una campaña de ensayos, tanto de coeficiente de fricción con el péndulo, como de la rugosidad superficial, para confirmarlos o desecharlos. El análisis de los resultados de la campaña de ensayos ha permitido validar la modalidad de ensayo planteada y proponer una medida complementaria de la rugosidad superficial que resulte útil para facilitar la evaluación de este riesgo no poco importante. Los resultados de esta tesis han permitido desarrollar una modificación del CTE de próxima aparición y un documento de apoyo que ya la adelanta, y con ello, resolver el problema de aplicación del CTE a los pavimentos pulidos. ABSTRACT Slipping accidents in building environments are a serious problem involving numerous fatal accidents, loss of work days, incapacity and great costs. Prediction of such accidents is difficult due to the number of factors involved, many of which are not controllable, like footwear or users behavior. To prevent a slip the coefficient of friction provided by the combination floor-footwear-contaminant must be greater than the required coefficient of friction for stability, that depends on the step length and the walking speed among other factors. It is then necessary to measure the contribution of the floor to the slipping risk so it can be limited to an adequate extent. In the recent history many apparatuses have been developed in order to measure this contribution in the form of friction coefficients —dynamic, static or even transition COFs— but none of them seems to be internationally accepted as sufficiently valid. The Spanish Building Code, which has recently undergone a big change to a performance based code, has been innovative in this area, introducing for the first time a measurement of this contribution by means of the friction pendulum test. However, due to the European disagreement about an unique test for slip resistance, and to the limitations of the European standards derived from it, the Spanish Building Code relies on standards that do not take into account all possible methods. As a consequence, smooth floors have been seriously affected and cannot be installed in almost any place, not even in dry areas where the risk of slipping is much lower. The aim of this research is to analyze these problems associated with the pendulum test and resolve them proposing some changes to the test conditions in order to represent in a proper manner the real risk that is to be considered: the slip in dry conditions. Relevant scientific literature has been studied as well as Spanish and foreign codes and standards. Potential problems of the pendulum test in dry conditions have been detected and an experiment has been designed to confirm or discard them, testing both friction coefficient and surface roughness. The results of the experiment have permitted to validate the pendulum test in dry conditions and to suggest a complementary measurement of the surface roughness to help evaluate the slip resistance of a floor. These results have also permitted to develop an amendment to the building code that will appear soon. In the meanwhile it has been included in a support document issued by the administration to resolve this urgent problem.

El nuevo escenario global y un modelo de negocio para la industria naval militar del 2025

Los retos y oportunidades a los que se enfrentan las organizaciones y administraciones de las primeras décadas del siglo XXI se caracterizan por una serie de fuerzas perturbadoras como la globalización, el avance de las tecnologías emergentes y el desequilibrio económico, que están actuando como impulsores de la transformación del mercado. La acción conjunta de estos factores está obligando a todas las empresas industriales a tener que trabajar con mayores y más exigentes niveles de productividad planteándose continuamente como mejorar y lograr satisfacer los requerimientos de los clientes. De esta situación surge la necesidad de volver a plantearse de nuevo ¿quién es el cliente?, ¿qué valora el cliente? y ¿cómo se pueden generan beneficios sostenibles? La aplicación de esta reflexión a la industria naval militar marca los objetivos a los que esta tesis doctoral busca dar respuesta. El primer objetivo, de carácter general, consiste en la definición de un modelo de negocio sostenible para la industria naval militar del 2025 que se adapte a los requisitos del cliente y al nuevo escenario político, económico, social, tecnológico y ambiental que rodea esta industria. El segundo objetivo, consecuencia del modelo general, trata de desarrollar una metodología para ejecutar programas de apoyo al ciclo de vida del “buque militar”. La investigación se estructura en cuatro partes: en la primera se justifica, por un lado, la necesidad del cambio de modelo y por otro se identifican los factores estructurantes para la definición del modelo. La segunda parte revisa la literatura existente sobre uno de los aspectos básicos para el nuevo modelo, el concepto Producto-Servicio. La tercera parte se centra totalmente en la industria naval militar estudiando los aspectos concretos del sector y, en base al trabajo de campo realizado, se identifican los puntos que más valoran las Marinas de Guerra y como estas gestionan al buque militar durante todo su ciclo de vida. Por último se presentan los principios del modelo propuesto y se desarrollan los pilares básicos para la ejecución de proyectos de Apoyo al Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Como resultado de la investigación, el modelo propuesto para la industria naval militar se fundamenta en once principios: 1. El buque militar (producto de alto valor añadido) debe ser diseñado y construido en un astillero del país que desarrolla el programa de defensa. 2. El diseño tiene que estar orientado al valor para el cliente, es decir, se tiene que diseñar el buque militar para que cumpla su misión, eficaz y eficientemente, durante toda su vida operativa, asegurando la seguridad del buque y de las personas y protegiendo el medio ambiente de acuerdo con las regulaciones vigentes. 3. La empresa debe suministrar soluciones integrales de apoyo al ciclo de vida al producto. 4. Desarrollar y mantener las capacidades de integración de sistemas complejos para todo el ciclo de vida del buque militar. 5. Incorporar las tecnologías digitales al producto, a los procesos, a las personas y al propio modelo de negocio. 6. Desarrollar planes de actuación con el cliente domestico a largo plazo. Estos planes tienen que estar basados en tres premisas: (i) deben incluir el ciclo de vida completo, desde la fase de investigación y desarrollo hasta la retirada del buque del servicio; (ii) la demanda debe ser sofisticada, es decir las exigencias del cliente, tanto desde la óptica de producto como de eficiencia, “tiran” del contratista y (iii) permitir el mantenimiento del nivel tecnológico y de las capacidades industriales de la compañía a futuro y posicionarla para que pueda competir en el mercado de exportación. 7. Impulsar el sector militar de exportación mediante una mayor actividad comercial a nivel internacional. 8. Fomentar la multilocalización ya que representa una oportunidad de crecimiento y favorece la exportación posibilitando el suministro de soluciones integrales en el país destino. 9. Reforzar la diplomacia institucional como palanca para la exportación. 10. Potenciar el liderazgo tecnológico tanto en producto como en procesos con políticas activas de I + D+ i. 11. Reforzar la capacidad de financiación con soluciones innovadoras. El segundo objetivo de esta tesis se centra en el desarrollo de soluciones integrales de Apoyo al Ciclo de Vida (ACV). La metodología planteada trata de minimizar la brecha entre capacidades y necesidades a lo largo de la vida operativa del barco. Es decir, el objetivo principal de los programas de ACV es que la unidad conserve durante toda su vida operativa, en términos relativos a las tecnologías existentes, las capacidades equivalentes a las que tendrá cuando entre en servicio. Los ejes de actuación para conseguir que un programa de Apoyo al Ciclo de Vida cumpla su objetivo son: el diseño orientado al valor, la ingeniería de Apoyo al Ciclo de Vida, los proyectos de refresco de tecnología, el mantenimiento Inteligente y los contratos basados en prestaciones. ABSTRACT On the first decades of the 21st century, organizations and administrations face challenges and come across opportunities threatened by a number of disruptive forces such as globalization, the ever-changing emerging technologies and the economic imbalances acting as drivers of the market transformation. This combination of factors is forcing all industrial companies to have more and higher demanding productivity levels, while bearing always in mind how to improve and meet the customer’s requirements. In this situation, we need to question ourselves again: Who is the customer? What does the customer value? And how can we deliver sustainable economic benefits? Considering this matter in a military naval industry framework sets the goals that this thesis intends to achieve. The first general goal is the definition of a new sustainable business model for the 2025 naval industry, adapted to the customer requirements and the new political, economic, social, technological and environmental scenario. And the second goal that arises as a consequence of the general model develops a methodology to implement “warship” through life support programs. The research is divided in four parts: the first one justifies, on the one hand, the need to change the existing model and, on the other, identifies the model structural factors. On the second part, current literature regarding one of the key issues on the new model (the Product-Service concept) is reviewed. Based on field research, the third part focuses entirely on military shipbuilding, analyzing specific key aspects of this field and identifying which of them are valued the most by Navies and how they manage through life cycles of warships. Finally, the foundation of the proposed model is presented and also the basic grounds for implementing a Through Life Support (TLS) program are developed. As a result of this research, the proposed model for the naval industry is based on eleven (11) key principles: 1. The warship (a high added value product) must be designed and built in a shipyard at the country developing the defense program. 2. Design must be customer value oriented, i.e.warship must be designed to effectively fulfill its mission throughout its operational life, ensuring safety at the ship and for the people and protecting the environment in accordance with current regulations. 3. The industry has to provide integrated Through Life Support solutions. 4. Develop and maintain integrated complex systems capabilities for the entire warship life cycle. 5. Introduce the product, processes, people and business model itself to digital technologies. 6. Develop long-term action plans with the domestic customer. These plans must be based on three premises: (i) the complete life cycle must be included, starting from the research and development stage throughout the ship’s disposal; (ii) customer demand has to be sophisticated, i.e. customer requirements, both from the efficiency and product perspective, "attract" the contractor and (iii) technological level and manufacturing capabilities of the company in the future must be maintained and a competitive position on the export market has to be achieved. 7. Promote the military exporting sector through increased international business. 8. Develop contractor multi-location as it entails an opportunity for growth and promote export opportunities providing integrated solutions in the customer's country. 9. Strengthen institutional diplomacy as a lever for export. 10. Promote technological leadership in both product and processes with active R & D & I policies (Research & Development & Innovation) 11. Strengthen financing capacity through innovative solutions. The second goal of this thesis is focused on developing integrated Through Life Support (TLS) solutions. The proposed methodology tries to minimize the gap between needs and capabilities through the ship operational life. It means, the main TLS program objective is to maintain the ship’s performance and capabilities during operational life, in relative terms to current technologies, equivalent to those the ship had when it entered service. The main actions to fulfill the TLS program objectives are: value-oriented design, TLS engineering, technology updating projects, intelligent maintenance and performance based contracts.

Diseño arquitectónico y protección en caso de incendio: desarrollo normativo español en materia de evacuación en los siglos XIX y XX

Esta es la búsqueda de respuestas a esa duda constante: De dónde venimos y que hemos ido dejando por el camino. ¿Está todo claro en este recorrido o hemos actuado por acumulación de errores heredados de procesos anteriores? Es la investigación a través del descubrimiento de nuestro pasado, de nuestros orígenes en materia de seguridad de protección contra incendios, y sobre todo de ejecución de una arquitectura pensada para ser recorrida con mayor seguridad y ser evacuada en un tiempo razonable. El trabajo investiga, a nivel nacional, la evolución de la sociedad y sus efectos sobre la manera de interpretar el problema de la seguridad contra incendios en los edificios. El interés fundamentalmente es poner en claro todos aquellos aspectos que afectan a la evacuación de las personas. Para ello se han estudiado los principales hitos de actuación, las preocupaciones principales surgidas en cada momento y las soluciones adoptadas. Se ha comprobado su aplicación o su demora hasta que se ha producido el siguiente gran suceso que ha motivado una nueva revisión de los procedimientos de diseño y control. En primer lugar, tratando de relacionar los incendios fundamentales que han influido en nuestra forma de abordar el problema en distintos momentos de la historia de España. En segundo lugar, haciendo un recorrido sobre la figura del arquitecto y su participación en los medios de control y legislación sobre la manera de intervenir en el servicio de incendios o de resolver los edificios en materia de protección contra incendios o evacuación de sus ocupantes. En definitiva, descubriendo los escritos de algunos especialistas, fundamentales para entender nuestra manera de abordar el problema de la protección en los edificios, a lo largo de la historia. Se ha revisado como se han producido los siniestros más importantes en teatros y otros locales públicos .Analizando la forma en que los arquitectos implicados han tratado de resolver las posibles deficiencias ante el riesgo. Se trata de la tipología edificatoria donde, por primera vez, surge la preocupación por adoptar medidas y procedimientos de seguridad en caso de incendio. Resultan locales con una importante siniestralidad, donde se desarrolla la principal actividad lúdica del momento, y que por el importante número de personas que albergan, son fuente de preocupación entre el público y las autoridades. Otras cuestiones en un tema tan amplio, que quedan simplemente esbozadas en este trabajo de investigación, son los procedimientos de los sistemas de extinción, la estructura organizativa de la ciudad, las primeras sociedades de seguros de incendios, la aparición de patentes a partir del desarrollo industrial del siglo XIX. Todo ello, con el hilo conductor de la reglamentación que se ha ido elaborando al respecto. Al principio, sobre espectáculos públicos, acotando el punto de partida en la materia de nuestra reglamentación. Anticipando sistemas constructivos y datos dimensionales de la evacuación. Llegados a mediados del siglo XX, abordando otros usos. Haciendo seguimiento de la modernización de los procesos edificatorios y la reglamentación sectorial. Recabando información de las organizaciones profesionales que comienzan a reclamar una coordinación nacional de los sistemas preventivos y que desemboca en el Proyecto de Reglamento de prevención contra el fuego que nunca será publicado. Toda esta etapa, plagada de documentos de carácter voluntario u obligatorio, local y nacional, van definiendo los criterios dimensionales con los que debe resolverse los elementos arquitectónicos susceptibles de servir para la evacuación. Se trata de una etapa intensa en documentación, cambiante, sujeta a los criterios que establecen los países del entorno más avanzados en la materia. Las dos últimas décadas del siglo, acotadas por la transición política y varios siniestros de graves consecuencias, definen el proceso normativo que culmina con el código técnico de la edificación que hoy conocemos. Es un periodo de aprendizaje y asimilación del capítulo de la seguridad, donde los métodos son variados. Donde la intencionalidad última es trasladar un sistema prescriptivo a un modelo prestacional propio de la madurez en el análisis del tema y en las corrientes de los países del entorno. ABSTRACT This is the search for answers to that constant question: Where do we come from and what have left along the way? Has everything been clear on this journey, or have we acted as a result of a collection of errors learned from prior processes? This has been research through exploration of our past, of our origins regarding fire protection safety, and, above all, of the endeavour to utilize architecture aimed at offering the highest level of safety and evacuation in a reasonable time. This project has researched society’s change nationwide and its effects on how to interpret the difficulty of fire protection safety in buildings. Its focus has fundamentally been to clarify those aspects that affect the evacuation of people. To this end, the main milestones of action, the principal concerns that have arisen at each step, and the solutions taken have all been studied. A check was performed on their application; or their delay until a significant event occurred that prompted a new revision of design and control procedures. Firstly, this was done by attempting to connect the main fires that have influenced how we handle the problem at different times in Spain’s history. Secondly, an examination was done on the figure of the architect and his participation in the means of control and legislation on how to intercede in fire services, or how the architect finds solutions for buildings in terms of fire protection, or the evacuation of their occupants. In short, the written works of certain specialists, who are essential to our understanding of how to deal with the problem of protection in buildings, were explored throughout history. A study was done on the most significant disasters in theatres and other public establishments. This was done by analysing the way the architects involved have aimed to solve possible points liable to risk. It is a classification of building where, for the first time, the concern arose to adopt safety measures and procedures in the event of fires. Public establishments with considerable accident rates emerged. Here the main entertainment activities of the time took place. These spaces were a source of worry among the public and authorities due to the high number of persons they accommodated. Other issues in such an extensive subject, which are only outlined in this research study, are procedures in extinguishing systems, the organizational structure of cities, the first fire insurance companies, and the appearance of patents after the industrial development of the 19th century. All of these aspects are joined by the common thread of regulations that have been created in this matter. At the beginning, these regulations were for public shows, thus defining the starting point for our regulations. This was done in anticipation of structural systems and size data of evacuations. With the arrival of the mid-20th century, different uses were addressed. A modernization of construction processes and the industry regulations were tracked. Information was gathered from professional organizations that began to demand a national coordination of prevention systems which led to the Regulation Project on fire prevention which will never be published. Throughout this stage, replete with voluntary and compulsory documents, both on the local and national level, the dimensional criteria to be used in the resolution of architectural elements open to use in evacuation were defined. This was a period that was filled with documentation, change, and subject to the criteria that the most advanced countries in the field established in this regard. The final two decades of the century, marked by political transition and several accidents with grave consequences, defined the regulation process that culminated with the building technical code known today. This was a period of learning and understanding in the chapter of safety, where the methods are varied. In this chapter, the ultimate goal is to insert a prescriptive-based standard into a performance-based code suitable for cultivated experience in analysis of the subject and the tendencies in countries dealing with this field.

Innovation projects performance: Analyzing the impact of organizational characteristics

This study analyzes the effect of organizational characteristics on the innovation project performance. This research applies fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to a large sample of Spanish firms appearing in the Community Innovation survey (CIS). The results show that the combination of organizational innovation, firm size and cooperationwith national and, especially, international firms is a sufficient condition for the success of innovation projects within the organization. Evidence also suggests that variables such as the investment on R&D peremployee or the seniority of the company do not affect the success of innovation projects. These findings help complement some results in previous studies on innovation projects performance.

AVALIAÇÃO DE DESEMPENHO DOS SETORES PRODUTIVOS DE UM HOSPITAL ESCOLA VETERINÁRIO: USO DE UM MODELO HIERARQUICO MULTICRITERIAL.

O curso de Medicina Veterinária compõe-se essencialmente de aulas práticas e teóricas desenvolvidas pelas mais diversas disciplinas presentes em sua matriz curricular. Para que as aulas práticas, principalmente aquelas relacionadas às disciplinas profissionalizantes, possam ser ministradas, o curso deve apresentar um Hospital Escola. Este local tem como missões: o ensino (aulas práticas), a pesquisa (desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e conhecimentos) e a extensão ou assistência (atendimento aos anseios e necessidades das comunidades onde está inserido). Apesar de estar inserido no contexto do curso, o hospital deve apresentar um controle, não só sob o ponto de vista financeiro, mas de acordo com suas premissas a fim de garantir tanto a satisfação das pessoas que ali trabalham e a continuidade de suas atividades, bem como permitir que seus clientes internos (os alunos) e externos (a comunidade) possam ser atendidos em suas necessidades. O termo controle predispõe um pensamento de comando, que tem como objetivo principal permitir que a organização cumpra com os seus objetivos. O processo de controle gerencial é o processo que os líderes encontram para assegurar que os outros membros da organização respeitem as estratégias determinadas. Instituições de saúde e ensino desenvolvem suas atividades através de seus centros de responsabilidades, que existem para cumprir suas finalidades. Como a organização é o conjunto de centro de responsabilidades, e se cada centro de responsabilidade cumpre com suas estratégias a própria organização atinge suas metas. Cabe ao gestor hospitalar decidir qual a estratégia a seguir congruindo com as premissas ou objetivos da organização. Esta decisão deve ser fundamentada em parâmetros e resultados que podem ser conseguidos através de ferramentas de decisão. Muitas organizações utilizam a avaliação do desempenho financeiro de seus centros de responsabilidade para tomar suas decisões. O presente trabalho é uma pesquisa ação, que propõe a apresentação de um modelo teórico, aqui representado por uma ferramenta de decisão que disponibilizará como indicadores de avaliação de desempenho as premissas de ensino, pesquisa e extensão, bem como as de cunho financeiro que permitirão ao gestor hospitalar decidir qual o foco ou caminho a seguir, auxiliando-o em situações de decisões administrativas. Foi realizada a comparação da classificação ou ranqueamento de cada um dos setores produtivos de acordo com o desempenho financeiro, neste caso, a margem de contribuição própria e seu ranqueamento após os cálculos apresentados pelo modelo proposto a fim de demonstrar que ocorreu mudança no ranqueamento dos setores. Este modelo baseou-se em uma ferramenta de hierarquização multicriterial. O fato mais importante foi de perceber que todos os setores produtivos tiveram seu ranqueamento modificado após os cálculos com a ferramenta apresentada. Assim, esta ferramenta torna-se uma forma de decisão mais abrangente, pois contempla outros critérios, ou neste caso, premissas importantes para a decisão, sendo muito útil também para identificar entre as premissas apresentadas quais foram as de pior desempenho em cada setor. Desta forma, o gestor pode determinar ações de melhorias, buscando metas que possam ser alcançadas e determinando aporte financeiro, sendo este o caso, para alcançá-las.(AU)

AVALIAÇÃO DE DESEMPENHO DOS SETORES PRODUTIVOS DE UM HOSPITAL ESCOLA VETERINÁRIO: USO DE UM MODELO HIERARQUICO MULTICRITERIAL.

O curso de Medicina Veterinária compõe-se essencialmente de aulas práticas e teóricas desenvolvidas pelas mais diversas disciplinas presentes em sua matriz curricular. Para que as aulas práticas, principalmente aquelas relacionadas às disciplinas profissionalizantes, possam ser ministradas, o curso deve apresentar um Hospital Escola. Este local tem como missões: o ensino (aulas práticas), a pesquisa (desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e conhecimentos) e a extensão ou assistência (atendimento aos anseios e necessidades das comunidades onde está inserido). Apesar de estar inserido no contexto do curso, o hospital deve apresentar um controle, não só sob o ponto de vista financeiro, mas de acordo com suas premissas a fim de garantir tanto a satisfação das pessoas que ali trabalham e a continuidade de suas atividades, bem como permitir que seus clientes internos (os alunos) e externos (a comunidade) possam ser atendidos em suas necessidades. O termo controle predispõe um pensamento de comando, que tem como objetivo principal permitir que a organização cumpra com os seus objetivos. O processo de controle gerencial é o processo que os líderes encontram para assegurar que os outros membros da organização respeitem as estratégias determinadas. Instituições de saúde e ensino desenvolvem suas atividades através de seus centros de responsabilidades, que existem para cumprir suas finalidades. Como a organização é o conjunto de centro de responsabilidades, e se cada centro de responsabilidade cumpre com suas estratégias a própria organização atinge suas metas. Cabe ao gestor hospitalar decidir qual a estratégia a seguir congruindo com as premissas ou objetivos da organização. Esta decisão deve ser fundamentada em parâmetros e resultados que podem ser conseguidos através de ferramentas de decisão. Muitas organizações utilizam a avaliação do desempenho financeiro de seus centros de responsabilidade para tomar suas decisões. O presente trabalho é uma pesquisa ação, que propõe a apresentação de um modelo teórico, aqui representado por uma ferramenta de decisão que disponibilizará como indicadores de avaliação de desempenho as premissas de ensino, pesquisa e extensão, bem como as de cunho financeiro que permitirão ao gestor hospitalar decidir qual o foco ou caminho a seguir, auxiliando-o em situações de decisões administrativas. Foi realizada a comparação da classificação ou ranqueamento de cada um dos setores produtivos de acordo com o desempenho financeiro, neste caso, a margem de contribuição própria e seu ranqueamento após os cálculos apresentados pelo modelo proposto a fim de demonstrar que ocorreu mudança no ranqueamento dos setores. Este modelo baseou-se em uma ferramenta de hierarquização multicriterial. O fato mais importante foi de perceber que todos os setores produtivos tiveram seu ranqueamento modificado após os cálculos com a ferramenta apresentada. Assim, esta ferramenta torna-se uma forma de decisão mais abrangente, pois contempla outros critérios, ou neste caso, premissas importantes para a decisão, sendo muito útil também para identificar entre as premissas apresentadas quais foram as de pior desempenho em cada setor. Desta forma, o gestor pode determinar ações de melhorias, buscando metas que possam ser alcançadas e determinando aporte financeiro, sendo este o caso, para alcançá-las.(AU)

Sistemas de gestão integrados como indutor para a sustentabilidade: uma análise do impacto no desempenho das organizações baseado no Triple Bottom Line.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o impacto dos Sistemas de Gestão Integrados (SGI) no desempenho organizacional sob a óptica do Triple Bottom Line (TBL), verificando se esta implementação auxilia a empresa a se tornar mais sustentável. A abordagem multi-método utilizada está dividida em três partes. A primeira compreende uma revisão sistemática da literatura, tendo como base a abordagem bibliométrica. A base de dados escolhida para a seleção dos artigos que compõem a amostra foi a ISI Web of Knowledge (Web of Science). As análises conduzidas sugerem lacunas na literatura a serem pesquisadas de modo a relacionar a integração dos sistemas de gestão como meio para as organizações tornarem-se mais sustentáveis, auxiliando assim na elaboração de um modelo teórico e das hipóteses de pesquisa. Os resultados parciais obtidos ressaltam a lacuna na literatura de estudos nessa área, principalmente que contemplem a dimensão social do Triple Bottom Line. Lacunas na literatura foram identificadas também no que se refere à análise do impacto da adoção dessas abordagens normativas no desempenho organizacional. A segunda etapa da metodologia é composta por estudos de casos múltiplos em empresas de diferentes setores e que tenham implantado sistemas de gestão de maneira integrada. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a certificação auxilia no desenvolvimento de ações sustentáveis, resultando em impactos econômicos, ambientais e sociais positivos. Nesta etapa, testou-se o modelo e as hipóteses levantadas na abordagem bibliométrica. A terceira etapa da metodologia é composta por análises estatísticas de dados secundários extraídos da revista Exame ?Maiores e Melhores\'. Os dados do ano de 2014 das empresas foram tratados por meio do software MINITAB 17 ®. Por meio do teste de mediana de mood, as amostras foram testadas e apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas para o desempenho das empresas em diferentes setores. De maneira geral, as empresas com SGI apresentam melhor desempenho econômico do que as demais. Com a mesma base de dados, utilizando o modelo de equações estruturais e o software Smart PLS 2.0, criou-se um diagrama de caminhos analisando os constructos (SGI) com variáveis de desempenho (Endividamento, Lucratividade, Patrimônio, Crescimento e Retorno). O modelo de equações estruturais testado apresentou força para a relação entre SGI com Endividamento, Lucratividade, Patrimônio e Crescimento. As diferentes metodologias apresentadas contribuíram para responder a hipótese e afirmar com base na amostra deste trabalho que o SGI leva as empresas a terem melhor desempenho econômico, ambiental e social (baseado no TBL).

Onsite Wastewater Model Performance Code Implementation Plan

As the population of Colorado continues to grow, the impacts from individual sewage disposal systems, or onsite wastewater systems (OWS), are becoming more apparent. Increased use of OWS impacts not only water quality but land use and development as well. These impacts have led to the need for a new generation of wastewater regulations in the state, a transition from the historic prescriptive requirements to a more progressive, performance-based system. A performance-based system will allow smarter growth, improved water quality, and cost savings for both the regulatory agencies and the OWS industry in Colorado. This project outlines the challenges and essential elements required to make this transition, and provides guidance on how to meet the challenges and overcome barriers to implementing a performance code in Colorado.